等轴晶移动对宏观偏析影响的数值模拟

建立了自由等轴晶移动对宏观偏析影响的数学模型,对铸锭凝固过程中的对流和溶质分布进行了数值模拟.在模型中按照临界固相分数将糊状区分为紧密树枝晶和自由等轴晶两个不同的区域.对带冒口铸钢锭的宏观偏析进行了数值模拟,并同实验结果进行了比较.与假设糊状区内固相静止的模型相比,考虑等轴晶移动的模型得到的溶质分布结果与实验结果更接近.在凝固过程中,等轴晶随液体流动并在铸锭的底部中心聚集,在凝固后的铸锭中形成锥形的负偏析.还发现,在铸锭的中心靠上的区域形成正偏析,在铸锭的外部区域形成负偏析.     

对流扩散-多相相变体系内柱状晶/等轴晶形成过程的数值模拟

采用扩散支配相变动力学方法对Fe-Bi-Mn系易切削合金侧向快速凝固过程进行数值研究。建立对流扩散-多相相变体系三维凝固模型,考虑固、液、气三相扩散流动相变对合金凝固的影响,模拟研究合金中MnS和Bi(易切削相)的柱状晶/等轴晶形成过程。结果表明:合金凝固过程中MnS和Bi的柱状晶/等轴晶形成模式强烈受对流扩散和多相相变影响;对流扩散为正值处,溶质的多相质量相变速率较大且富集程度较低,流动稳定易形成柱状晶;对流扩散为负值处,溶质的多相质量相变速率较小且富集程度较高,当晶尖处溶质富集到一定程度,对流扩散与多相相变产生的紊流使柱状晶尖端断裂,成为等轴晶形核中心,此处为等轴晶稳定形成区域。     

对流换热条件下单平板蓄冷凝固特性研究

建立了对流换热条件下蓄冷平板单体内凝固过程变化规律的数理模型 ,并用一种简便方法求解了凝固过程非稳态移动界面传热问题 ;讨论了该蓄冷平板的传热特性 ,比较实验值与理论值后两者基本吻合 ,可满足工程设计计算需要。该结果为研究蓄冷平板堆积床凝固传热特性奠定了基础。     

高温氧化物熔体中表面张力对流效应研究实验

利用高温实时光学观察方法,实时地观察了高温氧化物熔体中的表面张力对流效应．稳态的热毛细对流流线呈轴对称形式,非稳态的热毛细涡流运动伴随熔液温度呈周期性变化,同时还观察到另一种由熔体自由表面的弯月面曲率的变化引起的非稳态的热毛细对流现象．最后测定了相对熔液温度下非稳态热毛细对流的振荡频率．     

CMT成型TC4-DT合金的组织及其形成机理的CET模型预测

采用冷金属过渡模式(Cold Metal Transfer, CMT)的同轴送丝电弧熔丝增材制造技术制备了TC4-DT钛合金直壁墙试块,对其高低倍组织及其形成机理进行了研究,使用3D-Rosenthal模型对其凝固过程进行了模拟计算。低倍组织表明,弧形热影响区为细等轴晶,堆积区底层为细柱状晶区,中层和顶层为等轴晶与短柱状晶的混合。这种组织,与电子束熔丝和旁轴送丝电弧熔丝的粗大柱状晶组织有明显的不同;堆积区的高倍组织以编织状的α相板条为主,在部分原始β晶界可见连续的晶界α相和集束状α相板条,且有热影响层界线,与电子束熔丝和旁轴送丝电弧熔丝的高倍组织接近。模拟计算的结果表明,熔池边界的最大温度梯度约为12652.6 K/cm,最大凝固速度约为1.5 cm/s,该凝固条件处于柱状晶-等轴晶转变(Columnar-Equiaxed Transformation, CET)模型中的混合组织区;根据计算结果,提高输入功率(P)和焊枪移动速度(V)可促进等轴晶的生成,当P>153 W、V>3.2 mm/s时可得到柱状晶与等轴晶混合的低倍组织,且晶粒尺寸随着V的增大呈减小的趋势。     

强磁场下Cu-50%Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织及固液界面形貌演变

目的 研究强磁场下Cu-50%(质量分数)Ag合金定向凝固过程中的组织演变、固液界面形貌变化及溶质迁移行为,分析强磁场对金属凝固过程的作用机制,为强磁场下的金属材料制备提供理论借鉴和指导。方法 在不同的凝固速率与磁场条件下进行定向凝固和淬火实验,对合金的定向凝固组织、糊状区与固液界面形貌以及溶质分布行为进行考察。结果 强磁场破坏了凝固组织的定向生长,使凝固组织转变为枝晶与等轴晶共存的形貌;强磁场诱发了熔体对流,减少了糊状区中溶质的含量;强磁场改变了固液界面处的溶质分布和固液界面形貌,破坏了固液界面的稳定性。结论 强磁场通过洛伦兹力和热电磁力的共同作用,诱发了糊状区内液相的纵向环流,改变了固液界面及糊状区中的组织形貌与元素分布。     

环形液池内耦合热-溶质毛细对流转变过程的二维数值模拟

为了解环形液池内耦合热-溶质毛细对流的转变特征,建立了环形液池内的耦合热-溶质毛细对流的物理数学模型,采用有限容积法进行二维数值模拟,得到了环形液池内耦合热-溶质毛细对流失稳的临界条件,并对耦合热-溶质毛细对流失稳机理进行了分析。结果表明:环形液池内流态从稳态到非稳态的转变为霍普夫分岔;随着深宽比、半径比和普朗特数的增加,流动更容易失稳;当刘易斯数大于1时,临界毛细雷诺数随着刘易斯数的增大而减小,流动失稳是由于溶质Marangoni效应的主导作用和流动的惯性共同作用的结果;而当刘易斯数小于1时,随着刘易斯数的增大,临界毛细雷诺数增大,流动失稳则是由于热Marangoni效应的主导作用和流动的惯性共同作用的结果。     

基于三维LBM-CA模型模拟Al-4.7%Cu合金的枝晶形貌和成分分布

建立了三维格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)-元胞自动机(CA)耦合数值模型,并用该模型模拟研究了Al-4.7%Cu(质量分数)固溶体合金的凝固过程。该耦合模型采用元胞自动机方法模拟枝晶的生长,同时采用基于分子动力学理论的格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟合金凝固过程中的温度场、流场以及溶质场。模拟结果再现了合金凝固过程中的三维枝晶形貌变化以及溶质富集过程,并将三维流场因素考虑进去,定量研究了自然对流、过冷度对单枝晶形貌和成分分布的影响。研究表明,在纯扩散条件下,枝晶呈现对称的生长现象,模拟自由枝晶稳态生长的尖端速度、尖端半径和过冷度的关系与Lipton-Glicksman-Kurz(LGK)理论模型吻合得较好。在自然对流条件下,枝晶的生长形貌呈现不对称性,即枝晶生长在迎流方向上得到了促进,在顺流方向上受到了抑制。熔体过冷度对枝晶生长的影响较大,过冷度的增加导致枝晶生长加快,二次枝晶增多且呈现出粗化现象,枝晶尖端固液界面处的溶质浓度偏高,加重了溶质偏析。     

在脉冲电流或脉冲磁场作用下LY12合金的凝固组织

在LY12铝合金凝固过程中施加脉冲电流或脉冲磁场，研究脉冲电流或脉冲磁场对这种合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明，脉冲电流和脉冲磁场均可使晶粒明显细化，等轴化，在脉冲电磁艇下金属凝固组织的晶粒细化机制为：在脉冲电磁场的作用下剧烈的强迫对流促进晶粒从型壁上游离，大大增加金属熔体的形核率，导致晶粒细化；温度相对均匀使得游得的晶粒得以保存下来，抑制了晶粒在某个方向上的优先,从而抑制了树枝晶的形成。     

对流影响枝晶生长的相场法模拟研究进展

液态金属的对流和枝晶生长的相互作用在凝固模型中是非常重要的,因为铸造和焊接过程常伴随有自然或强迫对流。综述了耦合对流时相场的数学模型、数值计算方法以及在凝固微观组织模拟中的应用和进展,指出了该领域目前面临的问题和未来发展趋势。     

Unsteady axisymmetric creeping flow from an orifice

Summary The slow unsteady motion of a viscous incompressible fluid which issues from a finite orifice into the half-space,x>0 is considered. By slow it is meant that the convective acceleration (i.e. nonlinear) terms in the Navier-Stokes equations are of negligible magnitude in comparison with terms attributable to viscosity. Only axisymmetric motions will be considered. The assumed nature of the motion along with the resultant linearization of the Navier-Stokes equations allows the construction of the Stokes stream function for the flow. Others have discussed this problem when the motion is steady. A general representation for the flow is given when the motion is unsteady and numerical results are presented for the resulting evolutionary motion of specific flows issuing from the orifice.     

Marangoni-induced deformation of evaporating liquid films on composite substrates

Marangoni convection plays an important role in hydrodynamics of evaporating liquid films and sessile drops. Evaporation of liquid films induces unsteady nonuniform temperature distribution across the liquid layer and in a substrate. If the substrate is composed of parts with different thermal properties, the interface temperature distribution becomes non-uniform, leading to appearance of Marangoni stresses, convective vortices, and film deformation. In this article, a model describing evaporation, Marangoni effect and interface dynamics of liquid films on composite substrates is developed. The film dynamics is described in the framework of long-wave theory. The unsteady heat conduction in the substrate is described using the Laplace transform method for semi-infinite substrates and using the separation of variables technique for substrates of finite thickness. The non-uniformity of substrate thermal properties has a pronounced effect on film dynamics.     

The analogy between a problem of magnetohydrodynamics and the Benard problem in the Boussinesq approximation

It is shown that the equations of motion written in a longitudinal plane of symmetry of a liquid-metal current-carrying conductor of rectangular cross section are identical with the equations that describe heat conduction in a flat layer of liquid heated from below in the Boussinesq approximation. The main parameters that determine the threshold of the convective instability that develops under the action of Lorentz forces in a current-carrying liquid metal are found. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 25, 1–6 (May 26, 1999)     

纳米氧化锆涂层晶粒度与隔热性能的关系

将纳米热障涂层隔热性能与微观组织联系起来并进行定量描述的工作还处于起步阶段,采用纳米ZrO2团聚体粉末在不同的喷涂参数下制备了3种不同的纳米热障涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜、IA-32定量金相分析软件、X射线衍射仪对其进行了观察和分析,并结合非稳态激光脉冲法与差示扫描量热仪测量了涂层的热导率.研究表明:涂层中同时存在柱状组织和纳米级等轴组织,并以柱状组织为主;随着喷涂参数的改变,二者的相对比例发生变化;纳米级等轴组织含量对涂层的平均晶粒度和热导率都有重要影响;随着涂层晶粒度的减小,热导率随之降低.     

On Thermocapillary Mechanism of Spatial Separation of Metal Melts

Theoretical research has been devoted to the study of binary metal melts behavior in a thin capillary. Earlier it has been found experimentally that unusually significant and quick redistribution of melts components takes place along capillary after the cooling. Numerical simulation of concentration-induced convection has been carried out to explain these experimental data. Two-component melt of both liquid metals filling vertical thin capillary with non-uniform temperature distribution on the boundaries is considered. It is assumed that the condition of absolute non-wetting is valid on the sidewalls. Because of this effect there is a free surface on vertical boundaries, where thermocapillary force is appeared due to the external longitudinal temperature gradient. It makes to move liquid elements at a big distance, compared with axial size of capillary. Effects of adsorption-desorption on the surface, thermal and concentration-capillary forces, convective motion in a volume and diffusion generate the large-scale circulation. This process includes the admixture carrying-out on the surface in the more hot higher part of the channel, its following transfer down along the boundary due to the thermocapillary force and its return in the volume over the desorption in the lower part of capillary. Intensity of motion and processes of adsorption-desorption on the free boundary have the decisive influence upon the formation of concentration fields and speed of components redistribution. Thus, one of the possible mechanisms of longitudinal division on components of liquid binary mixtures in thin channels has been demonstrated.     

Excitation of capillary waves in strongly absorbing liquids by a modulated laser beam

Several mechanisms for the excitation of capillary waves and for the development of the average deformation of a liquid surface under the action of a modulated laser beam are considered. The amplitude of the capillary wave in a strongly absorbing solution of the dye LDS 751 in ethylene glycol is experimentally studied as a function of laser intensity. Consecutive changes in the predominant mechanism of the excitation with increasing laser intensity are observed and described. At low laser intensities the mechanism connected with the creation of a surface tension gradient prevails. This mechanism becomes nonlinear with increasing influence of the convective motion. In addition, pressure pulsations of the convective flow start to contribute significantly to the generation process. The resonances of capillary waves in a cylindrical container are also investigated and used for determining the surface tension and viscosity of the liquid.     

Modelling induction skull melting design modifications

Induction Skull Melting (ISM) is used for heating, melting, mixing and, possibly, evaporating reactive liquid metals at high temperatures when a minimum contact at solid walls is required. The numerical model presented here involves the complete time dependent process analysis based on the coupled electromagnetic, temperature and turbulent velocity fields during the melting and liquid shape changes. The simulation is validated against measurements of liquid metal height, temperature and heat losses in a commercial size ISM furnace. The often observed limiting temperature plateau for ever increasing electrical power input is explained by the turbulent convective heat losses. Various methods to increase the superheat within the liquid melt, the process energy efficiency and stability are proposed.     

A Source of Accelerated Metal Plasma Flow with Controllable Parameters

Technical Physics Letters - Parameters of the metal plasma flow generated by a source with heated liquid anode have been studied during motion in axial magnetic field. It is established that the...     

Entropy generation on MHD flow and convective heat transfer in a porous medium of exponentially stretching surface saturated by nanofluids

This paper examines the unsteady boundary layer magnetohydrodynamic flow and convective heat transfer of an exponentially stretching surface saturated by nanofluids in the presence of thermal radiation. The combined effect of stratifications (thermal and concentration) in the unsteady boundary layer flow past over a stretching surface embedded in a porous medium is analyzed. The system of coupled nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically by developing finite difference scheme together with the Newton’s linearization technique, which allows us to control nonlinear terms smoothly. The study shows that the thermal boundary layer thickness significantly increases with the increase of Brownian motion, thermophoresis number and magnetic field strength. The unsteadiness behavior of the flow of nanofluid has reducing effect on both momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness. The Brownian motion has controlling effect on nanoparticle migration. The entropy generation by means of Bejan number has strong impact on the applied magnetic field, dissipation of energy, thermal radiation and Biot number.     

一种细化金属凝固组织的新方法

提出了用强脉冲磁场改善金属凝固组织的新技术。实验结果表明，强脉冲磁场能把铝合金的凝固组织从粗大的树枝晶细化为等轴晶，而且磁场愈强，细化效果愈显著。强脉冲磁场细金属凝固组织的新技术可应用于各金属材料，并可在工业上推广应用。