基于超材料的超薄双频吸波器设计与制造

设计并制备了工作于厘米波(3~30GHz)和毫米波(30~300GHz)的"三明治"式圆环套十字结构的双频吸波器,基于CST 2015全波有限积分法仿真并分析了胞元的结构尺寸和材料参数对吸波器性能的影响。采用在双面溅射铜的环氧树脂板上激光烧蚀的工艺制备出谐振点在17.595GHz、36.9GHz的双频吸波器,制备出的吸波器厚度为谐振波长的1/85和1/41,峰值吸波率为99.764%,半波峰宽为0.616GHz和0.878GHz。该吸波器具有偏振不敏感和超薄特性的同时兼具入射角选择性,制备的样片测试结果很好地证实其优异的吸波性能。该吸波器设计灵活、性价比高、吸波性能好,拓展了军事领域雷达波屏蔽的思路。     

FeCo/石墨烯的制备和吸波性能

用共沉淀和高温退火相结合的方法制备了晶态FeCo/石墨烯吸波粒子,使用XRD、FESEM和TEM等手段对其晶体结构和微观形貌进行了表征。结果表明,向石蜡中添加不同质量的FeCo/石墨烯吸波粒子可制备不同含量吸波粒子的复合材料。使用微波矢量网络分析仪对不同含量吸波粒子的复合材料的电磁参数的测试和不同厚度吸波性能的模拟结果表明,吸波粒子含量为50%的材料,其吸波性能最优;厚度仅为1.6 mm的材料,有效吸收带宽为5.0 GHz(12.3~17.3 GHz)。吸波粒子优异的吸波性能,源于介电损耗和磁损耗的协同作用以及合适的阻抗匹配率和衰减常数。     

嵌入分形频率选择表面的低频超薄吸波层的设计

研究了频率选择表面对超薄多层微波吸波体在低频(L和S频段)吸波性能的影响. 分别采用硫化工艺和激光刻蚀方法制备出传统的微波吸收材料(MAM)--橡胶板和FSS层, 然后利用它们合成多层微波吸波体(MMA)样品, 在NRL弓形法测试系统中测量该样品的反射率. 发现随着FSS层在传统吸波材料层中的引入, 确实可以增强整个多层吸波体在低频段的吸波性能. 实验结果显示, 当两个FSS层在多层吸波体中适当排列时, 可以在1 GHz得到一个–3.49 dB的反射率峰值, 最大反射峰值可达–9.35 dB, 这时的样品厚度是1.8 mm. 本研究为吸波材料的吸波性能向低频段的拓展提供了一种有效的方法.     

多壁碳纳米管复合材料在8 mm 波段的吸波性能

将相同厚度不同碳纳米管含量, 以及不同厚度相同碳纳米管含量的多壁碳纳米管加入玻璃纤维增强复合材料中, 并研究了其在26. 5～40. 0 GHz 频段的吸波性能。结果发现, 多壁碳纳米管具有吸波性能, 而且吸波性能随着多壁碳纳米管含量的增加而提高。多壁碳纳米管/ 玻璃纤维/ 环氧树脂复合材料层板在26. 5～40. 0 GHz频段表现出较好的吸收效果, 其吸波性在于碳纳米管本身具有吸波性能, 此外还与吸波材料的谐振吸波原理有关。通过对该复合材料的电磁参数的测定并计算, 证明实验结果与吸波原理相符合。      

某复合隐身涂层中雷达吸波涂层的测厚系统设计

针对“雷达+红外”复合隐身体系的结构特点和雷达吸波涂层的磁化特性,建立了某复合隐身涂层中雷达吸波涂层的磁力测厚模型,分析了测厚算法。结果表明,当复合隐身体系中红外涂层厚度+某底漆厚度远小于空气涂层厚度时,磁力测厚法可忽略红外涂层和某底漆厚度的影响,直接利用磁力大小与雷达吸波涂层厚度成正比的电磁学特性关系,测出雷达吸波涂层的厚度。本文作者还设计了磁力测厚传感器,开展了磁力测量试验。结果表明,该磁力测厚系统结构简单、测量结果精确。      

结构吸波复合材料透波层的研究

采用弓形法测试反射率,研究透波层的厚度、材质对结构吸波复合材料电磁性能的影响。结果显示,在4~18GHz范围内,厚度对其吸波性能具有显著影响,厚度分别为0.25、0.50和1.25mm的透波层,其结构吸波复合材料的最大吸收峰分别为-37.03,-33.45和-33.22dB;随厚度的增加,吸收峰的位置随向低频段显著漂移,-10dB的有效吸收带宽也显著变窄,分别为11.5,11和6.5GHz;与厚度相比,材质对结构吸波复合材料电磁性能影响较小。     

透波层厚度对结构吸波材料吸收峰的影响

采用弓形法测试反射率,研究透波层的厚度对结构吸波复合材料吸收峰的影响。结果显示,在4~18 GHz范围内,厚度对其吸波性能具有显著影响:透波层厚度为0.95 mm时,结构吸波材料的吸收峰值最高,达-22.6 d B;其吸收峰值先随透波层厚度的增加而增强,而后逐渐减弱,透波层厚度对吸收峰值的影响可用二次多项式描述;吸收峰的位置随透波层的厚度增加向低频方向漂移,其漂移位移与透波层厚度线性相关,满足一次线性方程。     

二氧化锰涂覆EPS方法与效能分析

采用直接涂覆法将二氧化锰涂覆在EPS表面制成吸波球体。实验证实，这种方法有能力涂覆大密度导电粉末，且效果良好。在反射阻抗的测试中，当试样厚度为10mm时，其反射损耗在8～18GHz频率范围内为-7～-15dB，发现随着吸波颗粒中二氧化锰含量和试样厚度的增加，在8～18GHz频段内，试样的反射损耗增加。二氧化锰层吸波球体效能略低于同等导电层厚度的炭粉层吸波球体。     

双层吸波材料吸波特性研究

依据阻抗匹配原理与电磁波传播规律,设计了具有阻抗渐变结构的双层吸波材料.实验表明,匹配层对提高吸收率起着重要作用;需精确控制其吸波剂含量,以实现吸波效果.经测试:4#试样厚度为6mm,测试频段为8-18GHz,最大吸收峰值在14.1GHz(R=-28.14dB),R＜-10dB的频宽为6.7GHz;7#试样厚度为5.5mm,最大吸收峰值在9.6GHz(R=-27.48dB),R＜10dB的频宽为8.6GHz,R＜-15dB的频宽为7.6GHz;8#试样厚度为6mm,最大吸收峰值在16.8GHz(R=-24.24dB),R＜-10dB的频宽为8.6Hz.该结果具有一定工程应用价值.     

吸波材料电磁参数频率跟踪逼近优化方法

首先介绍了单层吸波材料的吸波机理，然后提出了一种电磁参数频率跟踪逼近优化方法，并用该方法设计了单层吸波材料，得到了电磁参数的最佳配合下的吸波材料的幅频特征。分析讨论了电磁参数的频散效应对吸波材料的吸波性能的影响，得到了同时考虑电磁参数与频率和吸收剂厚度组合匹配是解决吸波材料优化的根本途径的结论。     

Fabrication and electromagnetic characteristics of electromagnetic wave absorbing sandwich structures

The radar absorbing structures (RAS) having sandwich structures in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) frequencies were designed and fabricated. We added conductive fillers such as carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) to composite prepregs and polyurethane foams so as to efficiently increase the absorbing capacity of RAS. In order to improve the mechanical stiffness of RAS, we adopted the sandwich structures made of composite face sheets and foam cores. Glass fabric/epoxy composites containing conductive carbon black and carbon fabric/epoxy composites were used for the face sheets. Polyurethane foams containing MWNT were used as the core material. Their permittivity in the X-band was measured using the transmission line technique. The reflection loss characteristics for multi-layered sandwich structures were calculated using the theory of transmission and reflection in a multi-layered medium. Three kinds of specimens were fabricated and their reflection losses in the X-band were measured using the free space technique. Experimental results were in good agreement with simulated ones in 10-dB absorbing bandwidth.     

Time-domain optical imaging: discrimination between scattering and absorption

A technique for discriminating between scattering and absorbing inclusions located in the center of a scattering slab is presented. The technique is based on an empirical model that provides a simple mathematical expression to describe the change in the time-resolved transmission resulting from the presence of an inclusion. Experimental results from various configurations show that the technique allows for proper recognition of the type of an inclusion whether it is scattering or absorbing. This technique is a significant step toward tissue differentiation.     

吸波材料吸波性能的计算及其优化设计

吸波材料是现代武器系统隐身技术的关键材料,随着近年来隐身技术的迅猛发展,吸波材料的研究已经受到世界各国的高度重视。本文较详细地阐述了目前常用的涂覆型吸波材料和结构型吸波材料吸波性能的基本计算方法,并且对吸波材料的优化设计进行了简要的介绍。     

Development of a cavity ringdown laser absorption spectrometer for detection of trace levels of mercury

A potential new laser-based air pollution measurement technique, capable of measuring ultralow concentrations of urban air toxins in the field and in real time, is examined. Cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy (CRLAS) holds promise as an air pollution monitor because it is a highly sensitive species detection technique that uses either pulsed or continuous tunable laser sources. The sensitivity results from an extremely long absorption path length and the fact that the quantity measured, the cavity decay time, is unaffected by fluctuations in the laser source. In laboratory experiments, we reach detection limits for mercury of the order of 0.50 parts per trillion. We developed a CRLAS system in our laboratory and measured Hg with the system, investigating issues such as background interference. We report experimental results for mercury detection limits, the dynamic range of the sensor, detection of Hg in an absorbing background of ozone and SO(2), and detection of a mercury-containing compound (HgCl(2) in this case).     

Use of shadows to retrieve water vapor in hazy atmospheres

Techniques aimed at retrieving water vapor from satellite data of reflected near-infrared solar radiation have progressed significantly in recent years. These techniques rely on observation of water vapor attenuation of near-infrared solar radiation reflected by the Earth's surface. Ratios of measured radiances at wavelengths inside and outside water vapor absorbing channels are used for retrieval purposes. These ratios partially remove the dependence of surface reflectance on wavelength and are used to retrieve the total column water vapor amount. Hazy atmospheric conditions, however, introduce errors into this widely used technique. A new method based on radiance differences between clear and nearby shadowed surfaces, combined with ratios between water vapor absorbing and window regions, is presented that improves water vapor retrievals under hazy atmospheric conditions. Radiative transfer simulations are used to demonstrate the advantage offered by this technique.     

Determination of optical coefficients of biological tissue from a single integrating-sphere

The detection of interactions between light and tissue can be used to characterize the optical properties of the tissue. The development is described of a method that determines optical coefficients of biological tissue from a single optical reflectance spectrum measured with an integrating-sphere. The experimental system incorporated a DH-2000 deuterium tungsten halogen light source, a USB4000-VIS-NIR miniature fiber optic spectrometer and an integrating-sphere. Fat emulsion and ink were used to mimic the scattering and absorbing properties of tissue in the tested sample. The measured optical reflectance spectrums with different scattering and absorbing properties were used to train a back-propagation neural network (BPNN). Then the neural network (BPNN) was used to determine the optical coefficients of biological tissue from a single optical reflectance spectrum measured with an integrating-sphere. Tests on tissue-simulation phantoms showed the relative errors of this technique to be 7% for the reduced scattering coefficient and 15% for the absorption coefficients. The optical properties of human skin were also measured in vivo.     

耐磨胶粘涂层的动态吸湿过程研究

依据矩形试件吸湿过程的实测数据描绘出涂层材料的吸湿浓度与吸湿应变曲线, 同时利用F ick 扩散定律的有关吸湿结论进行数据处理得到了扩散系数近似值。以此为基础, 进一步分析了实用涂层的吸湿浓度变化规律及吸湿引起的内应力。结果表明, 涂层平衡吸湿浓度4% 左右, 而相对材料初始强度, 吸湿引起的内应力很小     

Anisotropic microwave absorbing properties of oriented SiC short fiber sheets

SiC fibers are a kind of anisotropic microwave absorbing materials due to their fiber-shaped semi-conductive properties. In this paper, oriented SiC short fiber sheets were prepared and their anisotropic electromagnetic parameters and microwave absorbing properties were measured and analyzed. It is found that axial permittivity of SiC fibers was several times larger than their radial permittivity. With increasing volume content, both real part and imaginary part of permittivity increased obviously. Simulated microwave absorbing properties based on measured anisotropic electromagnetic parameters coincide well with those measured results. Both the orientation angle and the number of layers, as well as the fiber direction of the top layer, affect the anisotropic property greatly. The higher the orientation angle and the number of layers, the more isotropic microwave absorbing properties the multilayer sheets have.     

涂覆型雷达吸波材料研究进展

雷达吸波材料是隐身技术的关键材料，雷达吸波材料的研究越来越受到世界各国的高度重视。较详细地介绍了磁性吸收材料、高温吸波材料、纤维吸收材料、手征吸波材料、高分子材料吸收体、等离子体吸波材料、纳来吸收体等涂覆型吸收材料研究状况和吸波机理。     

Problem of ambiguity in the determination of optical constants of thin absorbing films from spectroscopic reflectance and transmittance measurements

We propose a new and simple procedure to overcome the ambiguity in the determination of optical constants of thin absorbing films from spectroscopic reflectance and transmittance measurements. The basis for the proposed method is an error analysis with the help of an error simulation technique and an error variation technique. We show that in practice (owing to experimental errors) it is not possible to overcome the problem of ambiguity by normal-incidence spectroscopic measurements alone. At least one oblique-incidence measurement is necessary for unambiguously determining the optical constants of the film. We discuss the consequences of experimental errors of the measured transmittance and reflectance values for the determination of the optical constants.