孔径光阑对辐射源尺寸效应（SSE）的影响研究

辐射源尺寸效应（SSE）是辐射测温的重要不确定度来源,本文设计了辐射温度计实验测试装置,在理论分析的基础上通过改变孔径光阑设置,研究辐射温度计SSE的变化。孔径适宜的孔径光阑在光轴任意位置都能起到限制接收立体角的作用,但实验表明设置在会聚透镜之后的SSE明显小于其他位置。本实验研究结果可为辐射温度计和绝对辐射法热力学温度测量的SSE优化设计提供参考依据。     

红外辐射温度计的辐射源尺寸效应修正

红外辐射温度计在低温测量的辐射源尺寸效应（SSE） 的规律不同于高温测量。基于以虚拟探测器温度消除背景辐射影响的SSE计算模型,推导了在不同源尺寸和不同背景条件下辐射温度计输出的SSE影响修正公式;得出不同源尺寸条件下辐射温度计温度示值的SSE影响修正的理论解析表达式。在源温度低于或接近背景温度时修正模型与高温测量SSE修正模型有显著差异。所得结果适用于任意温度下对单波段辐射温度计的SSE影响修正。     

工业辐射温度计的辐射源尺寸效应（SSE）测量

本文给出了直接法测量工业用辐射温度计SSE的计算公式和SSE对测温结果影响的修正公式。建立直接法测量系统,对几种不同型号的被测辐射温度计的测量结果表明,SSE整体上随辐射源尺寸的增大而增加。但在源尺寸较小时SSE变化率较大,随着源尺寸的增大,SSE的变化率逐渐较小,趋于平缓。辐射温度计的校准应尽量选择与测温对象尺寸相近的辐射源直径。否则,精密测温应用需考虑SSE修正。     

传递辐射温度计性能实验研究

通过对商用温度计进行改造建立了传递辐射温度计(TRT),用于30～50℃黑体辐射源辐射温度校准.针对环境温度波动对传递温度计输出的影响作用进行了实验研究,通过采用温度计恒温措施消除传递辐射温度计输出漂移.实验确定了传递辐射温度计的辐射源尺寸效应(SSE),采用水冷光阑消除传递辐射温度计SSE对辐射温度差测量的影响.     

红外辐射温度计的试验光学系统设计

辐射源尺寸效应(SSE)是辐射测温的重要不确定度来源.为了研究SSE对辐射测温的影响,找出光学系统对克服SSE起到的作用,设计了红外辐射温度计的试验光学系统.光学系统采用透射式外调焦的结构,能够对330mm至无穷远物距的目标源调焦,并根据SSE产生的原因,光学系统结构设置有可调节的孔径光阑和消杂光光阑;同时为了减少光学系统像差对测温的影响,选用红外材料氟化钙(CaF2)和石英玻璃(F_Silica)设计了消像差物镜和二次聚焦的会聚透镜,其点列图弥散斑接近衍射极限,满足试验要求.     

人体红外温度计校准装置设计与验证

正一、人体红外温度计校准装置人体红外温度计校准装置采用液体恒温的方式,液体恒温具有均匀性好、易控制、波动小等特点。根据红外体温计的常用温度,在设计中笔者选用水作为恒温介质。该装置如图1所示,由搅拌机构、黑体腔、标准铂电阻温度计、恒温槽体、温控系统组成,其中黑体腔采用了可更换结构,配备了适用于红外耳温计的10mm开口黑体腔、适用于红外额温计的17mm开口黑体腔,适用于玻璃体温计的孔板结构,可用于常见的     

测量环境温度对辐射温度计量值的影响

设计了一种控温稳定、温度可调的恒温装置。它能精确模拟周围环境室温变化,通过辐射温度计测量结果的细微变化,确定室温变化这一影响因子的大小。该恒温装置包含两部分:恒温介质产生部分和热交换平台。通过模拟测试,随着控制器温度变化,辐射温度计测量信号随之变化。当控温器介质温度每变化1.00℃,温度计的测量量值变化0.08℃。测量结论表明,该恒温装置能够有效的量化环境温度变化对温度计的测量结果的影响,对修正温度计误差有很大参考意义。     

红外空芯光纤辐射温度计的研制及应用

为了对冲击发电机的轴套温度进行监测,设计并研制了一种新型的红外光纤辐射温度计.温度计主要由红外空芯玻璃光纤、红外探测器、放大电路及80C552单片机组成.在分析各部分实现功能的基础上,重点研究了环境温度变化对探测器的影响,并实现了数学建模.温度计的工作波长是8~14μm,测量温度范围是60~400℃,测试环境温度范围是25~60℃.利用可精确控温的实物标定炉和环境模拟箱对温度计进行了标定,测量误差小于2%.经过几个月的在线监测,取得了较好的测量结果.     

红外测温仪校准装置研制成功--中国计量科学研究院抗"非典"攻关取得新成果

在全国抗击非典这场不见硝烟的战争中,国家质检总局、中国计量科学研究院急国家和人民之所急,夜以继日,组织攻关,在较短时间内研制出红外测温仪校准装置(黑体辐射源标准装置),为抗击非典做出了突出贡献。为防止非典传播,我国各机场、口岸、车站、公共场所、机关、企业、学校等纷纷配备红外辐射温度计、红外耳温计来测量人体温度。目前,我国进口红外辐射温度计等人体测温仪已有数十万台,正在为抗击非典中发挥着巨大作用。随着红外辐射温度计等人体测温仪的大量应用,这些测温仪器的测量准确度将直接影响人体测温的准确,影响防非典措施的实施效…     

中国计量科学研究院抗"非典"攻关取得新成果

在全国抗击“非典”这场不见硝烟的战争中 ,国家质检总局、中国计量科学研究院急国家和人民之所急 ,夜以继日 ,组织攻关 ,在较短时间内研制出抗“非典”的红外测温仪校准装置 (黑体辐射源标准装置 ) ,为抗击“非典”做出了突出贡献。为防止“非典”传播 ,我国各机场、口岸、车站、公共场所、机关、企业、学校等纷纷配备红外辐射温度计、红外耳温计来测量人体温度。目前 ,我国进口红外辐射温度计等人体测温仪已有数十万台 ,正在为我国抗击“非典”发挥着巨大作用。随着红外辐射温度计等人体测温仪的大量应用 ,这些测温仪器的测量准确度将直接…     

Size-of-source Effect in Infrared Thermometers with Direct Reading of Temperature

The size-of-source effect (SSE) for six infrared (IR) thermometers with direct reading of temperature was measured in this work. The alternative direct method for SSE determination, where the aperture size is fixed and the measurement distance is varied, was used in this study. The experimental equivalence between the usual and the alternative direct methods is presented. The magnitudes of the SSE for different types of IR thermometers were investigated. The maxima of the SSE were found to be up to 5 %, 8 %, and 28 % for focusable, closed-focus, and open-focus thermometers, respectively. At \(275\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), an SSE of 28 % corresponds to \(52\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\), indicating the severe effect on the accuracy of this type of IR thermometer. A method to realize the calibration conditions used by the manufacturer, in terms of aperture size and measurement distance, is discussed and validated by experimental results. This study would be of benefit to users in choosing the best IR thermometer to match their work and for calibration laboratories in selecting the technique most suitable for determining the SSE.     

Calculated Uncertainty of Temperature Due to the Size-of-Source Effect in Commercial Radiation Thermometers

The article evaluates the uncertainty in the temperature indicated by a radiation thermometer with a direct readout in temperature, due to the uncertainty in measuring the size-of-source effect (SSE) by the so-called “direct method.” Radiation thermometers of this type are the ones most frequently used in practice. The uncertainty of the SSE characteristic is usually not a useful quantity to report to users of commercial radiation thermometers. Instead, they would prefer to know the uncertainty in the measured temperature that results from the uncertainty of the SSE characteristic, and this will be the result of our analysis. The user of a direct reading radiation thermometer will be able to take into account the uncertainty of temperature due to the SSE, if a target with known dimensions is measured. The uncertainty in temperature due to the SSE of analyses based on Planck’s law and its approximation, Wien’s law is compared.     

Development of a New InGaAs Radiation Thermometer at NMIJ

The first InGaAs radiation thermometer at NMIJ was developed more than ten years ago as a standard radiation thermometer operating from 150 to 1,100°C. Its size-of-source effect (SSE) was as large as 1% from 6 mm in diameter to 50 mm in diameter. The new thermometer has an SSE of 0.3%. The reason for the error in measuring the SSE of InGaAs thermometers was also found. The new thermometer at first suffered from nonlinearity and the distance effect (DE). These deficiencies arose from the misalignment of optics inside the thermometer and were solved by increasing the detector size from 1 mm in diameter to 2 mm in diameter. Unfortunately, the detector of 2 mm diameter had a smaller S/N ratio than that of the 1 mm one at the indium (In) point. The final design uses a detector of 1 mm diameter, but the radiation is focussed on a smaller area of the detector. The new thermometer is smaller and lighter than preceding designs and other standard InGaAs radiation thermometers. The temperature of the main part of the instrument, including the filter, the detector, and the preamplifier board, is controlled at 30°C. In addition to the calibration with the six fixed points of copper (Cu), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and indium (In), the linearity from the In point to the Cu point, the SSE, the DE, and the spectral responsivity were measured.     

红外耳温计分度方法及数据分析

研制了一种专门用于红外耳温计分度的双孔黑体空腔,并用研制的黑体空腔对红外耳温计在37℃和41℃进行了分度实验.实验结果表明,此黑体空腔的空腔发射率已达到0.999,完全能作为红外耳温计分度的标准辐射源.最后对实验结果进行了不确定度的评定.     

Spatial Scatter Effects in the Calibration of IR Pyrometers and Imagers

Differences in the calibration conditions and the real-life applications of infrared pyrometers, radiometers, or imagers can contribute to significant measurement errors due to the presence of scattered light from the areas surrounding the reference source during the calibration process or the measured object in the field measurements. This out-of-field scatter (also known as size-of-source effect, SSE) has to be analyzed separately for each artifact to ensure applicability of the calibration results to the scene of actual measurement. This article discusses SSE characterization methods and specific requirements for calibrating single-element radiometers in the near- and mid-IR parts of the optical radiation spectrum. Two new SSE tools developed at National Institute of Standards and Technology to support routine calibration of IR pyrometers, radiometers, and imagers at the recently developed Advanced Infrared Radiometry and Imaging (AIRI) facility are described. The results of characterization of different commonly used radiometers, including an industrial-grade pyrometer, a high-accuracy pyrometer, two different infrared spectrometers, and an infrared imager, are presented.     

Calibration of Thermocouples and Infrared Radiation Thermometers by Comparison to Radiation Thermometry

The National Metrology Institute of Spain (CEM) has designed, characterized, and set-up its new system to calibrate thermocouples and infrared radiation thermometers up to 1600 °C by comparison to radiation thermometry. This system is based on a MoSi₂ three-zone furnace with a graphite blackbody comparator. Two interchangeable alumina tubes with different structures are used for thermocouples and radiation thermometer calibrations. The reference temperature of the calibration is determined by a standard radiation thermometer. Normally, this is used at CEM to disseminate the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) in the radiation range, and it refers to the Cu fixed point. Several noble metal thermocouples and infrared radiation thermometers with a central wavelength near 900 nm have been calibrated, and their uncertainty budgets have been obtained.     

Comparison of Blackbodies for Calibration of Infrared Ear Thermometers

The article presents the results of the EURAMET Project No. 927 ??Comparison of blackbodies for calibration of infrared ear thermometers (IRETs)??. The objective of the comparison was to determine the agreement of blackbodies used for the calibration of IRETs among European national laboratories. To verify the accuracy of an IRET, a suitable blackbody (BB) is needed. Such a blackbody related to the EN standard, designed for the calibration of ear thermometers and immersed in a stirred water bath, was provided for the comparison by the pilot laboratory. The pilot provided also the transfer IRET and organized the comparison.     

微纳米尺度生物体温度测量方法及其展望

温度是描述凝聚态物质系统热力学状态和演变的基本参数。微纳米级的温度传感在生物体(细胞)、芯片、低维人工材料等领域中有着重要的应用前景,可作为定量化观测生物体活动能力、化学反应、生命演变的技术途径。鉴于该类型温度传感器的种类繁多、计量性能差异明显,主要从测温技术特点和计量性能两个方面,对应用于微纳米尺度生物体测温的微纳热电偶、热电阻、红外热像仪、磁性纳米粒子和荧光发光等类型的温度测量方法进行了综述和比较分析,并展望了微纳米尺度生物体温度测量领域的发展前景。     

辐射源尺寸效应实验方案设计

在进行辐射温度计的校准时,辐射源尺寸效应会给校准结果带来影响,需设计一套实验方案,完成辐射源尺寸效应实验,以便在辐射温度计的校准中减小源尺寸效应的影响。本文重点讨论了适合本实验室的实验方案设计、实验过程及结果分析。同时对辐射温度计的校准给出了指导意见。     

A novel method for estimating solid fraction of roller-compacted ribbons

A simple method has been developed to estimate solid fraction or relative density of compacts using the weight of ribbons produced during roller compaction. The method provides an alternative to the commonly used dimensional measurement, especially for formulations not amenable to forming quality ribbons. Surface texture of the compaction rolls has been taken into consideration in our mathematical treatment along with correction for ribbon relaxation. Ribbon relaxation occurring upon ribbon exiting the compaction zone is estimated using roll geometry, roll gap, and ribbon thickness. Detailed experimental runs have been carried out to confirm the validity of the proposed theory. The predicted solid fraction was found comparable to that from actual dimensional measurement by caliper. In the case of the microcrystalline cellulose/dicalcium phosphate one:one formulation, the predicted solid fraction had an error sum of squares (SSE) of 2.64E-03 when compared to the dimensional method. When relaxation was included, the SSE decreased by four folds. Similarly, for the microcrystalline cellulose/lactose monohydrate 2:1 formulation, the SSE decreased twelfth folds when relaxation was taken into consideration. These results further confirm the utility of the proposed throughput method for estimating the solid fraction of ribbons.