Harmonic motion detection in a vibrating scattering medium

Elasticity imaging is an emerging medical imaging modality that seeks to map the spatial distribution of tissue stiffness. Ultrasound radiation force excitation and motion tracking using pulse-echo ultrasound have been used in numerous methods. Dynamic radiation force is used in vibrometry to cause an object or tissue to vibrate, and the vibration amplitude and phase can be measured with exceptional accuracy. This paper presents a model that simulates harmonic motion detection in a vibrating scattering medium incorporating 3-D beam shapes for radiation force excitation and motion tracking. A parameterized analysis using this model provides a platform to optimize motion detection for vibrometry applications in tissue. An experimental method that produces a multifrequency radiation force is also presented. Experimental harmonic motion detection of simultaneous multifrequency vibration is demonstrated using a single transducer. This method can accurately detect motion with displacement amplitude as low as 100 to 200 nm in bovine muscle. Vibration phase can be measured within 10° or less. The experimental results validate the conclusions observed from the model and show multifrequency vibration induction and measurements can be performed simultaneously.     

Ultrasonic imaging of internal vibration of soft tissue under forced vibration

An imaging system that can display both the amplitude and phase maps of internal vibration in soft tissues for forced low-frequency vibration is described. In this method, low-frequency sinusoidal vibration of frequency under several hundred hertz is applied from the surface of the sample and the resulting movement in it is measured from the Doppler frequency shift of the simultaneously transmitted probe ultrasonic waves. Basic experiments are carried out by using 3.0-MHz ultrasonic waves. The two-dimensional maps of the amplitude and phase of internal vibration are shown, and the velocities of vibration are measured for some samples as well as in vivo.     

Backscatter-modulated laser diode for low-frequency small-amplitude vibration measurement

Feedback phenomenon in laser diodes is applied to low-frequency vibration measurement in the micrometer range on poorly reflecting targets. The laser diode is frequency modulated. Its beam is focused on the vibrating target, and backscattered light is fed back into the laser. The optical laser diode power variation is processed to measure the frequency and amplitude of low-frequency vibrations of amplitude, ~100 nm to 10 mum. Experimental results for sinusoidal and triangular vibrations are compared with theory.     

基于干涉条纹移动量的非接触振动测量研究

为了实现大振幅、高带宽振动的非接触精密测量,本文提出了一种全新的光学测量系统.两束相干光的远场干涉条纹位置与两束光之间相位差有关,相位差的变化将引起干涉条纹移动.获取主条纹的位置,可以计算两束光之间的相位差,基于此可以还原物体的振动位移量.对振幅为10μm的单频余弦信号以及频率为44.1 kHz的声音信号仿真还原结果表明,本文所提光学系统和还原算法可以还原出亚微米级的振动信号,并能准确还原出音频信息.     

0.1 Hz～50 kHz直线振动幅值和相位国家计量基准系统的研究

描述中国计量科学院在直线振动幅值和相位测量的理论研究和技术实现方面取得的最新进展。简要介绍了国家高、中、低频振动基(副基)准幅相特性测量装置的系统构建、测量原理和技术实现,以及装置达到的主要技术指标。提出振动基(副基)准优化提升中关键的技术创新点,如自主提出了改进的外差正弦逼近法和基于波峰波谷的外差时间间隔法,在压电高频(2kHz～50kHz)振动台上,首次在国内外实现了(1nm～500nm)振幅范围内的纳米级振动传感器灵敏度幅值和相移的测量。中国计量科学研究院(NIM)与德国物理技术研究院(PTB)在10Hz～10kHz范围内开展的标准加速度计灵敏度幅相特性国际双边比对验证了国家基准的测量不确定度。     

振动管外流动与传热实验研究及场协同分析

采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了振动管外的流动及传热特性,利用正交设计方法分析了振幅、频率等参数对换热性能的影响,得到了低频区内换热效果与振动参数间的拟合关联式,并基于场协同理论得到了管外近壁区的协同角余弦值随频率、振幅的变化规律。通过分析发现：振动强化传热的效果随着频率和振幅的升高而显著增强,共振工况下换热最强。对比不同管型的换热性能,沿椭圆管短轴方向振动的传热效果最好,圆管次之,长轴最差,证明管型也为影响振动工况下对流换热性能的重要参数。     

Particle conveying under microgravity in a vibrating vessel

This paper presents a numerical study on the conveying of particles in a vibrating vessel under microgravity. Such a vessel is composed of parallel plates with sawtooth wavy surfaces, which are specifically designed to convey particles using simple vibration. The numerical model was validated by good agreement between the simulated and experimental results. Then the effects of key variables, including the vessel geometry, vibration amplitude and frequency and gravity level, were systematically investigated by a series of controlled simulations. The results confirm the optimised design from the previous experiments, and numerically demonstrate that using such a system a steady conveying operation can be achieved under microgravity. The convey rate is positively affected by the vibration amplitude and frequency in a complicated way, which cannot be simply described by the commonly used vibration intensity or velocity amplitude. The gravity level also has a significant effect on the convey rate when it is over 0.001g. The convey rate can be estimated by the product of the average solid fraction and velocity. And the effects of the variables can be better understood through the analyses on these two parameters. Finally, a predictive model is proposed to estimate the convey rate under different operational conditions. The findings are useful for the design of particle conveying techniques for outer space applications.     

Laser vibrometer based on optical-feedback-induced frequency modulation of a single-mode laser diode

We describe a sensitive and inexpensive vibrometer based on optical feedback by diffuse scattering to a single-mode diode laser. Fluctuations in the diode laser's operating frequency that are due to scattered light from a vibrating surface are used to detect the amplitude and frequency of surface vibrations. An additional physical vibration of the laser provides an absolute amplitude calibration. The fundamental bandwidth is determined by the laser response time of roughly 10(-9)s. A noise floor of 0.23 nm/Hz(1/2) at 30 kHz with 5 × 10(-5) of the incident light returning is demonstrated. This instrument provides an inexpensive and sensitive method of noncontact measurement in solid materials with low or uneven reflectivity. It can be used as a vibration or velocity sensor.     

Suction force of vibrating suction method based on pi theorem: Analysis and experiment

This paper presents an analysis method for calculating the suction force generated by the vibrating suction method, which is used for mini wall-climbing robots. Using this analysis method, an empirical equation based on the pi theorem was deduced. To verify the validity and feasibility of the empirical equation, an experimental platform was developed, and a series of vibrating experiments were performed. In the experiments, the sine vibration mode was chosen as a special case to determine the two coefficients of the empirical equation in the experimental condition of a certain suction cup and working plane. Then, the calculated suction force and the real suction force were compared and analysed. The results indicate that the empirical equation will satisfy the engineering application with a small margin of error if the amplitude and angular frequency of the vibrating suction method are not too small. In addition, the effect of amplitude and frequency on the average suction force of the sine vibration mode was also analysed and tested.     

超声塑料焊接工具横向振动及开槽的研究

本文利用耦合振动理论研究了大尺寸超声塑料焊接工具的三维振动，推出了决定工具谐振频率与其材料及尺寸之间关系的频率方程。还研究了工具的横向振动与开槽之间的关系，从理论上得出了决定工具开槽位置的数学表达式，在某种程度上解决了大尺寸工具的开槽问题。实验表明，大尺寸工具的设计频率与测量值基本符合，开槽大大地改善了工具辐射面上的位移分布的均匀程度。     

Optical resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for fluid properties measurement

The properties of fluids are studied using unusually small containment spherical resonators. Proper identification of resonant fluid signatures allows determination of pressure and density of the internal gas with great accuracy using an appropriate equation of state (EOS). Low noise and high sensitivity detection of vibration are critical parameters to characterizing the contained gas when its pressure approaches 1 atm. or less. The benefits of using spherical resonators to determine fluid properties are discussed, and some example calculations of sound speed are presented. In addition to measuring fluids, a comparative experimental approach is taken to explore and, eventually, to optimize vibration detection. In the experiments, two detection methods, a contact piezoelectric transducer (PZT) device and a non-contact optical device, are compared simultaneously and quantitatively. This is done in a unique manner without change in vibration coupling to the sample between tests. A commercially available resonant ultrasound spectroscopy system is used as the contact system, while another commercial device (used as the non-contact vibration detector) combined with the same excitation source (used in the contact system) comprises the other system. The non-contact detector is an optical interferometric receiver that provides adaptation to optically rough surfaces and high sensitivity to acoustic displacements through optical interference in photorefractive GaAs. Both vibration detection systems are compared with particular emphasis on displacement sensitivity, frequency response, and noise level. Furthermore, the results from comparing detection modalities are presented, and their effects on fluid properties measurement are discussed     

An optical self-calibrating technique for the dynamiccharacterization of PZT's

A system suitable for the measurement of linear sinusoidal vibration amplitudes is described. The signal beam of a Michelson interferometer is focused on the vibrating target while a suitable phase noise is applied to the reference arm of the interferometer. Signal processing is based on the null adjustment of the Bessel coefficients J₁ and J₂ derived from the signal provided by a single photodiode placed in the center fringe of the interference pattern. The system has been shown to be self-calibrating and intrinsically immune to mechanical perturbations induced in the interferometer. The technique proposed has been experimentally demonstrated by measuring the vibration amplitude of a PZT device in the amplitude range from 0.4 to 1.7 μm and in the frequency range from 8 to 22 kHz     

用于换能器校准的激光干涉测振技术

本文介绍了用激光干涉仪对换能器表面振动位移进行绝对测量的原理,对不同情况下的信号处理方法进行了探讨,分别给出了低频及高频时的实验及进行信号处理后的结果。从实验结果及信号处理的结果可以看出,记系纹数的处理方法比较简单直观,而最大频率法则可解决小数条纹的测量。     

电液四轴高频结构强度疲劳试验系统

电液激振器受传统的电液伺服阀频响特性的限制,其激振频率难以提高,采用2D阀替代传统伺服阀组成电液激振器的方案,该激振器通过增加阀芯的旋转速度来提高其激振频率,同时将该电液激振器应用于4轴高频结构试验系统。对试验系统的结构和工作原理进行了分析讨论,包括频率、幅值和相位的控制方法。基于系统的频响仿真分析,提出了4个作动器的同步控制策略,对理论分析进行实验验证。试验结果表明:该电液四轴强度疲劳试验系统能在40 Hz~200 Hz范围内对试验对象进行同步加载试验,其频率、幅值连续可控。     

金属橡胶减振器在机载光电吊舱复合减振系统中的应用

为减小载机角振动对光电吊舱成像质量的影响,应用金属橡胶作为隔振元件研制出两种能限制一定自由度的小型金属橡胶减振器,分别嵌入光电吊舱内、外框架减振系统中设计了两级减振系统,从原理上实现了3个方向无角位移隔振。依据振动理论获取了两种减振器轴向、径向刚度和阻尼比等参数并采取特殊工艺制备了金属橡胶减振器。应用ADAMS/Vibration模块对光电吊舱减振系统进行了仿真分析,分析结果显示光电吊舱减振系统固有频率为17Hz左右,角振动幅值最大值为0.0011,并且当频率大于25Hz时,角振动幅值趋近于零,分析结果表明该减振系统对25Hz以上的角振动可以起到很好的抑制作用。最后通过振动试验验证了仿真结果的正确性,与实际测量结果相比,仿真计算结果误差不超过10%,说明光电吊舱减振设计是成功的。金属橡胶减振器在光电吊舱上的成功应用对于光电吊舱振动隔离技术有着重要的意义。     

基于PVDF压电传感器测量振动结构体积位移

控制振动板结构的体积位移是降低结构总声功率的一种有效策略。本文以工程常见四端位移为零的振动板为例，提出一种新的压电式传感器的设计方法测量体积位移。利用正弦函数展开近似表示固定板振动位移，通过设计特殊形状的PVDF压电薄膜，使PVDF输出信号为所需要的振动结构体积位移。结果表明这种体积位移传感器不仅适用四边简支、四边固定以及介于两者之间的边界条件板结构，而且作为一种误差传感器测量振动结构体积位移是可行的。并对实验数据进行了分析比较。     

无风环境下振动薄平板断面的非线性气动效应研究

基于随机拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)法和弱耦合方法,建立了断面风振响应计算的数值模型。提出了无风环境下振动断面的气动力数学表达式,模拟了薄平板断面在无风环境下的自由振动响应,进而计算了断面的非线性振动频率和阻尼比。结果表明:提出的气动力模型能够有效的描述无风环境下作用在振动断面上的非定常气动力;无风环境下振动中的主梁断面,竖向振动比扭转振动对周围空气的干扰作用更大;若忽略无风环境下的气动效应,将会带来一定的误差;初始激励对无风环境下主梁断面的气动效应有较大的影响。     

Laser Doppler vibrometer employing active frequency feedback

We present a heterodyne Michelson interferometer for vibration measurement in which feedback is used to obviate the need to unwrap phase data. The Doppler shift of a vibrating target mirror is sensed interferometrically and compensated by means of a voltage-controlled oscillator driving an acousto-optic modulator. For frequencies within the servo bandwidth, the oscillator control voltage provides a direct measurement of the target velocity. Outside the servo bandwidth, phase-sensitive detection is used to evaluate high-frequency displacements. This approach is of great interest for the frequently-occurring situation where vibration amplitudes at low frequency exceed an optical wavelength, but knowledge of the vibration spectrum at high frequency is important as well.     

DEM analysis of particle adhesion during powder mixing for dry powder inhaler formulation development

Understanding the adhesive interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles and carrier particles in dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is critical for the development of formulations and process design. In the current study, a discrete element method, which accounts for particle adhesion, is employed to investigate the attachment processes in DPIs. A critical velocity criterion is proposed to determine the lowest impact velocity at which two elastic autoadhesive spherical particles will rebound from each other during impact. Furthermore, the process of fine API particles adhering to a large carrier in a vibrating container is investigated. It was found that there are optimal amplitude and frequency for the vibration velocity that can maximise the number of particles contacting with the carrier (i.e. the contact number). The impact number and detachment number during the vibration process both increase with increasing vibration amplitude and frequency while the sticking efficiency decreases as the amplitude and frequency are increased.     

弯曲圆盘三元密排阵幅相特性及其宽带应用

通过对三元弯曲圆盘换能器密排阵的阵元辐射面振动特性进行的分析,提出了利用辐射面驱动相位的调整来提高阵列带宽的方法。仿真分析指出：调整功能材料的驱动电压相位,可以提高二阶和三阶谐振时阵列中各辐射面的外法线方向振动位移幅值,调节各辐射面间的振动相位差,可以提高第二个和第三个谐振峰对应的发送电压响应值,降低前三阶谐振峰间响应曲线的起伏,从而达到提高阵列的可用工作带宽的目的。实验结果表明,调整驱动相位的方法可以实现密排阵列的低频宽带发射。