微通道换热器用于重力热管系统的试验研究

针对重力热管内压降影响换热器换热性能的问题,设计2款微通道换热器,每个风冷式热管系统的蒸发器和冷凝器使用同种类型微通道换热器。在机房干球/湿球温度为35℃/24℃,室外环境温度5℃,10℃和15℃下进行换热性能测试。结果表明:在相同试验工况下,微通道换热器的水力直径越大,其换热能力越大;蒸发器进口的制冷剂为过冷态,制冷剂在蒸发器内分配较为均匀,无须设置分配器。     

微通道换热器结霜特性研究现状与展望

微通道换热器在低温工况下用作蒸发器时存在结霜速度较快的问题,制约了其在制冷系统的应用。针对微通道换热器的结霜现象,本文归纳了影响微通道换热器结霜特性的因素、改善微通道换热器结霜特性的方案和微通道换热器结霜的相关仿真研究,介绍了微通道换热器结霜特性的研究现状和方向,发现目前影响微通道换热器结霜特性的因素主要分为:外部因素(环 境参数、表面温度、凝水),结构因素(换热器布置方向、翅片结构、翅片密度、涂层、结垢)和内部因素(制冷剂分布)。改善微通道换热器结霜特性的研究集中在调整翅片的结构以实现更好的排水性能和更均匀的霜层分布,未来研究的重点在于开发抑霜性能 更好的微通道换热器和建立更高精度的仿真模型。     

变工况条件下微通道蒸发器换热特性的研究

微通道蒸发器由于紧凑、换热效果好等优点越来越多应用于汽车空调当中,但存在制冷剂分配不均导致换热效果衰减等问题而限制了大量推广,因此研究微通道蒸发器换热特性及如何改善其制冷剂分布均匀性显得重要。本文搭建了以R134a为制冷剂的汽车空调实验测试台,分析了双排四流程微通道蒸发器的换热量及?损,利用红外热像仪拍摄蒸发器表面得到表面温度分布图像。随着蒸发器进风温度由21 ℃升高到42 ℃,制冷量由2.37 kW增加到4.19 kW,而蒸发器?损先增加后减小,并在进风温度为27 ℃与进风温度为42 ℃时达到最大值与最小值,分别为0.21 kW与0.16 kW。表征蒸发器表面温度分布均匀性的σ值随进风温度先由2.5增至19.5然后降至1.8,即蒸发器表面温度在进风温度为27 ℃时分布最不均匀,而在进风温度为42 ℃时分布最均匀。结果表明：较高的蒸发器进风温度能有效改善蒸发器换热性能,?损及σ值可分别减小26.1%与91.0%。通过实验发现,适当提高压缩机转速能有效改善蒸发器表面温度分布的均匀性。     

变工况条件下微通道蒸发器换热特性实验研究

微通道蒸发器由于紧凑、换热效果好等优点越来越多应用于汽车空调当中,但存在制冷剂分配不均导致换热效果衰减等问题而限制了大量推广,因此研究微通道蒸发器换热特性及如何改善其制冷剂分布均匀性显得重要。本文搭建了以R134a为制冷剂的汽车空调实验测试台,分析了双排四流程微通道蒸发器的换热量及损,利用红外热像仪拍摄蒸发器表面得到表面温度分布图像。随着蒸发器进风温度由21℃升高到42℃,制冷量由2.37 k W增加到4.19 k W,而蒸发器损先增加后减小,并在进风温度为27℃与进风温度为42℃时达到最大值与最小值,分别为0.21 k W与0.16 k W。表征蒸发器表面温度分布均匀性的σ值随进风温度先由2.5增至19.5然后降至1.8,即蒸发器表面温度在进风温度为27℃时分布最不均匀,而在进风温度为42℃时分布最均匀。结果表明:较高的蒸发器进风温度能有效改善蒸发器换热性能,损及σ值可分别减小26.1%与91.0%。通过实验发现,适当提高压缩机转速能有效改善蒸发器表面温度分布的均匀性。     

R290微通道冷凝器性能优化及其充注量分析

采用仿真方法,以R290家用空调器用微通道冷凝器为研究对象,比较不同流路布置方案对冷凝器性能的影响,并对外形尺寸相同的微通道冷凝器与翅片管冷凝器充注比进行对比。结果表明：流程布置及各流程扁管分配对微通道冷凝器性能有较大影响,存在较优的流程数及流程扁管数;R290微通道冷凝器充注比与Ф5mm单排冷凝器充注比水平相当,经进一步结构优化后,微通道冷凝器将比小管径换热器在降低冷凝器充注比和材料成本方面具有更大的潜力和优势。     

结霜工况下不同结构微通道蒸发器换热性能实验研究

针对微通道蒸发器结霜问题,设计了具有相同换热面积的单层和双层微通道蒸发器。基于制冷剂分布平定参数(RDP)分析了不同结构微通道蒸发器制冷剂分布对结霜的影响,并对比分析了单、双层微通道蒸发器在结霜工况下的换热性能。研究表明:单层蒸发器RDP高于双层蒸发器,结霜30min时,双层蒸发器结霜量高于单层蒸发器1.1倍,随着结霜时间的增长,蒸发器制冷剂压损逐渐降低,空气侧阻力逐渐升高。单层蒸发器和双层蒸发器的换热量分别减少56.4%、72%,制冷剂压损分别下降26.5%、53.05%,空气阻力分别增大30.08%、51.55%,结霜对双层蒸发器出风温度均匀性影响更大。单层结构的微通道蒸发器比双层结构更适用于结霜工况。     

微通道平行流蒸发器流程布置研究与分析

微通道平行流蒸发器作为新一代汽车空调用蒸发器正在逐步取代传统的层叠式蒸发器,但是目前业界对微通道平行流蒸发器的流程排布对其性能的影响还不是十分清晰.针对微通道平行流蒸发器的双排结构,利用仿真和实验的方法对两组不同流程结构的蒸发器进行了性能分析,建立的模型仿真结果与实验结果误差在±10%以内.对于不同流程的微通道平行流蒸发器的仿真与实验结果表明,2流程设计比4流程设计具有更好的传热与压降特性.     

微通道换热器在R290家用空调器中的应用

以微通道换热器替代φ5 mm翅片管换热器作为冷凝器,在1.5 hp单冷R290家用空调器中进行整机性能配试,实现微通道换热器与R290家用空调器系统较理想匹配。配试试验中通过对微通道换热器的不同翅片选取、流程调整及室外机风量的优化,提高空调器能效,降低系统R290充注量。根据最终对比试验,系统制冷量提高0.7%,能效比提高3.4%,R290充注量降低8.8%。综合比较性能、充注量和成本等因素,在单冷R290家用空调器中以微通道换热器替代φ5 mm翅片管换热器作为室外机冷凝器,可以满足整机配试要求,并具备实际产品产业化应用的可行性。     

不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器换热特性实验研究

搭建微通道蒸发器性能实验台,采用控制变量法研究不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器表面温度分布、制冷剂进出口压力的变化规律,计算换热量和换热系数,从而分析空气侧风速对微通道蒸发器的流量分配特性和换热效果的影响。结果表明,随着风速增大,微通道蒸发器制冷剂流量分配不均匀性增大,进出口压力波动振幅和周期增加,压降增大,风速2 m/s时微通道蒸发器换热效果最佳。     

基于分布参数模型的微通道平行流环路热管换热性能研究

基于分布参数模型建立了微通道平行流环路热管的稳态传热模型,并通过实验验证模型可行性,最大相对误差为10.5%。模拟研究分析了充液率、蒸发器和冷凝器高度差等因素对环路热管传热性能的影响。结果表明：环路热管的最佳充液率为80%~105.4%,换热量为1.27~1.36 kW;蒸发器和冷凝器的高度差从0.4 m增至1.0 m时,换热量约提升8.7%。同时,模型能够预测蒸发器流量分配的不均匀性及扁管内部的两相状态,使模拟结果更加精确,对微通道平行流环路热管的结构设计具有一定的参考价值。     

采用微通道蒸发器的分离式热管充液率实验研究

采用微通道换热器作为分离式热管的蒸发器,在充液率为80%~150%之间进行了实验研究。实验测量了微通道蒸发器换热量、管壁温度分布及系统EER,分析了不同充液率下微通道蒸发器的工作状态,计算了蒸发器传热系数,实验结果表明:微通道蒸发器换热量随室内外温差的增大而增大,分离式热管最佳充液率为120%左右。此外,与翅片管蒸发器进行了实验对比,在换热量相当的条件下,微通道蒸发器重量减轻了45%,系统工质充注量降低了51.9%,系统EER提高了2.8%。     

平行流蒸发器冷凝水排除问题研究

平行流换热器因其结构紧凑、换热效率高,被当作冷凝器广泛地应用于汽车空调系统。近年来,又作为蒸发器被应用于家用空调器。但是,平行流蒸发器的冷凝水排除问题限制了其在家用空调器的应用发展和普及。本文针对家用空调器用的平行流蒸发器的冷凝水排除问题进行综合性评述,系统讨论蒸发器材料表面特性、蒸发器布置及导流、蒸发器内通道均流等因素对冷凝水排除的影响。     

Comparison of the transient behavior of microchannel and fin-and-tube evaporators

The development of control algorithms for refrigeration systems requires models capable of simulating transient behavior with sensible computational time and effort. The most pronounced dynamics in these systems are found in the condenser and the evaporator, especially the transient behavior of the evaporator is of great importance when designing and tuning controllers for refrigeration systems. Various so called moving boundary models were developed for capturing these dynamics and showed to cover the important characteristics. A factor that has significant influence on the time constant and nonlinear behavior of a system is the amount of refrigerant charge in the evaporator which is considerably reduced when microchannel heat exchangers are utilized. Here a moving boundary model is used and adapted to simulate and compare the transient behavior of a microchannel evaporator with a fin-and-tube evaporator for a residential air-conditioning system. The results are validated experimentally at a test rig.     

Comparative study of irreversibilities in an aqua-ammonia absorption refrigeration system

Irreversibilities in components of an aqua-ammonia absorption refrigeratio system (ARS) have been determined by second law analysis. The components of the ARS are as follows: condenser, evaporator, absorber, generator, pump, expansion valves, mixture heat exchanger and refrigerant heat exchanger. It is assumed that the ammonia concentration at the generator exit is, independent of the other parameters, equal to 0.999 and at the evaporator exit the gas is saturated vapour. Pressrre losses between the generator and condenser, and the evaporator and absorber are taken into consideration. In the results the dimensionless exergy loss of each component, the exergetic coefficient of performance, the coefficient of performance and the circulation ratio are given graphically for each different generator, evaporator, condenser and absorber temperature.     

Exergetic analysis of a vapour compression refrigeration system with R134a, R143a, R152a, R404A, R407C, R410A, R502 and R507A

This communication deals with the exergetic analysis of a vapour compression refrigeration system with selected refrigerants. The various parameters computed are COP and exergetic efficiency in the system. Effects of degree of condenser temperature, evaporator temperature and sub-cooling of condenser outlet, supper-heating of evaporator out let and effectiveness of vapour liquid heat exchanger are also computed and discussed. In this study, it was found that R134a has the better performance in all respect, whereas R407C refrigerant has poor performance.     

家用热泵空调器室外机换热器的流路优化

针对家用热泵空调器用的9.52 mm和7 mm双排室外换热器,在额定制冷制热工况下,利用仿真分析的方法研究流路数对换热器性能的影响,对9.52 mm换热器的流路的进一步优化,得到制冷制热综合性能更优的流路布置方式,并在整机上进行试验验证。结果表明,制冷剂侧压降对冷凝器和蒸发器的换热都有较大影响,特别是对较小管径的换热器;由于蒸发器中制冷剂侧压降较大,热泵空调器室外机用的换热器作冷凝器时对应的最佳流路数少于作蒸发器时的;适当增加过冷管数会进一步提高热泵空调器室外机换热器的综合换热能力;试验结果与仿真结果趋势大致相同。     

Transcritical carbon dioxide microchannel heat pump water heaters: Part II - System simulation and optimization

This paper presents the development of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump water heating system model incorporating analytical heat exchanger models and an empirical compressor model. This study investigated the effects of a suction line heat exchanger (SLHX) and once-through versus recirculating water heating schemes. The once-through systems outperformed the recirculating systems by 10% for the system without an SLHX and 15% with an SLHX. However, a gas cooler twice as large is required. The SLHX was shown to benefit system performance at higher evaporator temperatures with improvements of 16.5% for the once-through and 4% for the recirculating systems. This study can be used to improve the design of microchannel based transcritical CO₂ heat pumps; evaluate the impact of varying water inlet temperature, desired outlet temperature and evaporation temperature on system performance; and quantify the effect of differential diurnal electricity rates on system operating costs for these different operation schemes.     

Experimental and numerical study on microchannel and round-tube condensers in a R410A residential air-conditioning system

The effect of different type of condensers on the performance of R410A residential air-conditioning systems was investigated in this study. Two R410A residential air-conditioning systems, one with a microchannel condenser and the other with a round-tube condenser, were examined experimentally, while the other components of the two systems were identical except the condensers. Two condensers had almost same package volumes. The two systems were operated in separate environmental chambers and their performance was measured in ARI A, B, and C conditions. Both the COP and cooling capacity of the system with the microchannel condenser were higher than those for the round-tube condenser in all test conditions. The refrigerant charge amount and the refrigerant pressure drop were measured; the results showed a reduction of charge and pressure drop in the microchannel condenser. A numerical model for the microchannel condenser was developed and its results were compared with the experiments. The model simulated the condenser with consideration given to the non-uniform air distribution at the face of the condenser and refrigerant distribution in the headers. The results showed that the effect of the air and refrigerant distribution was not a significant parameter in predicting the capacity of the microchannel condenser experimentally examined in this study. Temperature contours, generated from the measured air exit temperatures, showed the refrigerant distribution in the microchannel condenser indirectly. The temperature contours developed from the model results showed a relatively good agreement with the contours for measured air exit temperatures of the microchannel condenser.     

Refrigerant and lubricant charge in air condition heat exchangers: Experimentally validated model

The paper presents a semi-empirical model to predict refrigerant and lubricant inventory in both microchannel condenser and plate-and-fin evaporator of an air conditioning system. Validated against experiments, where mass of refrigerant and lubricant are isolated under steady state and afterwards measured within ±1% and ±2.5% uncertainty, respectively, the model predicts refrigerant mass in both heat exchangers within 20%. As for lubricant, initial application of the model predicts mass well for evaporator but consistently under-predicts for condenser. Analysis shows that the lubricant might be separated in the condenser inlet header. Accumulated in the bottom, the lubricant-rich liquid may start to fill in the microchannel tubes. The temperature profile in the infrared image supports this hypothesis, as the temperature of the bottom channels is much lower. After modifying the model by counting in these liquid filled channels, both refrigerant and lubricant mass in the condenser can be modeled within 15% error.