羟基磷灰石的研究现状与多孔生物陶瓷性能

从羟基磷灰石的研究现状和多孔生物陶瓷材料的特性入手,分析出羟基磷灰石多孔陶瓷是目前最有应用前景的种植材料,但是在改善羟基磷灰石陶瓷的力学性能方面的研究中,存在增强材料与基体热膨胀系数不匹配、复合材料成孔机理和强度关系不明确以及生物活性受到影响等问题.提出了用天然针状硅灰石增韧多孔羟基磷灰石材料的制备方法.     

等离子活化烧结制备石墨烯/羟基磷灰石复相生物陶瓷

以羟基磷灰石(Hydroxyapatite, HAp)为基体, 石墨烯(Graphene, rGO)作为增强相, 利用等离子活化烧结制备了石墨烯/羟基磷灰石(rGO/HAp)复相生物陶瓷。系统研究了rGO添加量对HAp陶瓷基体物相结构、生物活性及断裂韧性的影响。结果表明, rGO的加入有利于提高HAp陶瓷的生物活性。同时, 复相生物陶瓷的硬度与断裂韧性随rGO添加量的增加均表现出先升高, 后显著降低的变化趋势。当rGO添加量为2wt%时, 样品的硬度与断裂韧性分别达到6.97 GPa和0.84 MPa•m^1/2, 较纯相HAp陶瓷提高了11.5%和37.3%。研究表明rGO的拔出效应是导致复相陶瓷力学性能提高的主要原因。     

冲击波改性的羟基磷灰石陶瓷及其体外溶解性能

析了经冲击波处理的羟基磷灰石粉末的活性,比较了由经过冲击波处理的羟基磷灰石粉末及未经冲击波处理的羟基磷灰石粉末烧结得到的两种陶瓷在模拟体液中的溶解性能。研究结果表明：利用冲击波技术处理羟基磷灰石,能达到使羟基磷灰石粉末细化与均化的目的,并在粉末内产生晶格畸变,提高烧结活性及强度,由这种粉末制得的陶瓷在模拟体液中溶解较弱,性能更加稳定。     

医用金属表面羟基磷灰石复合涂层研究进展

羟基磷灰石是人体骨骼及牙齿的主要无机成分,常被用作硬组织替代材料,但因力学性能不佳,在实际应用中常常受限。目前的主要解决方案是在金属基底上制备羟基磷灰石涂层。从羟基磷灰石复合涂层表面组分设计出发,介绍了医用金属表面羟基磷灰石复合涂层的研究进展,并评述了医用金属表面羟基磷灰石复合涂层热处理工艺的进展。     

放电等离子烧结制备羟基磷灰石类生物材料的研究进展

放电等离子烧结是一种快速烧结技术,具有热压等技术无法比拟的优点。将放电等离子烧结技术应用于羟基磷灰石类生物材料,不仅可在较低温度下实现快速致密化,防止羟基磷灰石在烧结过程中分解,使晶粒细化,还有助于提高材料的力学性能。将羟基磷灰石与其他材料复合并采用放电等离子烧结可赋予材料新的特性,弥补纯羟基磷灰石材料在力学性能方面的缺陷。今后对于该技术制备羟基磷灰石类生物材料的研究应当向多孔材料方向发展,并对材料进行多角度生物学评价。     

生物羟基磷灰石的合成

综述了生物羟基磷灰石合成研究的最新进展，重点介绍和评述了羟基磷灰石的合成与制备方法，讨论了各种方法的特点和应用前景。最新的研究动态表明，羟基磷灰石研究从基本的化学反应合成向生物矿化与新生骨引导机理及硬组织再造技术方向发展。同时，羟基磷灰石在金属、陶瓷等植入体表面的涂层、以及天然材料制备羟基磷灰石依然是其合成研究的主要方向。     

凝胶注模成型法制备多孔羟基磷灰石陶瓷

采用凝胶注模成型工艺制备了多孔羟基磷灰石陶瓷,并通过X射线分析了多孔陶瓷的相成分,采用扫描电镜观测了孔隙结构和形貌.结果表明,所制备的多孔羟基磷灰石陶瓷的孔隙率均大于80%;孔隙尺寸主要分布在350～600μm,孔壁上存在孔径为60～190μm的贯通孔;X射线衍射证明烧结过程未引入异质成分.所制备的多孔羟基磷灰石陶瓷具有适宜的孔隙直径和孔隙率,且孔隙间具有良好的贯通性.     

烧结方式对羟基磷灰石陶瓷颗粒性能和蛋白吸附的影响

以常规马弗炉和微波烧结两种方式分别制备羟基磷灰石陶瓷颗粒,对其相组成、微观形貌、表面zeta电位以及蛋白吸附行为进行分析对比.结果显示,尽管两种烧结方式制备的羟基磷灰石陶瓷颗粒具有相同的相组成,但是它们的微观结构、表面zeta电位和蛋白吸附行为存在明显差异.相对于常规烧结,微波烧结得到的颗粒具有丰富的微孔隙和接近于纳米尺度的晶粒尺寸,其表面zeta电位值更小,能够吸附更多的牛血清白蛋白和更少的溶菌酶.微波烧结在制备高生物活性纳米羟基磷灰石陶瓷上可能是一种较为理想的方法。     

戊二醛对羟基磷灰石/胶原复合材料性能的影响

为了改善羟基磷灰石/胶原复合材料的性能,采用戊二醛对复合材料进行交联处理,分析了戊二醛交联对羟基磷灰石复合材料性能的影响.研究表明,用体积分数为0.25%的戊二醛溶液浸泡可以较好改善羟基磷灰石/胶原复合材料的力学性能和生物降解性能.     

双层结构纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶复合材料的制备及性能

纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶与硅橡胶在同时硫化的条件下制备出了双层结构的纳米羟基磷灰石/硅橡胶复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、MTT和力学性能测试等手段对复合材料进行表征.结果表明,两层材料的界面结合紧密,材料的细胞相容性好,力学性能与硅橡胶的力学性能相近,能够达到医用植入硅橡胶材料的要求.     

聚乳酸涂层改善网状羟基磷灰石陶瓷支架力学性能的研究

采用有机泡沫浸渍法制备出高孔隙率的三维网状羟基磷灰石(HA)生物陶瓷支架,并采用不同浓度的聚乳酸(PDLLA)溶液涂覆网状HA支架,以达到增强补韧网化陶瓷支架的目的.通过扫描电镜观察PDLLA涂覆网状HA陶瓷支架的显微结构和测试力学强度,研究了不同浓度PDLLA溶液涂覆对网状HA支架的涂层厚度、显微结构和力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:涂覆一定量的PDLLA涂层可以显著提高网状HA生物陶瓷支架的抗压强度,同时保持网状陶瓷支架的贯通性和孔隙率.     

Mechanical characterization of dense calcium phosphate bioceramics with interconnected porosity

Porous hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) bioceramics were fabricated by a novel technique of vacuum impregnation of reticulated polymeric foams with ceramic slip. The samples had approximately 5–10% interconnected porosity and controlled pore sizes appropriate to allow bone ingrowth, combined with good mechanical properties. A range of polyurethane foams with 20, 30 and 45 pores per inch (ppi) were used as templates to produce samples for testing. The foams were inpregnated with solid loadings in the range of 60–140 wt%. The results indicated that the average apparent density of the HA/TCP samples was 2.48 g/cm³, the four-point bending strength averaged 16.98 MPa, the work of fracture averaged 15.46 J/m² and the average compressive strength was 105.56 MPa. A range of mechanical properties resulted from the various combinations of different grades of PU foam and the solid loading of slips. The results indicated that it is possible to manufacture open pore HA/TCP bioceramics, with compressive strengths comparable to human bone, which could be of significant clinical interest.     

Ein Sterilisationsprozess kann die Eigenschaften von Biokeramik verändern

Sterilization can change properties of bioceramics Bioceramics made of bioinert alumina or zirconia and bioactive hydroxyapatite are well established implant materials. Implants have to be cleaned and sterilized. When sterilized some bioceramics change their color. This may effect their properties. No decrease of mechanical strength is observed when sterilizing alumina and the novel ceramic biocomposite AMC (Alumina Matrix Composite) with steam or Co⁶⁰ Gamma irradiation. When sterilizing Y‐TZP zirconia with steam a decrease of strength is observed.     

Fabrication of porous bioceramics with porosity gradients similar to the bimodal structure of cortical and cancellous bone

The aim of this study was to fabricate porous implant materials with graded pore structures similar to the bimodal structure of cortical and cancellous bone. Porous hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) bioceramics with interconnected porosity and controlled pore sizes required to simulate natural bone tissue morphology were fabricated by a novel technique of vacuum impregnation of reticulated polymeric foams with ceramic slip. Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) with porosity gradients were made by joining different pore per inch (ppi) foams together by either stitching or pressfitting to form templates. Post production, no defects could be seen at the interface between the two different porosity sections. The macropore sizes of the HA/TCP bioceramics were larger than 100 μm which is appropriate for bone ingrowth. A sample with a graded porous structure which is close to the human bone morphology was also developed. The two component structures were conspicuously different but joined together firmly. Four point bend testing of FGM samples showed them to have similar mechanical properties to homogeneous ceramics based on foam templates with uniform pore sizes, with no evidence of interfacial weakness. Many potential biomedical applications could be developed utilising graded porous structures. The ease of processing will make it possible to fabricate a range of complex shapes for different applications.     

Highly porous hydroxyapatite bioceramics with interconnected pore channels using camphene-based freeze casting

We fabricated highly porous hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramics using the camphene-based freeze casting method. In this method, HA/camphene slurries with various HA contents (10, 15, and 20 vol.%) were prepared by ball-milling at 60 °C and then cast into a mold at room-temperature. This method allowed the fabricated sample to have completely interconnected pore channels by removing the frozen camphene network via sublimation and dense HA walls by sintering the highly packed HA powder networks at 1250 °C for 3 h. As the initial HA content was increased from 10 to 20 vol.%, the porosity decreased from 75 to 56%, while the compressive strength remarkably increased from 0.94 to 17 MPa.     

铁掺杂羟基磷灰石的制备及在强磁场中的定向研究

生物陶瓷表面纳米结构能够影响成骨细胞增殖和分化, 其表面微观结构的控制, 特别是烧结前晶粒取向调控, 是设计开发生物活性陶瓷的关键之一。针对羟基磷灰石晶粒取向调控问题, 重点研究了铁掺杂羟基磷灰石晶体在强磁场中的取向。分别采用共沉淀法和共沉淀-水热法合成了羟基磷灰石(HA)和铁-羟基磷灰石(Fe-HA), 通过XRD、SEM、TEM、PPMS和ICP等对HA和Fe-HA的物相、微观形貌、磁学性能、元素组成进行了表征和分析。研究发现：Fe-HA物相与HA相同, 没有明显的杂质相; HA为抗磁性, Fe-HA转化为顺磁性; 共沉淀法粉体为针状, 共沉淀-水热法粉体为短棒状, 针状粉体在强磁场中不能定向, 短棒状粉体能够定向; 在单一方向强磁场中, HA不能单轴定向, Fe-HA能够在一定程度上沿c轴取向。     

Two-step sintering of dense, nanostructural forsterite

This paper investigates a method for preparing the nanocrystalline forsterite dense ceramic via sintering the forsterite nanopowder. The two-step sintering (TSS) method has been applied to suppress the accelerated grain growth of forsterite nanopowder compacts. The effects of sintering parameters on the mechanical properties and the microstructure characteristics of the forsterite ceramic were studied. Results verified the applicability of this method to suppress the final stage of grain growth in the system. The grain size of the high density compacts (~ 98.5% TD) of the forsterite was 60-75 nm. The optimal hardness (940 Hv) and fracture toughness (3.61 MPa.m^1/2) of the prepared nanocrystalline forsterite were found to be higher than those of the currently available hydroxyapatite bioceramics. It was concluded that the two-step sintering method can be used to fabricate improved forsterite dense ceramics with desired bioactivity and mechanical properties that might be suitable for hard tissue repair and biomedical applications.     

微波等离子体烧结多孔HA/β-TCP双相生物陶瓷的研究

针对常规马弗炉烧结钙磷生物陶瓷温度高、烧结时间长,制品晶粒粗、强度和生物学活性难于同时提高的问题,采用微波等离子体新技术烧结了多孔HA/β-TCP双相生物陶瓷。实验结果显示,和常规马弗炉烧结法相比,微波等离子体烧结可在极短的加热时间内,制得线收缩率较大,晶粒尺寸小,抗压强度更大的多孔HA/β-TCP双相生物陶瓷。通过模拟体液的浸泡实验发现,其类骨磷灰石形成量也明显多于常规马弗炉烧结。这预示微波等离子体烧结是一种既能提高钙磷材料的力学强度,同时又可能增加其生物学活性的新烧结方法。     

Effects of rheological properties on ice-templated porous hydroxyapatite ceramics

Freeze casting of aqueous suspension was investigated as a method for fabricating hydroxyapatite (HA) porous ceramics with lamellar structures. The rheological properties of HA suspensions employed in the ice-templated process were investigated systematically. Well aligned lamellar pores and dense ceramic walls were obtained successfully in HA porous ceramics with the porosity of 68–81% and compressive strength of 0.9–2.4 MPa. The results exhibited a strong correlation between the rheological properties of the employed suspensions and the morphology and mechanical properties of ice-templated porous HA ceramics, in terms of lamellar pore characteristics, porosities and compressive strengths. The ability to produce aligned pores and achieve the manipulation of porous HA microstructures by controlling the rheological parameters were demonstrated, revealing the potential of the ice-templated method for the fabrication of HA scaffolds in biomedical applications.     

The affect of densification and dehydroxylation on the mechanical properties of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite bioceramics

This paper reports the effects of processing densification on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite bioceramics. Densification of synthetic hydroxyapatite is conducted in the range 1000-1300 °C. X-ray diffraction and SEM microscopy are used to check the microstructure transformations. Vickers hardness, toughness and Young's modulus are analyzed versus the density and grain size. The sintering temperature and the particle size influence strongly the densification and the resulting mechanical properties. In addition, the critical sintering temperature appears around 1200 °C and the declined strength at the temperature up to 1200 °C is found sensitive to the dehydroxylation process of hydroxyapatite.