不同岩性石粉-水泥复合胶凝材料性能研究

为探明石灰岩、花岗岩、石英岩和凝灰岩石粉用作混凝土矿物掺合料的可行性,采用X射线衍射仪、Zeta电位仪和总有机碳分析仪分别测定了不同岩性石粉的矿物组成、Zeta电位和减水剂吸附率,研究了石粉-水泥二元复合胶凝材料和石粉-粉煤灰/矿渣粉-水泥三元复合胶凝材料净浆和胶砂的工作性能和力学性能.结果表明:石粉的矿物组成对Zeta电位和减水剂吸附率影响较大,沸石矿物疏松结构使凝灰岩石粉的Zeta电位和减水剂吸附作用随时间变化明显,云母矿物的插层吸附使花岗岩石粉对减水剂的吸附作用明显.不同岩性石粉对复合胶凝材料浆体工作性能的影响与石粉对减水剂的吸附性能密切相关.不同岩性石粉-水泥复合胶凝材料胶砂的抗压强度比和抗折强度比均高于60％,且石粉增加了水泥胶砂的折压比,提高了胶砂试件的韧性.     

硅质机制砂改性剂的机理研究与应用

硅质机制砂由于石粉含量高,石粉吸附减水剂能力强,制备的混凝土工作性较差。通过制备出一种小分子表面活性剂(简称改性剂),来改善硅质机制砂出现的问题。首先分析了机制砂石粉的成分、形貌等特点。比较了掺加改性剂与不掺加改性剂时不同石粉含量的砂浆的扩展度,并应用在两种硅质机制砂混凝土中。最后利用粒度分析、显微粒度图像、SEM、Zeta电位等方法,分析了改性剂的作用机理。实验结果表明:硅质机制砂改性剂可以有效地增加砂浆扩展度,提高混凝土的初始坍落度,减少混凝土的坍落度损失,并且对强度没有太大影响。改性剂主要通过超强分散与吸附络合作用来提高硅质机制砂混凝土的工作性,减少负面影响。     

基于多项材料细观力学的混凝土干缩量预估

混凝土的干缩特性一直是学术与工程界关注的问题之一。该文用细观力学方法对混凝土相对于水泥浆体的干缩率进行研究。假定混凝土为由骨料和水泥浆体组成的二相材料,根据混凝土收缩量与组成混凝土的各相介质收缩量之和相等的原则,分别用基于Eshebly等效夹杂理论的Mori-Tanaka方法和基于载荷叠加思想的细观力学方法推导了混凝土干缩量。结果表明:Mori-Tanaka法、自洽方法和经验公式得到的相对干缩量基本相同,能很好地反映混凝土的干缩特性。混凝土相对干缩随骨料体积分数的增加而下降,随水泥基质泊松比的增大而增加。相对干缩随骨料与水泥基质体积模量比的增大而减小,但是当其值大于5后的影响比较小。用该文的方法估算混凝土的干缩,物理意义明确且计算简单,可以减少实验的工作量,同时也为混凝土结构的设计提供一定的参考。     

低温环境下不同地聚物砂浆力学性能及水化反应机理研究

为进一步提升低温环境下矿渣基地聚物砂浆的力学性能，以矿渣、硅灰和偏高岭土为主要原料制备了4种地聚物砂浆，探究不同原料组合对地聚物砂浆力学性能的提升效果，并结合扫描电镜和傅里叶红外光谱试验分析了不同组合地聚物砂浆的微观结构和硅灰、偏高岭土的改性机理。结果表明：在低温环境10℃的养护下，掺加硅灰可极大促进矿渣基地聚物砂浆早期水化反应，生成大量的C-S-H凝胶与水化铝酸钙产物，宏观上表现出更高的早期力学性能和强度增长速率；掺加偏高岭土，对矿渣基地聚物砂浆的早期力学性能有不利影响，但后期强度增长速率较快且强度值较高，养护时间为28d时，矿渣-偏高岭土基(S-MK)、矿渣-硅灰-偏高岭土基地聚物砂浆(S-SF-MK)试件的抗压强度均达60MPa以上；掺入硅灰和偏高岭土后，试件微观结构得到了改善，内部裂缝减少，均降低了地聚物砂浆的干缩率，偏高岭土降低干缩的效果较硅灰更好。研究结果为低温环境下矿渣基地聚物砂浆的制备和寒区抢修工程的应用提供了理论参考。     

石英岩型铁尾矿机制砂中石粉的吸附特性及机理

本工作分析了石英岩型铁尾矿机制砂中石粉的特性,考察其对砂浆与混凝土流动度的影响,建立了石粉吸附动力学方程与吸附模型,利用Zeta电位与红外测试方法,揭示了减水剂在石粉表面的吸附方式,并阐述了石粉吸附减水剂的过程与机理.结果表明,石粉中存在链状、层状、架状硅酸盐矿物成分,减水剂在矿物中存在三种吸附方式:离子键作用吸附、石粉表面的钙离子起到桥接作用吸附、表面氢键作用吸附.长石与减水剂的表面吸附最为明显.在低浓度减水剂溶液中,吸附速率满足准二级反应动力学方程,吸附速率排序为:水泥与蒸馏水>石粉与蒸馏水>石粉与水泥过滤液.石粉对减水剂的吸附为单分子吸附,符合Langmuir吸附模型,减水剂在粉体颗粒表面的最大及饱和吸附量顺序与吸附速率相反,石粉对减水剂的吸附强于水泥对减水剂的吸附,在碱性溶液中石粉吸附点活性与数量变大,导致石粉对减水剂的吸附数量增加,吸附作用力增大.     

减缩剂对机制砂混凝土干燥收缩的影响

为降低机制砂混凝土的开裂敏感性,提高其应用技术水平,通过测试机制砂混凝土的干燥收缩值,并结合相应砂浆保水性和扫描电镜(SEM)微观形貌分析,研究了不同使用方式的减缩剂对石粉(SD)含量不同的机制砂混凝土干燥收缩的影响。结果表明,对于减缩剂使用方式不同的相同混凝土试件,内掺(SRA-M)和外涂(SRA-C)都降低了试件的干燥收缩,但对于不同的试件其降低幅度不同;对于减缩剂使用方式相同的不同混凝土试件,SRA-M更有利于降低石粉含量为5%的机制砂混凝土试件(5-SD)干燥收缩,而降低石粉含量为10%的机制砂混凝土试件(10-SD)干燥收缩更有效的减缩剂使用方式是SRA-C;减缩剂通过阻滞试件内部自由水分迁移渗出,提高其保水性,从而降低干燥收缩值。     

机制砂配制路面混凝土的应用

本文通过对机制砂性能特点的研究,研究了机制砂混凝土配合比的设计原则。通过分析石粉含量对机制砂砂高性能混凝土在工作性和力学性能上的影响,确定石粉含量的范同;通过对机制砂和天然砂混凝土性能的对比试验,结果表明机制砂砂完全可以替代天然砂配制混凝土。     

再生粗骨料的形态及缺陷对再生混凝土干燥收缩和力学性能的影响

本工作分析了三种不同工艺制备的再生粗骨料的形态、附着砂浆及界面区显微硬度,研究了骨料形态和缺陷对其干燥收缩和力学性能的影响,最后结合骨料的释水效应、显微硬度和断裂形态,探讨了不同工艺制备的再生骨料引起的缺陷差异及其对再生混凝土干燥收缩和力学性能的影响机理.结果表明:相对颚式破碎,反击式破碎制备的骨料的粒形较好,针片状较少,骨料表面附着的水泥浆体显著减少,采用圆盘整形工艺则可以进一步提高颗粒的粒形,减少骨料表面附着的砂浆.再生骨料中含有的砂浆导致其吸水率较高,具有一定的内养护作用,能够降低其早期收缩,但后期水分的蒸发仍会导致再生混凝土的干缩增大.反击式破碎制备的再生骨料(RA-C1)界面显微硬度高于颚式破碎制备的再生骨料(RA-E),且以其制备的混凝土的强度也大于RA-E组;反击式破碎+整形制备的再生骨料(RA-C2)虽然界面性能最好,但由于骨料强度不高导致其力学性能相对较低.     

机制砂石粉含量对水泥混凝土的影响研究

本文针对水泥混凝土在应用到具体工程项目中存在抗压强度弱,无法满足工程实际所需的问题,研究了机制砂石粉含量对水泥混凝土的影响。通过原材料准备、试验设计等步骤,对不同机制砂石粉含量下水泥混凝土的性能表现进行具体分析。通过分析可知,当机制砂中的石粉掺量约为20%时,可有效地提高水泥混凝土的强度,当机制砂中的石粉掺量过多时,会引起强度的负面影响。在高强度混凝土中,石粉掺入率对其影响较大,对其不利影响也较大。在具体施工中须结合实际合理配制水泥混凝土,便于施工顺利进行。     

冻融作用下硬化水泥浆体和混凝土结构的变化

用压汞法和扫描电子显微镜研究了冻融循环作用下硬化水泥浆体和混凝土宏观与细观结构的变化.结果表明,冻融以后硬化水泥浆体和混凝土中砂浆的孔隙率,特别是大于50 nm的毛细孔体积和微裂纹增大较多,导致硬化水泥浆体由密实体向松散体发展,最后导致粗骨料与砂浆分离.提出了快速冻融破坏机理与自然条件下缓慢冻融的破坏机理存在差异的观点.     

Experimental investigation of drying shrinkage cracking of composite mortars incorporating crushed tile fine aggregate

Drying shrinkage is generally classified as an important hardened concrete property. It expresses the strain occurring in hardened concrete due to the loss of water. During the drying process, free and absorbed water is lost from the concrete. When the drying shrinkage is restrained, cracks can occur, depending on the internal stresses in the concrete. The ingress of deleterious materials through these cracks can cause decrease in the compressive strength and the durability of concrete. In this study, being as a fine aggregate in mortars, crushed tile (CT) effect on drying shrinkage and drying shrinkage cracking is investigated. Thus, compressive and flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and free and restrained drying shrinkage tests are conducted on mortar specimens produced with and without crushed tile fine aggregate. The ring test has been used in order to investigate the cracks induced by restrained drying shrinkage. In this way, free drying shrinkage strain, along with the number and development of drying shrinkage cracks, of the crushed tile fine aggregate mortar composites are quantified and observed.     

Shrinkage and creep of masonry mortar

Shrinkage and creep results are presented for different types of masonry mortars having a wide range of strength. The range of values implies that the type of mortar has an appreciable influence on deformation of masonry. The results are analysed, together with other data obtained from other investigations carried out over several years in the same laboratory, and predictive models developed. Factors quantified are strength, volume/surface/ ratio, time of exposure to drying (shrinkage) and time under load (creep). While creep is unaffected, for a given strength, shrinkage of water-cured mortar is greater than shrinkage of mortar that is cured under polythene. When based on 28-day strength, the average error of prediction for shrinkage is 19% but if based on the strength at the start of shrinkage, the error coefficient is reduced slightly to 16%. Creep is estimated with an average error of 24%.     

橡胶对水泥基材料干燥收缩性能的影响

为了考察橡胶增加水泥基材料干燥收缩量的机制,以橡胶水泥砂浆作为研究对象,采用毛细管张力理论分析了造成水泥砂浆干燥收缩的因素。使用压汞试验研究橡胶/水泥砂浆的孔结构,并进行了弹性模量和干燥收缩试验。研究结果表明,橡胶掺入会降低水泥砂浆的弹性模量,增加其孔隙率和干燥收缩量,且相同掺量条件下,小粒径橡胶的作用效果更明显。基于试验数据,考虑橡胶掺入对砂浆弹性模量的折减系数KE和橡胶掺入对毛细孔(孔径50nm的孔隙)数量的增加系数K_h,拟合了橡胶对水泥砂浆干燥收缩的影响参数δ_(mr)。     

Plastic shrinkage cracking in cementitious repairs and overlays

A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of mixture proportions on plastic shrinkage cracking in cementitious repairs and overlays. The following variables were studied: water-cement ratio (w/c), sand-cement ratio (s/c) aggregate-cement ratio (a/c), fly-ash content, and the presence of a shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA). A recently developed bonded overlay method was used. In this method, the cementitious material to be investigated is cast on a substrate base with protuberances and the entire assembly is subjected to drying in an environmental chamber. With a high degree of restraint, cracking develops in the overlay over time which is then characterized with the help of magnification device and image analysis software. Results indicate that a lower water-cement ratio significantly reduces crack widths and crack areas and also reduces the ‘time to first crack’. The exact influence of s/c on cracking could not be established. The study further demonstrated that increasing the a/c provided internal restraint and significantly reduced early-age cracking. The addition of Class C fly-ash increased the amount of cracking but also increased the ‘time to first crack.’ This was however true only to a certain threshold value of fly-ash content beyond which fly-ash can be effective in reducing early age shrinkage cracking. Finally, the addition of a shrinkage reducing admixture was effective in reducing cracking but the cracks occurred sooner.     

Application of 3D-DIC to characterize the effect of aggregate size and volume on non-uniform shrinkage strain distribution in concrete

To elucidate the effect of aggregate size and volume on the non-uniform strain distribution in concrete, drying shrinkage of mortar and concretes were determined with 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC). The distribution of shrinkage displacements and strains in mortar and concrete were analyzed. The results show that 3D-DIC makes it possible to measure non-uniform displacement distributions initiated by shrinkage in mortar and concrete. The non-uniformity became more remarkable with drying time. The presence of aggregates larger than 5 mm in concrete have locally changed the displacement and strain fields. Aggregates within 5–25 mm make non-uniform strain of concrete more fluctuant, especially when the aggregate size is larger than 10 mm. The maximum and minimum principal strain distributions became more heterogeneous with decreasing volume of aggregates.     

Use of mineral admixtures to prevent thaumasite formation in limestone cement mortar

Concrete made from limestone cement may exhibit a lack of durability due to the formation of thaumasite. The addition of minerals that improve the concrete durability is expected to slow down the formation of thaumasite. In this work the effect of natural pozzolana, fly ash, ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) and metakaolin on the thaumasite formation in limestone cement mortar is examined. A limestone cement containing 15% w/w limestone was used. Mortar specimens were prepared by replacing a varying part of the limestone cement with the above minerals. Siliceous and calcareous sand was used in order to study the effect of the sand type on the thaumasite formation. The specimens were immersed in a 1.8% MgSO₄ solution and cured at 5 and 25 °C. The formation of thaumasite was checked and confirmed by visual inspection, strength tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements, XRD and TGA. It is concluded that the use of specific minerals, as partial replacement of cement, inhibits the thaumasite formation in limestone cement mortar.     

Shrinkage characteristics of alkali-activated fly ash/slag paste and mortar at early ages

The purpose of this study is to investigate the shrinkage characteristics of alkali-activated fly ash/slag (henceforth simply AFS) and the factors affecting it. A series of tests were conducted to determine the chemical shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage. The microstructures and reaction products were also characterized through XRD and SEM/EDS analyses. An increase in the slag content from 10% to 30% resulted in a denser matrix and showed a higher Ca/Si ratio of C–N–A–S–H in the microstructure. Higher sodium silicate and slag contents in a mixture caused more chemical, autogenous, and drying shrinkage, but led to a higher compressive strength. From the test results, it can be concluded that the autogenous shrinkage of AFS mortar occurs mainly due to self-desiccation in hardened state rather than volume contraction by chemical shrinkage in fresh state. The AFS paste showed higher drying shrinkage than ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which may be caused by the higher mesopore volume of the AFS paste compared to that of OPC paste.     

Drying cracks: Kinematics and scale laws

Natural drying of concrete specimens involves a desiccation shrinkage, which can produce significant cracking. The knowledge of its evolution may allow us to estimate the final configuration of the drying cracks. To achieve this, experiments with a micro-concrete have been performed. The visualisation of the cracking network at different ages of drying, and the recording of different types of shrinkage and of high humidity gradients near the surface could be carried out. One cubic test piece of 1 m side was manufactured, and a reliable procedure for studying the cracking process is shown. Also displayed is a strict method for analysing the geometrical characteristics of the crack network with the help of image analysis and some basic concepts of the Statistical Physics of Disorder. The influence of the drying element's dimensions is shown in an experimental model made with clay and sand. Among the results, two curves are particularly interesting: one translates the correlation between the initial dimensions of the drying elements and the final mean crack spacing, and another enables estimating the times of the beginning and end of the cracking development.     

Free,restrained and drying shrinkage of cement mortar composites reinforced with vegetable fibres

Many investigations are realized to establish the basic mechanical properties of vegetable fibre reinforced composites (VFRC) but not their shrinkage and creep behaviour. Some works have been realized to establish the shrinkage of cement mortar matrices reinforced with cellulose fibres, but very few results has been published with regards to shrinkage of VFRC with short sisal and coconut fibres. In this paper a concise summary of several investigations is presented to establish the influence of sisal and coconut fibres on the free and restrained plastic shrinkage, early drying shrinkage cracking, crack self-healing and long-term drying shrinkage of mortar matrices. The free and restrained shrinkage were studied by subjecting the specimens to wind speed of 0.4–0.5 m/s at 40 °C temperature for up to 280 min. The self healing of cracks of the VFRC was studied by using the same specimens as for the study of restrained shrinkage which were kept further in a controlled environment with 100% relative humidity and temperature of 21 °C for up to 40 days. Drying shrinkage tests were carried out at room temperature with about 41% relative humidity for 320 days. The influence of curing method, mix proportions and partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by ground granulated blast-furnace slag and silica fume on the drying shrinkage of VFRC was also investigated. Finally, based on the obtained results on drying shrinkage an equation using the recommendation of ACI model B3 was adjusted and compared well with the obtained experimental data.