冷挤压变壁厚药筒件的超声兰姆波探伤

详细介绍了超声兰姆波的主要特点和多种传播模式,通过对小口径弹药筒壁厚尺寸与缺陷的分析和兰姆波特征曲线的求解,选择合理的药筒兰姆波探伤模式。采用3种标准伤样件验证了药筒管壁内、外表面探伤灵敏度的变化规律,内外表面探伤灵敏度差异,以及探伤灵敏度与标准伤刻痕深度的关系,论证了超声兰姆波单模式探伤的可行性和模式选择。     

固体板材参数变化对超声兰姆波模式的影响

1引言超声兰姆波用于板材的无损检测已有几十年的历史,但由于兰姆波自身的复杂性,还有一些问题需进一步开展研究,如:最佳探伤参数的选取、对缺陷的定性和定量分析,等等[1-2]。通常认为,低阶兰姆波模式较高阶兰姆波有较强的稳定性,适合于对板材     

一维准周期声子晶体板中兰姆波的禁带特性分析

结合超胞法,利用有限元软件COMSOL计算了兰姆波在一维准周期声子晶体板中的频带结构,研究了其禁带特性和波动局部化现象。讨论了超胞的选取,通过模态图和位移矢量图进行了兰姆波的模态分析;讨论了结构参数和材料参数对兰姆波禁带的影响,其中结构参数包括板厚与晶格常数之比L/D和填充率,材料参数包括组元材料的密度和弹性模量。本文研究结果为实现对兰姆波传播的控制和调节提供新的思路,为准周期声子晶体板用于声学功能器件的设计制作提供一定的理论基础。     

任意梯度分布简支功能梯度板的三维弯曲分析

研究了正交各向异性功能梯度板的三维弯曲问题。假设材料参数沿板厚方向按同一函数规律变化,基于状态空间法,在板的上下表面作用机械载荷的情况下,获得了简支功能梯度平板弯曲问题的Peano-Baker 级数解。通过算例,验证了 Peano-Baker级数解的正确性,同时也分析了材料参数沿板厚方向为余弦函数分布时,不同梯度参数对平板响应的影响。结果表明Peano-Baker 级数解具有很好的收敛性。     

全局矩阵法及其在层状各向异性复合板中Lamb波传播特性研究中的应用

纤维增强复合材料中兰姆波的传播因其在无损评价中的应用而成为广泛研究的课题。一般采用传递矩阵法对各向异性多层媒质进行建模。虽然这种方法较为方便,但在大频厚积时会出现数值不稳定。本文作者对Nafeh的传递矩阵方法进行改进,所得到的全局矩阵方法具有较好的稳定性,其程序能有效地产生兰姆波的频散曲线。纤维增强复合材料中兰姆波的传播受多种因素的影响,层数的影响是其中之一。给出了不同层数复合板中兰姆波的相速度频散曲线以及两个基本模式a₀和s₀沿板厚方向的应力分布。这些数值示例为层状各向异性复合材料板的无损评价提供了理论依据。      

超声兰姆波检测有液体负载钢板中缺陷的实验研究

0前言超声兰姆波因其在固体板中传播时声场可遍及整个板厚范围、多模特性及传播距离较远等特点,使其广泛应用于固体板状材料的无损检测[1]。众所周知,不同的兰姆波模式在固体板中具有不同的声场分布规律。迄今为止,所开展的工作大多是在频厚积取较小值的条件下,选择用于板材检测的低阶兰姆波模式(S0或A0模式)[2-4];然而,已有的这些研究工作较少考虑板材在液体负载条件下超     

车用高强钢厚板模内淬火组织演变研究

目的 揭示高强钢厚板在热冲压模内淬火过程中的马氏体组织演变特征和规律。方法 建立了6 mm厚硼钢板热冲压模内淬火过程马氏体相变有限元预测模型，分析了马氏体分布情况及演变特征，阐明了保压力等关键淬火参数对组织演变的影响规律。结果 沿板面方向，马氏体从角部开始转化，逐渐由边缘向内部扩展，呈现出“边缘高、中部低”的分布特征。沿板厚方向，马氏体呈现出“表层高、心部低”的分布特征;随淬火过程的进行，这种厚向梯度分布特征逐渐弱化。与薄板相比，厚板的马氏体相变启动和结束时刻均较晚，且马氏体转化率明显较低，马氏体沿厚向分布的不均匀性也更明显。随保压力的增大，马氏体转化结束时刻前移，马氏体转化率增大且沿厚向分布更均匀，抗拉强度增大，延伸率减小;当保压力超过40 MPa时，上述影响逐渐减弱。结论 与薄板相比，厚板组织沿板面和板厚方向均呈现更明显的梯度分布特征。保压力对厚板组织演变和力学性能有较大影响，但这种影响随保压力的增大而逐渐减弱。     

8 mm厚钛板的超声板波探伤方法研究

运用英国声纳公司生产的SONTEST MASTERSCAN340数字型探伤仪和2.5 MHz的0°～80°可变角探头,对自行设计制作的8 mm厚TA1材质的人工伤试板(通孔型试板、平底槽型试板)和自然伤试板(自然分层型试板)进行了板波探伤的实验研究.研究结果表明,对8 mm厚钛板采用板波法探伤是可行的,也是可靠的,且具有探伤工作量小,探伤效率高的优点,值得推广.该方法已在8 mm厚ASME SB265 Gr17钛板(约10t)的探伤检验中得到了应用,并得到了用户的认可.同时该试验的成功也表明目前使用的超声波探伤教材中的"小于6 mm厚的金属板材可采用板波法探伤"的提法值得商榷.     

薄板腐蚀缺陷兰姆波成像检测的有限元模拟

基于A0模式兰姆波对薄板腐蚀缺陷进行成像检测,在频率一定时,由于腐蚀造成板厚的改变将进一步影响检测兰姆波速度的变化,通过检测兰姆波波速的变化可以对板材腐蚀类缺陷进行监测.根据A0模式兰姆波的频率特征,测量发射探头与接收探头之间的兰姆波走时,结合波的实际传播路径,计算出实际检测兰姆波的速度,采用联合迭代重建技术(SIRT)对走时数据进行群速度图像重建.基于有限元数值方法,采用A0模式兰姆波对薄铝板中的腐蚀类缺陷进行模拟检测,给出了成像检测结果.     

基于变分渐近法的功能梯度板高保真简化模型

为有效分析非均质功能梯度板在载荷下的力学性能, 基于变分渐近方法(VAM)建立高保真简化模型。根据Hamilton扩展原则建立功能梯度板的三维能量方程;利用板固有小参数将三维能量渐近扩展为系列二维近似能量方程, 从而将三维各向异性弹性问题简化为沿板厚向的一维分析和二维板分析;提供重构关系以准确预测沿厚度方向的三维场分布。通过SiC-Al功能梯度板的柱形弯曲算例验证:基于该理论和模型重构的位移和应力分量与三维精确解相一致;在应变很小时, 可考虑任意大位移和全局旋转, 并可准确捕捉板所有的几何非线性。     

超声检测中的兰姆波层析成像

兰姆波作为超声导波，可以对薄板类结构实现大范围快速的检测。然而，从兰姆波数据中提取定量信息时对检测人员的技术素质提出了很高的要求。文章用兰姆波层析成像仿真实现了铝板中不同缺陷的重建图像。结果表明：采用滤波反投影算法得到的层析图像给出了关于缺陷位置和类型的信息，从而使技术人员可以方便地识别出材料中的缺陷。     

Crack Detection in Full Size Cz-Silicon Wafers Using Lamb Wave Air Coupled Ultrasonic Testing (LAC-UT)

With increasing demand for solar energy, the need for reliable inspection systems has increased tremendously. In this paper, a combination of air coupled ultrasonics and Lamb waves have been utilized to frame a crack detection system. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon wafers of 200 μm thickness were used for experimentation and theoretical Lamb mode dispersion curves were plotted for Lamb wave generation in these wafers. A set of defect-free and cracked samples were scanned and the results are presented in this paper. A complete laboratory based cracked detection system was developed and the demonstrated to detect cracks in silicon wafers.     

多缺陷兰姆波拓扑成像

将时间反转理论与拓扑优化思想结合在一起,引入了直接声场和伴随声场的概念。通过将时间反转后的兰姆波散射信号作为伴随声场中的二次激励源,实现了信号在缺陷处的聚焦,并根据时域拓扑能量公式计算出检测区域内各点的拓扑能量值,从而对薄板内多缺陷进行表征。有限元仿真和实验表明：在多缺陷情形下,延迟叠加法（Delay and Sum,DAS）因受瑞利准则的约束而在缺陷间距小于分辨率阈值时,无法对缺陷位置进行定位;时域拓扑能量法通过兰姆波时间反转聚焦、图像融合,不仅提高了缺陷检测分辨率,还消除了多模式、有噪声环境下伪像的干扰。有效推动了兰姆波在板类结构无损检测中的应用。     

基于时间反转加权分布的复合材料Lamb波损伤成像

超声Lamb波是检测板状结构损伤的常用方法,然而碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（Carbon Fiber ReinforcedPlastics,CFRP）本身的各向异性会对Lamb波的损伤成像和定位造成很大的影响。且大多数检测方法均采用健康结构的检测信号作为参考信号,用差信号的方法来实现损伤成像,该过程容易受到待测结构和实验环境变化等外界因素的影响。针对该问题,采用时间反转和加权分布成像相结合的方法,将其应用在复合材料板状结构的Lamb波损伤检测和成像中。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效地实现板中单源脱层损伤和多源脱层损伤的二维成像与定位,且具有较高的精度和准确性。     

Single Mode Tuning Effects on Lamb Wave Time Reversal with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring

Lamb wave time reversal method is a new and tempting baseline-free damage detection technique for structural health monitoring. With this method, certain types of damage can be detected without baseline data. However, the application of this method using piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) is complicated by the existence of at least two Lamb wave modes at any given frequency, and by the dispersion nature of the Lamb wave modes existing in thin-wall structures. The theory of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal has not yet been fully studied. This paper addresses this problem by developing a theoretical model for the analysis of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal based on the exact solutions of the Rayleigh-Lamb wave equation. The theoretical model is first used to predict the existence of single-mode Lamb waves. Then the time reversal behavior of single-mode and two-mode Lamb waves is studied numerically. The advantages of single-mode tuning in the application of time reversal damage detection are highlighted. The validity of the proposed theoretical model is verified through experimental studies. In addition, a similarity metric for judging time invariance of Lamb wave time reversal is presented. It is shown that, under certain condition, the use of PWAS-tuned single-mode Lamb waves can greatly improve the effectiveness of the time-reversal damage detection procedure.     

Laser generation of Lamb waves for defect detection: experimental methods and finite element modeling

The propagation of Lamb waves generated by a pulsed laser beam in an aluminum sheet is modeled using finite element analysis, and the interaction with defects is studied and compared to experimental results. The ultrasonic Lamb waves are detected by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). The frequency content of the received wave is shown to be enhanced when the generation point is situated directly over the defect in both the modeled and experimental cases. Time-frequency analysis using a Wigner transform has enabled individual modes to be identified.     

Development of smart composite structures with small-diameter fiber Bragg grating sensors for damage detection: Quantitative evaluation of delamination length in CFRP laminates using Lamb wave sensing

The authors and Hitachi Cable, Ltd. have recently developed small-diameter optical fiber and its fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for embedment inside a lamina of composite laminates without strength reduction. The outside diameters of the cladding and polyimide coating are 40 and 52 μm, respectively. First, a brief summary is presented for applications of small-diameter FBG sensors to damage monitoring in composite structures. Then, we propose a new damage detection system for quantitative evaluation of delamination length in CFRP laminates using Lamb wave sensing. In this system, a piezo-ceramic actuator generates Lamb waves in a CFRP laminate. After the waves propagate in the laminate, transmitted waves are received by an FBG sensor attached on or embedded in the laminate using a newly developed high-speed optical wavelength interrogation system. This system was applied to detect interlaminar delamination in CFRP cross-ply laminates. When the Lamb waves passed through the delamination, the amplitude decreased and a new wave mode appeared. These phenomena could be well simulated using a finite element analysis. From the changes in the amplitude ratio and the arrival time of the new mode depending on the delamination length, it was found that this system could evaluate the delamination length quantitatively. Furthermore, small-diameter FBG sensors were embedded in a double-lap type coupon specimen, and the debonding progress could be evaluated using the wavelet transform.     

Mode-selective excitation and detection of ultrasonic guided waves for delamination detection in laminated aluminum plates

Selective modes of guided Lamb waves are generated in a laminated aluminum plate for damage detection using a broadband piezoelectric transducer structured with a rigid electrode. Appropriate excitation frequencies and modes for inspection are selected from theoretical and experimental dispersion curves. Dispersion curves are obtained experimentally by short time Fourier transform of the transient signals. Sensitivity of antisymmetric and symmetric modes for delamination detection are investigated. The antisymmetric mode is found to be more reliable for delamination detection. Unlike other studies, in which the attenuation of the propagating waves is related to the extent of the internal damage, in this investigation, the changes in the time-of-flight (TOF) of guided Lamb waves are related to the damage progression. The mode conversion phenomenon of Lamb waves during progressive delamination is investigated. Close matching between the theoretical and experimentally derived dispersion curves and TOF assures the reliability of the results presented here.     

Experimental Velocity Measurements of the Low-Order Anti-symmetric Lamb Wave Generated-Detected in Metallic Plates Using Air-Coupled Concave Array Transducers

This paper experimentally demonstrates the viability of Lamb waves generation and detection in metallic plates using ultrasonic air-coupled concave array transducers. For this purpose, a self-developed air-coupled Lamb wave NDT system has been used in three different metallic plates, such as stainless steel, copper and brass. First, pure copper plates were used to calibrate the measuring system and then other tests were performed in 304 stainless steel and CW508L brass. The obtained Lamb waves confirm the theoretical values, both in the phase velocity and in the group velocity measurements. In addition, a complete study of the errors in the measurements is also provided.     

Damage detection in aluminum and composite elements using neural networks for Lamb waves signal processing

One of the important factors in the structural health monitoring systems is the amount of data that need to be analysed in real time. This study investigated the use of artificially deteriorated signals of Lamb waves in training the novelty detection (ND) system for the early damage detection. In this system Auto-associative Neural Networks were trained using principal components calculated on the basis of experimentally measured signals. The specimens studied relate to two different materials commonly used in the aerospace industry, i.e. aluminium and glass fibre reinforced polymer. Lamb waves measured in these specimens are a good example that the ND algorithm works correctly in case of simple as well as complex signals. Furthermore, it was found that the designed ND system remained sensitive and robust even when it used raw signals with a relatively low sampling rate, on a fairly narrow time window and even noised signals.