星地量子密钥分配中单光子捕获理论分析

基于TEM10模拉盖尔-高斯光束,推导了自由空间量子密钥分配的单光子捕获概率表达式,分析了低轨卫星-地面站间链路的单光子捕获问题。结果表明,采用TEM10模拉盖尔-高斯型高度衰减激光脉冲作为单光子源,单光子捕获采用前驱波参考脉冲设置时间窗口的方法,可使得卫星上接收机以最大概率捕获光子。单光子捕获概率一般在10-1~10-3量级。与基模高斯光束相比,采用TEM10模拉盖尔-高斯光束的优点是,不会由于卫星运动而产生单光子捕获概率的损耗。通过考虑大气湍流的影响,对单光子捕获概率的表达式进行了修正。     

1.2m量子通信跟踪系统的光学设计(英文)

基于大气的量子信道传输损耗低,不存在双折射效应,是量子通信实验的可行信道。通过建立卫星平台与光学地面站之间的高稳定低损耗量子信道,可实现超远距离的量子密钥分发。通过卫星中继,将有可能实现覆盖全球的量子通信网络,这也是目前国际公认的最为可行的方案之一。本文详细描述了1.2 m光学地面站望远镜的光学接收系统设计,望远镜采用R-C结构形式,具有近衍射极限的成像质量。为了抑制到达角起伏,实现微弧度级的跟踪精度,望远镜采用复合轴跟踪控制策略,可实现高精度和高带宽的跟踪。     

基于双M-Z干涉仪随机稳定量子密钥分发

基于非等臂双M-Z光纤干涉仪的量子密钥分发系统,这种量子密钥分发系统容易受到外界环境的干扰导致相位漂移,而干涉的稳定性直接关系到密钥分发的误码率.利用跟踪相位随机漂移和实时统计方式实现稳定量子密钥分发,成功进行了75Km的量子密钥分发实验.跟踪相位随机变化实现稳定密钥分发具有系统结构简单,容易操作,同时密钥分发时间上具有一定的随机性,因此减小了窃听者获得信息的概率.     

水溶性气溶胶对自由空间量子通信性能影响

为了研究水溶性气溶胶对量子通信的影响,本文根据水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的复折射率及Mie散射理论得到其消光效率因子,分析了水溶性气溶胶粒子质量浓度对量子通信链路衰减、信道容量、信道生存函数以及信道误码率的影响并进行了仿真实验。结果表明,当传输距离为8 km,水溶性气溶胶粒子质量浓度分别为1.5μg/m³和6.5μg/m³时,对应的链路衰减、信道容量和信道误码率分别为0.506 d B/km和2.193 dB/km、0.622 bit/s和0.314 bit/s、0.0055和0.0099;当水溶性气溶胶粒子浓度为4μg/m³,传输距离分别为4 km和10 km时,对应的信道容量保真度分别为0.82和0.45。实际进行量子通信时,应根据水溶性气溶胶粒子的浓度来调整各项性能参数以保证通信正常进行。     

量子通信的前沿、理论与实践

量子通信是量子信息科学的重要分支,其中最重要的两个应用是量子密钥分发和量子隐形传态。量子密钥分发可为通信双方提供无条件安全的密钥分发方式,其理论安全性由量子力学规律保证。量子密钥分发因其无条件安全的特点受到广泛关注。本文通过对量子密钥分发的广泛调研,系统地介绍了量子密钥分发的主要内容、理论安全性证明现状和实际安全性证明现状,着重介绍了诱骗态方法和测量装置无关的量子密钥分发方案;同时针对量子密钥分发在信道衰减严重时面临的问题做了系统调研,介绍了目前学术界对该问题的主流解决方法,即量子中继或卫星中继;最后指出量子密钥分发已经由理论模型发展到实际系统,为后续开展量子密钥分发相关研究提供了有益参考。     

基于激光链路的星间信息传输与仿真研究

星间链路是导航卫星实现精密定轨和自主导航的关键技术之一.导航卫星通过星间链路完成伪距测量和数据交换,维持系统稳定运行的时空基准,保证系统持续提供精准导航服务.本文根据全球导航卫星系统的建设情况和发展趋势,首先对星间观测和信息传输频段进行了介绍,然后从天线特征,多址控制方式和网络拓扑结构等角度分析了常见星间链路的工作体制...     

量子网络系统研究进展与关键技术分析

量子信息领域的迅速发展为现代信息技术带来了新的机遇与挑战，其中的热门研究方向之一即量子网络，旨在利用量子力学的基本特性实现长距离的（安全）通信任务，或通过分布式计算提供优于经典计算网络的计算能力，相关研究对推动量子信息的实用化具有重要意义。本文根据量子网络应用场景和技术手段的差异性，从量子密码网络、量子云计算网络、量子隐形传态网络3个细分类别出发，全面梳理了国内外的研究进展及发展挑战，以便掌握量子网络系统的最新发展态势；结合量子网络的实施情况，阐述了量子网络系统发展中亟待攻克的链路建立、信息传输、网络协议、物理硬件等关键技术。综合来看，量子网络仍处于初级发展阶段，当前需积极应对挑战并把握机遇，以增强我国前沿领域的科技硬实力。研究建议，加强基础硬件设施研发投入、重视量子网络理论研究、加强交叉学科研究和相关人才培养，以促进我国量子网络系统的发展。     

我国成功发射全球首颗科学实验量子卫星“墨子号”

正近日,我国成功发射全球首颗量子科学实验卫星"墨子号",标志着我国在量子通信领域又迈出重要一步。"墨子号"的主要科学目标是借助卫星平台,进行星地高速量子密钥分发实验,并在此基础上进行广域量子密钥网络实验,以期在空间量子通信实用化方面取得重大     

GaSb/InGaAsSb量子阱的带间跃迁设计

采用一维方势阱模型对Gash/InxGa1-xAs0.02Sb0.98m量子阱激光器结构的子带跃迁波长与阱宽间的关系进行了计算,并采用能量平衡模型计算了此应变材料体系在生长时的临界厚度.结果表明GaSb/InGaAsSb是制作2～3μm中红外波段量子阱激光器的良好材料体系.在结构设计和材料生长中采用合适的材料组分及阱宽并对应变总量进行控制是十分重要的.     

量子精密测量参数估计优化研究进展

量子精密测量是利用量子叠加与纠缠、量子相互作用过程与量子测量等方式增强参数估计精度与灵敏度的技术,是在短中期内最具前景的量子技术之一。本文从量子精密测量的最优化研究方案出发,通过对大量的相关文献进行梳理归纳,分析出量子精密测量三大优化方案：量子态制备与测量最优方案、量子演化过程调控方案与经典后处理优化方案,并对三个基本优化方案进行总结分析。同时介绍了国内外量子精密测量技术的最新理论与实验进展。最后,总结了量子精密测量存在的问题与挑战,并对未来工作进行了展望。     

在轨目标天基光学观测可见性预报与分析

利用在轨目标、观测卫星、地球、太阳以及月球之间的几何关系,综合考虑地球遮挡与地光条件、地影条件、日光条件与月光条件,本文推导出目标对于观测卫星的光学可见性判断模型,并建立了天基光学观测可见性预报方法.仿真实验结果表明,地球遮挡与地光条件是影响天基空间目标光学可见的最主要因素;在可见时间方面,天基空间目标光学监视系统对低轨目标的监视能力有限,而对高轨目标具有良好的监视性能.     

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with odd coherent state

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) is immune to all the detection attacks, thus when it is combined with the decoy-state method, the final key rate can be obtained by estimating the gain and quantum bit error rate for various input photon numbers. In this paper, we propose to perform MDI-QKD with odd coherent state (OCS) and compare the results with weak coherent source scenario. Our simulation indicates that both the secure key rate and transmission distance can be improved evidently with OCS owing to the lower probability of multi-photon events of the OCS. Furthermore, we apply the finite key analysis to the decoy-state MDI-QKD with OCS and obtain a practical key rate.     

Adaptive optical transmitter and receiver for space communication through thin clouds

Optical space communication from satellite to ground or air to air consists of clouds as part of communication channels. Propagation of optical pulses through clouds causes widening and deformation in the time domain and attenuation of the pulse radiant power. These effects decrease the received signal and limit the information bandwidth of the communication system. Having dealt with the other effects previously, here we concentrate on pulse broadening in the time domain. We derive a mathematical model of an adaptive optical communication system with a multiscattering channel (atmospheric cloud). We use knowledge about the impulse response function of the cloud to adapt the communication parameters to the transfer function of the cloud. The communication system includes a receiver and a transmitter. We adapted the transmitter to atmospheric conditions by changing the bit error rate. One can adapt the receiver to the atmospheric condition by changing the parameters of the detector and the filter. An example for a practical communication system between a low Earth orbit satellite and a ground station cover by cloud is given. Comparison and analysis of an adaptive and semiadaptive system with cloud channels are presented. Our conclusion is that in some cases only by such adaptive methods is optical communication possible.     

Enhanced autocompensating quantum cryptography system

We have improved the hardware and software of our autocompensating system for quantum key distribution by replacing bulk optical components at the end stations with fiber-optic equivalents and implementing software that synchronizes end-station activities, communicates basis choices, corrects errors, and performs privacy amplification over a local area network. The all-fiber-optic arrangement provides stable, efficient, and high-contrast routing of the photons. The low-bit error rate leads to high error-correction efficiency and minimizes data sacrifice during privacy amplification. Characterization measurements made on a number of commercial avalanche photodiodes are presented that highlight the need for improved devices tailored specifically for quantum information applications. A scheme for frequency shifting the photons returning from Alice's station to allow them to be distinguished from backscattered noise photons is also described.     

Phase-encoded measurement device independent quantum key distribution without a shared reference frame

In this paper, a phase-encoded measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol without a shared reference frame is presented, which can generate secure keys between two parties while the quantum channel or interferometer introduces an unknown and slowly time-varying phase. The corresponding secret key rate and single photons bit error rate is analysed, respectively, with single photons source (SPS) and weak coherent source (WCS), taking finite-key analysis into account. The numerical simulations show that the modified phase-encoded MDI-QKD protocol has apparent superiority both in maximal secure transmission distance and key generation rate while possessing the improved robustness and practical security in the high-speed case. Moreover, the rejection of the frame-calibrating part will intrinsically reduce the consumption of resources as well as the potential security flaws of practical MDI-QKD systems.     

Ground-to-Satellite Narrow-Laser-Beam Pointing by Use of a Backscattered Image

A technique for transmitting a narrow laser beam from a ground station to a satellite has been developed. The principle of pointing a laser beam to a distant target in a scattering medium by use of a backscattered laser beam image is described. We calculated the intensity distribution of the image by using a typical model of atmospheric coefficients. The method was applied to transmit a laser beam from a ground station to Engineering Test Satellite-VI. The accuracy of pointing the laser beam to the satellite was approximately 10 murad in this experiment.     

Automated Testing of Low-Orbiting Satellites

This paper describes the hardware, software, and test procedures implemented at a ground station for the automated testing of a polar-orbiting satellite in a low orbit. The satellite passes during the testing were characterized by short visibility times of no more than 18 muin and by high rates of change of the link parameters as seen by the ground station. The advantages of automated testing became apparent for these dynamic conditions. Under computer control throughout the pass, programmable test instruments were commanded and data was collected and stored. Data reduction was performed after the pass.     

量子外差精密测量及微弱信号感知技术综述

单光子探测技术和激光外差探测技术是探测微弱光信号的重要手段,通过微弱光信号提取目标多维信息是目前激光感知的重要领域。但是在实际应用中背景噪声以及信号光的退相干,会严重影响单光子探测技术以及外差探测技术对于目标多维信息的感知。在探测微弱光信号时的这些问题通过传统方案很难被有效的解决。量子外差精密测量方法是在单光子探测的基础上结合外差探测的一种新测量方法,可以解决单光子探测探测灵敏度受背景噪声限制的缺点。并且量子外差对本振光强度要求极低,可以有效降低大阵列外差探测对于本振强度的要求。文中进一步总结并分析了量子外差精密测量方法的研究动态。通过现有研究成果的梳理和分析有助于深入理解和把握目前量子外差精密测量方法的研究现状和问题,为量子外差精密测量方法未来发展奠定基础。     

High-rate quantum key distribution at short wavelength: Performance analysis and evaluation of silicon single photon avalanche diodes

Abstract

Experimental results obtained with silicon single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in quantum key distribution (QKD) at short wavelengths reveal remarkable potential for application in local area networks (LAN) and for free-space transmission at high rate. Actual application prospects, however, depend on the performance level and on the suitability of practical systems using the available silicon SPAD devices. They can be essentially divided in two groups: planar p-n junction structures with a thin depletion layer (typically 1 μm); and reach-through structures with a thick depletion layer (from 20 μm to 150μm). The physical mechanisms that control the device behaviour were investigated and the effect on the key parameters of the detector (quantum detection efficiency, dark counting rate, afterpulsing probability and photon-timing jitter) were thoroughly assessed. A quantitative analysis was made of the influence of such parameters on the quantum bit error rate (QBER). Actual parameters were measured and the attainable performance and system suitability of the two device types evaluated. Comparable performance is obtained, but from a system viewpoint thin SPADs appear inherently better suited to high-rate QKD applications, because of their faster response time, ruggedness, low voltage, low power dissipation and fabrication technology, which is simple, efficient, economical and compatible with monolithic integration of detector and associated circuits.