高温处理对中间相沥青基炭纤维结构与热导率的影响（英文）

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱仪(Raman)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)考察了中间相沥青基炭纤维在不同热处理温度下的结构及形貌变化,并采用3ω法对经不同温度处理后的纤维热导率进行了表征。结果表明,中间相沥青基炭纤维的石墨化度与热导率随着热处理温度的升高而增大,经3000℃处理后纤维的热导率最高可达518W/m·K。此外,还探讨了中间相沥青基炭纤维结构、热导率及热处理温度之间的相互关系,发现中间相沥青炭纤维的石墨化过程存在3个阶段,在不同温度区间内分别对应石墨微晶的生长和取向。     

高导热中间相沥青基炭纤维的微观结构分析

中间相沥青基炭纤维具有低电阻、高导热特性,是目前最具发展前景的功能型导热、散热材料,但是国内对其微观结构和性能的研究报道较少。对国外高导热中间相沥青基炭纤维的微观结构和形貌进行了分析,同时将实验室研发的不同截面形状中间相沥青基炭纤维进行比较。研究结果表明中间相沥青基炭纤维具有的高导热特性源于其内部三维有序堆积的类石墨层状结构和较为完整生长的石墨晶体。热处理温度越高,其类石墨晶体生长越完善,层片取向程度越高。与圆形截面辐射状结构中间相沥青炭纤维相比,带状截面炭纤维有效解决了劈裂问题,其石墨片层间距为0.337nm,层片堆积高度达到26.77nm,轴向热导率高于800W/（m.K）。     

短切炭纤维-炭复合材料的制备及传导性能和微观结构的研究

以中间相沥青基短切炭纤维和中间相沥青为原料,采用模压成型、炭化、致密化、高温石墨化等一系列常规工艺,制备了传导性能良好的炭/炭复合材料.主要考察了中间相沥青与中间相沥青基炭纤维质量配比对材料密度及传导性能的影响,并进一步研究了材料微晶参数的变化与材料性能的相关性.结果表明中间相沥青与纤维质量配比对材料的导热、导电性能以及微晶参数有很大影响.随着中间相沥青用量的增大,材料导热、导电性能均提高,石墨层间距d002减小,石墨微晶尺寸La、Lc增大;当中间相沥青与炭纤维质量比为 0.8时,制备出的炭/炭复合材料石墨微晶尺寸最大,常温传导性能最佳(垂直于压制方向的面向热导率为385W/(m·K),电阻率为2.85μΩ·m);进一步提高中间相沥青用量,石墨微晶尺寸La、Lc减小,材料的传导性能降低.     

自由取向炭/炭复合材料的新型制备及工艺优化（英文）

采用在炭纤维束的内部浸润熔融沥青的传统方法制备得到的炭/炭(C/C)复合材料难以实现细旦化水平,这是因为单束丝中含有数千根丝,经浸渍后沥青附着,从而引起沥青局部渗出,以及因不均匀沥青稳定性而导致微观结构不均匀。本文通过稳定的中间相沥青和分散的短切炭纤维混合、热压和炭化过程制备出细旦化水平的C/C复合材料。探讨了工艺参数对中间相沥青残炭率的影响。通过残炭率/工艺时间、残炭率!(表观密度/实密度)来优化工艺参数。结果表明,通过此法得到了细旦化水平的中间相沥青与炭纤维复合材料。中间相沥青的残炭率随加热升温速率、沥青/炭纤维质量比的增加而降低;随热压压力而增加。在高压力和高质量比下,发生沥青局部渗出。通过调控得到最佳的C/C复合材料制备工艺参数为:热压压力15 MPa,升温速率0. 2℃/min及沥青/炭纤维质量比1∶1。     

不同晶体取向中间相沥青基带状炭纤维的制备与表征

以中间相沥青为原料, 采用不同长宽比的矩形截面喷丝板, 通过控制熔融纺丝时的收丝速率, 制得了具有不同截面尺寸和晶体取向的高定向中间相沥青基带状炭纤维, 并研究了热处理温度和喷丝孔截面尺寸对所得炭纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明, 喷丝孔的形状和收丝速度对炭纤维的晶体取向有显著影响。当收丝速度一定时, 随着喷丝孔截面长宽比的减小, 带状炭纤维截面碳晶体层片由褶皱平行取向结构向辐射状垂直取向结构转变。随着热处理温度的升高, 所制得炭纤维的室温轴向电阻率显著减小, 热导率相应增大, 力学性能明显提高; 随着收丝速率的增大, 带状炭纤维室温轴向电阻率变化不大, 但对其力学性能有显著影响。当喷丝孔截面长宽比和纺丝速度分别为30:1和75 m/min 时, 2500℃石墨化纤维的拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别为2.53 GPa和234.77 GPa。     

大直径沥青基炭纤维/ABS树脂高导热复合材料的制备与表征

将大直径中间相沥青基石墨化纤维定向排列后与ABS(丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物)树脂通过热压成型,制备出单向炭纤维ABS树脂基复合材料。借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和偏光显微镜等手段对炭纤维及其树脂基复合材料的晶体结构、形貌和光学织构进行表征,并研究纤维石墨化温度及体积分数对其复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料沿炭纤维轴向和径向显示出差异;复合材料沿纤维轴向的室温热扩散系数随纤维石墨化温度和体积分数的增加而增大。     

热解炭过渡层-中间相沥青基炭/炭复合材料的微观结构

借助偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜对具有热解炭过渡层的中间相沥青基炭/炭复合材料的微观结构进行了研究。结果表明:材料的基体由热解炭和中间相沥青炭组成,在偏光显微镜下均呈现出光学各向异性。材料内部形成了多层次的界面结构,热解炭与纤维的界面连续,界面层内的石墨微晶择优取向度较高,晶格条纹排列规整;中间相沥青炭与热解炭界面不连续,为"裂纹型"界面,界面层内主要为非晶态碳。材料中炭纤维、热解炭、中间相沥青炭的石墨微晶大小逐渐增大,择优取向度逐渐增高,晶格条纹的排列逐渐规整。片层条带状结构的中间相沥青炭以及材料内的微裂纹平行于炭纤维轴向。     

煤直接液化残渣制备中间相沥青炭纤维

中间相沥青炭纤维性能优异,但是高成本限制了它的大规模使用。尝试以煤直接液化残渣为原料制备中间相沥青炭纤维。一方面为开发低成本中间相沥青炭纤维提供原料;另一方面为煤直接液化残渣的高附加值利用拓宽了途径。通过热缩聚工艺得到中间相沥青,经过纺丝、预氧化和炭化制备中间相沥青炭纤维,验证煤直接液化残渣制备中间相沥青炭纤维的可行性。研究了中间相含量、软化点和挥发分含量对中间相沥青可纺性的影响。结果表明,以煤直接液化残渣为原料制备的中间相含量在70%以上、软化点高于300℃的中间相沥青具有较好的可纺性,纺制的炭纤维直径约为15μm,拉伸强度达到1 500 MPa,拉伸模量150GPa。     

以中间相沥青为粘结剂的低密度高导热炭纤维网络体的研究

以中间相沥青为粘结剂, 采用500 ℃低温炭化炭纤维, 经低压模压成型、炭化和石墨化后得到低密度高导热炭纤维网络体。与以1300 ℃炭化炭纤维为原料和以酚醛为粘结剂制备的炭纤维网络体进行了比较。对粘结剂炭收率(热重分析)、样品微观形貌(扫描电子显微分析)、石墨化度及微晶尺寸(X射线衍射分析)等进行了表征。研究结果表明: 由于高炭收率和高片层取向度的中间相沥青与500 ℃低温炭化处理炭纤维共同经历后续热处理时呈现出相近的热收缩率, 因而具备良好的相互粘结性和石墨片层铆接效应, 其制备的炭纤维网络体经石墨化后密度为0.317 g?cm ^-3, 由此制备的相变复合材料的面内热导率为19.30 W·m ^-1·K ^-1, 较纯相变材料(石蜡)提升了80倍, 明显高于以1300 ℃炭化炭纤维为原料, 以中间相沥青和酚醛分别为粘结剂制备样品的面内热导率(17.03和14.47 W·m ^-1·K ^-1)。     

热处理温度对二维高导热炭/炭复合材料结构及热导率的影响（英文）

以高导热沥青基炭纤维布为增强体,中间相沥青为黏结剂,采用热模压成型及液相浸渍裂解工艺增密,并经高温石墨化处理制备二维高导热炭/炭复合材料。利用X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对经不同温度处理后的沥青基炭纤维及二维高导热炭/炭复合材料的结构和形貌变化进行表征,并考察石墨化处理温度对复合材料热导率的影响。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,纤维及复合材料内部石墨微晶尺寸增大、取向度变好,纤维与基体间界面结合紧密、裂纹减少,而基体碳层间裂纹则呈扩大趋势。此外,二维高导热炭/炭复合材料的热导率随热处理温度的升高而线性增加,经3 000℃处理后,材料热导率高达443 W/m·K。     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Investigation of the Corrosion Behaviors of HVOF-Sprayed Carbide Cernet Coatings in Molten Al-Zn-Si Alloy Bath

In continuous hot-dip galvanization process the corrosion and chemical stability of the sink roll in the galvanizing bath are important problem which effects on the quality and productivity. In order to protect the sink roll the carbide cermet and/or ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of the sink roll. The WC-, Cr3 C2-cermet coatings were deposited by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray, respectively. The coating samples were immersed in molten Zn-alloy containing 50 wt % aluminum at 833 K for 24 hr and 144 hr, respectively. The inter-diffusion and inter-reaction of Zn, Al and elements in coating and corrosion behaviors of these coatings were investigated by XRD, SEM and EPMA etc. The corrosion mechanisms of the carbide cermet coatings and ceramic coatings in molten High Al-Zn-alloy were approached.     

Fundamental study of adhesion of ice to cooling solid surface (Discussion on influence of copper oxide layer on ice adhesion force)

In many situations, ice often adheres to a cooling solid surface, frequently causing serious accidents. It is critical to clarify the mechanism of ice adhesion to the cooling surface in order to prevent ice adhesion. In a past study, the shearing stresses of two kinds of test plates with a copper surface having the higher thermal conductivity were measured. The shearing stress corresponds to ice adhesion force. Both shearing stresses were significantly different; however, the cause remains unclear.Therefore, the present study focuses on an oxide layer as the main factor causing the difference of both shearing stresses; the influence of the oxide layer formed on shearing stress was discussed. And in the removal and reformation processes of the oxide layer, the time variation of the shearing stress was clarified. Moreover, the relationship between the state of the copper surface and the shearing stress was also clarified by surface analysis.     

＂Three Transformations＂ and Standardization

During his inspection in Henan Province in May, Chinese President Xi Jinping stressed to ＂push forward the transformation from China Speed to China Quality, from Made in China to Created in China, and from Chinese Products to Chinese Brand＂. The ＂Three Transformations＂ are the specific requirements and goal of China＇s national development in the context that market should play a decisive role in the allocation of resources.     

重塑标准推行格局 推动LED照明的普及（英文）

正When you are enjoying the green,energy-saving and healthy lighting of IKEA LED luminaire,you may not realize that most of IKEA’s LED bulbs are produced by the LED luminaire smart manufacturing system of Hangzhou Zhongwei Photoelectricity CO.,LTD(ZVISION).No longer enclosed in the laboratory,the product standards are brought into the factory workshop and even to the entire production process.Thus,the standards are promoted and applied in a favorable way by enterprises,benefitting consumers with high quality products.     

Chinese Experts Contribute to ISO＇s New Toy Standards

正The international standard,ISO 8124-6,Safety of toys–Part 6:Certain phthalate esters in toys and children’s products,was officially issued by ISO worldwide on August 15.It was the first time for Chinese experts to lead the ISO standard development in toys industry.The standard was drafted by a group of Chinese experts from SAC/TC for toys and relevant Chinese departments and finally completed by a dedicated international group of experts.ISO 8124-6 makes a substantive breakthrough in the aspects of the scope of toys,limitation of plasticizer types,control of test cost,accuracy of test,operation convenience,etc.,offering the operational guidance for toy manufactures and testing laboratories.     

SAC Delegation Visits AENOR and Signs Cooperation Agreements

正SAC Administrator Tian Shihong led the Chinese delegation to visit the Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification(AENOR)on September 15,2014.Mrs.Begona Cristeto,the Vice-Minister of Industry,Energy and Tourism of Spain,and Mr.Avelino Brito,the President and CEO of AENOR greeted the delegation.The two sides had a deep and friendly discussion on strengthening the cooperation between China and Spain in the standardization field and promoting the standardization work to support the development of economy and trade in the two countries.