基于神经网络的微合金钢热轧奥氏体晶粒尺寸及流变应力模型的研究

基于神经网络原理,对微合金钢热轧控制的选取进行了研究,首先,制定了一套获取样本数据的实验方案,该方案利用Ｇleeble-1500热力模拟机提取了轧制温度、应变量、应变速率和相应的应力变曲线,并通过显微观察获取了实验了实验后样品断面的奥氏体晶粒尺寸,通过归一化把实验所得数据进行必要的处理,采用ＢＰ算法训练网络,对热轧控制（轧制温度、应变量、应变速率）和描述微合金钢组织性能的参数（奥氏体晶粒尺寸及流变应力）之间的映射关进行了函数逼近,建立了奥氏体晶粒尺寸及流变应力神经网络模型,实践证明,将该神经网络模型运用于热轧控制预报,提高了预算精度并取的较好的效果。     

控制轧制中铁素体晶粒的细化及晶粒尺寸的予测

本文研究了控制轧制工艺参数对含铌与不含铌低碳钢的铁素体晶粒细化的影响规律。试验结果表明,热轧后铁素体晶粒尺寸d_f不受形变速度的影响(当ε为7～76秒~(-1)时),而形变量ε、形变温度T_d、轧前的奥氏体晶粒尺寸d_a、轧后冷速及钢的成分对d_f有重要影响。在单道次轧制中,所试验钢种的铁素体晶粒直径与各工艺参数的综合定量关系,可用下式表达。d_f=[55th((d_α-90)/25)+α]·ε~(-1)+b(T_d-750)~(1/2)+cd_α式中常数项a、b、c与钢的成分,冷却速度有关。试验表明,该式所表达的规律对其他低碳钢也适用。文中通过分析在细化晶粒方面,多道次轧制与单道次轧制的关系,将d_α推广为“等效奥氏体晶粒尺寸”,则该关系式可应用于多道次轧制,成功地予测了多道次轧制后铁索体晶粒尺寸。     

低碳钢奥氏体再结晶模型的建立

为了描述低碳钢变形过程的组织演化,建立了一套完整的奥氏体动态再结晶、静态再结晶、亚动态再结晶模型.本文利用Gleeble试验机研究不同初始晶粒度、变形温度、应变和应变速率对奥氏体再结晶量和晶粒尺寸变化的影响.流变应力模型考虑了变形条件对模型系数的影响.利用测得的应力-应变曲线及晶粒度由多元非线性回归得出了奥氏体再结晶模型系数,并且由模型计算的峰值应变、稳定应变、硬化区流变应力、再结晶体积分数、晶粒尺寸和实际接近.     

轧制工艺对低碳中锰钢微观组织和力学行为的影响

目的 研究热轧和温轧两种轧制工艺对低碳中锰钢的微观组织演变和力学性能的影响规律,阐明两种轧制工艺对马氏体转变和应变硬化行为的影响.方法 通过对热轧和温轧两种轧制工艺得到的实验钢进行拉伸性能测试,分析温轧后实验钢强塑性同步提升的现象,通过EBSD数据分析,测量热轧和温轧实验钢中马氏体的转变量,并对两种轧制工艺拉伸后实验钢的断裂行为进行讨论.结果 高温区轧制后,得到稳定性较差的粗大奥氏体组织,虽然其马氏体转变量较高,但是其伸长率和抗拉强度较低(抗拉强度为757.9 MPa,伸长率为13.1％);两相区温度进行中高温轧制后,可以得到多尺度、稳定性适中的奥氏体组织,显著提高材料的伸长率和抗拉强度(其抗拉强度为1313.2 MPa,伸长率为35.8％),获得较优的综合力学性能.结论 通过合金成分优化设计,采用两相区轧制工艺,调整奥氏体稳定性,可以简化制备流程并获得高强塑性中锰钢.     

Mn-Cr齿轮钢动态再结晶行为及组织演变

采用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机研究了一Mn-Cr齿轮钢在变形速率为0.1～1 s-1、变形温度为900～1150℃、原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸为70～150 μm条件下的动态再结晶行为及再结晶奥氏体晶粒尺寸的变化规律.实验结果表明,Mn-Cr齿轮钢在温度较高,应变速率较低及原始奥氏体晶粒较细的情况下变形时,表现出典型的动态再结晶行为.再结晶发生的条件为Zener-Hollomon参数小于某一临界值(Zc).再结晶晶粒按晶界突出机制形核.通过回归分析,确定该齿轮钢的再结晶激活能为378.6 kJ/mol,应力指数为5.8.Z参数控制形变储存能,因而唯一地决定动态再结晶晶粒尺寸Ds,二者符合关系式Ds=1.3×105Z-0.25.     

非调质钢奥氏体动态再结晶研究

使用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对两种常用非调质钢进行热变形实验,采用定量金相法研究了变形量、变形温度和变形速率对非调质钢奥氏体动态再结晶过程和晶粒尺寸的影响.结果表明,非调质钢奥氏体微观动态再结晶过程导致宏观流动应力曲线随变形量的增加而变化;动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随变形温度的降低和变形速率的增大而减小.此外,拟合获得了这两种非调质钢的动态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型.     

GH3028镍基合金的热变形动态再结晶及微观组织演变

目的 研究GH3028镍基合金动态再结晶过程中的晶粒尺寸变化情况,明晰微观组织形貌的演变规律。方法 利用DST3000PC型动态热模拟实验机,在温度为1 050~1 300 ℃、应变速率为1×10^?3~1×10^?1 s^?1、最大应变量为58%的条件下对GH3028镍基合金进行热压缩实验,通过构建动态再结晶和晶粒尺寸演变数值计算模型并结合实验进行验证。结果 峰值应力随温度的上升而有所下降,在1 050~1 300 ℃温度范围内,温度越高,合金试样越容易趋于稳态,动态再结晶特点越为明显。通过对实验数据进行优化和拟合,根据峰值应力值计算出热变形激活能Q为516 kJ/mol,进而求解出热变形方程。建立动态再结晶模型及晶粒尺寸模型,观察动态再结晶过程中的微观组织,发现当温度、应变速率不变时,动态再结晶的体积分数随应变量的增大而增大。温度的提升会显著增大动态再结晶体积分数和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸受温度和应变速率的双重影响逐渐趋于稳态变化。结论 通过对模型预测值与实际实验数据进行对比,发现该模型可以实现对晶粒尺寸变化的预测,模型预测平均晶粒尺寸与实验平均晶粒尺寸的相对误差为2.36%,说明该模型对动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的控制具有指导意义。     

超级钢细晶轧制过程中再结晶及γ晶粒尺寸的模拟计算

建立了低碳钢和HSLA钢热变形过程中动态，亚动态及静态再结晶的数学模型，描述了板带热连轧过程中奥氏体晶粒尺寸演变和再结晶行为，讨论了轧制规程和钢种成分对再结晶动力学和奥氏体晶粒细化的影响，结果表明；在400MPa超级钢轧制工艺条件下，奥氏体动态再结晶主要发生在温度较高的粗轧阶段，而静态及亚动态再结晶在粗轧及精轧前几道次发生的非常充分，在精轧后几道次很难充分发生；奥氏体晶粒最终尺寸随着终轧温度的降低而减少，并且HSLA钢和C-Mn钢相比，相同的轧制工艺和温度制度下，前者奥氏体晶粒要更细一些；模型的计算结果与实测值进行对比吻合良好。     

基于LAM全域分析技术探究GH4698热加工过程组织演化

目的 研究GH4698在变形温度为1100℃、压下速率为0.12 mm/s、压下量为40％的热变形条件和固溶温度为1120℃、保温时间为8 h、水淬的热处理条件下的显微组织演化规律.方法 采用Thermecmastor-z型热模拟试验机进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,并随后在热处理炉内完成热处理试验,利用大面积拼接(LAM)全域表征技术,分析GH4698热变形和固溶处理后显微组织的演化规律.结果 在应变量小于动态再结晶临界应变(ε=0.165)的区域,固溶后晶粒尺寸分布不均,平均晶粒尺寸为63μm,最大晶粒尺寸为439μm,超过平均晶粒尺寸的5倍以上;随着应变量的增大(ε>0.165),动态再结晶百分数随之增加,固溶后平均晶粒尺寸也呈减小趋势.热变形后孪晶分布与应变量密切相关,具体为小应变区孪晶密度为40.7％,中应变区孪晶密度为10.6％,大应变区孪晶密度为28.9％.结论 固溶后晶粒尺寸分布特征与热变形后动态再结晶百分数密切相关:由于变形储能分布不均,固溶后晶界迁移速率较大,导致在临界应变区(ε=0.165)晶粒尺寸分布不均;固溶后小于临界应变的区域(ε<0.165),主要发生静态再结晶使晶粒细化;随着动态再结晶百分数的增加,固溶后晶粒尺寸随着应变量(ε>0.165)的增大而逐渐减小.孪晶分布和动态再结晶也存在一定的相关性.     

8Cr4Mo4Ni4V航空轴承钢高温奥氏体晶粒长大的数学模型

以8Cr4Mo4Ni4V轴承钢为研究对象,通过奥氏体等温保温实验,研究加热温度和保温时间对奥氏体晶粒尺寸的影响,采用平均截点法对不同热处理条件下的晶粒尺寸进行统计分析。结果表明:随着加热温度和保温时间的增加,奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,当加热温度超过1100℃或保温时间超过120min时,实验钢晶粒开始发生显著粗化。当加热温度超过1150℃时晶粒已完全粗化。通过线性回归的方法,获得了8Cr4Mo4Ni4V轴承钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度和保温时间演化的数学模型,为指导航空轴承钢锻造与热处理过程提供理论依据。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.