激光快速成型中光敏树脂特性的实验研究

光固化快速成型是基于液态光敏树脂在特定波长紫外激光照射下发生光固化反应这一特性而发展起来的。文中对光固化树脂进行了实验研究，给出了一种测试树脂参数的原理和方法，建立了平面扫描方式下，扫描速度、扫描间距、激光功率、树脂参数等相互关系的数学模型；提出并验证了曝光等效原理。     

光固化快速成型用光敏树脂

光固化快速成型(SLA)技术是基于液态光敏树脂在特定波长紫外光或激光照射下发生光固化反应这一原理而发展起来的.介绍了光敏树脂的组成及其固化机理,针对各类光敏树脂的特点及其发展进行了探讨,并提出了SLA技术对光敏树脂的要求.     

光固化3D打印改性碳纤维/光敏树脂复合材料的制备与性能调控

光固化3D打印技术因成型速度快、器件精度高、表面质量好,已成为3D打印快速制备高精尖器件的首选方法,但现有3D打印光敏树脂仍存在器件力学强度低、韧性差等问题。碳纤维因导电、导热、高比强度、高比模量等特性,已被广泛应用于各种结构或功能复合材料。为此,先采用化学氧化、硅烷偶联剂(KH580)改性等手段对短切碳纤维进行表面改性得到KH580改性碳纤维(MCF);再将MCF与3D打印光敏树脂(PR)复合得到改性碳纤维/光敏树脂(MCF/PR)复合材料,并对其光固化动力学和3D打印器件的力学性能进行了详细研究。结果表明：当MCF表面的KH580接枝量为0.5wt%、MCF添加量为0.15wt%时,虽然MCF与PR复合后使光敏树脂的黏度有所增大,但对光敏树脂的固化深度与临界曝光量影响较小,仍能满足光固化3D打印要求;利用立体光刻技术(Stereolithography,SLA)光固化3D打印工艺能很好地制造出各种MCF/PR器件,器件的拉伸强度可达70 MPa,与纯PR相比增加了约100%,冲击强度为1.91 kJ/m²,较PR提高了约60%,且3D打印器件在350℃下具有良...     

光敏树脂对快速原型件表面质量的影响

为评价光敏树脂HSL 1的性能,比较了HSL 1和光敏树脂SL 7545的特性参数、力学性能和黏度,结果显示两种光敏树脂性能相近。研究了两种光敏树脂对快速原型件表面质量的影响,对快速原型件表面粗糙度值的研究表明:快速原型件的上水平表面质量最好,下水平表面质量最差,侧表面质量受倾斜角度影响;且快速原型件表面质量受到光敏树脂组分、透射深度、单层固化强度和黏度的影响。     

帕尔贴石墨烯3D打印快速冷冻成型平台设计

本文基于帕尔贴制冷片研制出一种新型石墨烯材料3D打印快速冷冻成型平台,它具有低噪音、重量轻、高可靠性及结构紧凑等优点。利用该平台进行了初步实验并确定了控制策略,采用模糊-PID控制方法对快速冷冻成型平台温度进行控制实验研究。6组实验结果表明:该快速冷冻成型平台能使平台温度在-40～0℃之间连续可调,超调量在4.8%以内。-5、-10、-15、-20、-30、-40℃的超调量分别为4.8%、3.9%、3.3%、2.8%、2.2%、0,调节时间为88、94、106、124、76、92 s。在设定值附近几乎保持恒定,成型平台表面无温度梯度存在。石墨烯浆料成型精度高,满足石墨烯3D打印成型要求。     

木质素及其衍生物在3D打印光敏树脂中的应用

随着社会消费需求向绿色、可持续发展方向不断转型及国家“双碳”战略目标的提出,深入开发低碳环保型3D打印材料(如生物质基3D打印光敏树脂)是十分必要的。木质素作为仅次于纤维素的第二大可再生绿色生物质资源,在3D打印材料中具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了木质素及其衍生物用作生物质基3D打印光敏树脂材料的最新应用研究,包括木质素基光敏预聚物、木质素基活性稀释剂、木质素基光引发剂及木质素作为添加剂在3D打印光敏树脂材料中的应用机制及性能影响。最后对木质素基3D打印光敏树脂的未来挑战和工业化前景进行了分析与展望。     

双固化3D打印弹性体光敏树脂的制备与性能

采用双固化体系设计,合成制备了两步固化可3D打印弹性体的光敏树脂。使用甲乙酮肟对聚氨酯预聚体进行封端,并通过红外光谱和差示扫描量热分析确定其对应的最佳解封温度为120℃;采用不同的丙烯酸酯类稀释剂配制光固化P树脂部分,与封闭聚氨酯预聚体及扩链剂组成的T树脂配制了双固化体系光固化3D打印树脂,采用平板流变仪确定了其打印温度应控制在30～35℃;对固化后的样品进行力学性能测试,发现当稀释剂采用玻璃化转变点高的稀释单体时,制备样品力学性能最好,接近于浇筑聚氨酯弹性体,在室温能保持良好的弹性。     

解密3D打印

在前面我们报道了全国首家 3D 打印体验馆落户DRC 基地,那么究竟什么是 3D 打印? 3D 打印能做什么?设计和 3D 打印有什么关系?本刊记者再次探访 3D打印应用推广的先行者——位于 DRC 北京工业设计创意产业基地的北京上拓科技有限公司,并结合案例详细介绍下这几个用户最为关心的问题。     

应用于紫外DLP-3D打印系统的低体积收缩率和高固化速度的光敏树脂研究

在基于数字光处理(DLP)技术的3D打印过程中,紫外波段光敏树脂的光固化性能将直接影响工件的打印精度、速度和形貌。选用改性双酚A型环氧丙烯酸酯和脂肪族聚氨酯丙烯酸酯作为低聚物,配合三丙二醇类二丙烯酸酯(TPGDA)和乙氧化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸(TMPEO3TA)作为稀释剂和自由基-阳离子杂化体系作为光引发剂,配置了面向405 nm波段的DLP-3D打印系统的混杂型光敏树脂。研究结果表明,所制备的光敏树脂的体积收缩率控制在2.3%内,室温下的粘度为244 MPa·s,固化速度缩短到0.063 mm/s。相比较于其它国内外光敏树脂,该树脂整体表现出优良的力学性能。在此基础上,通过在树脂中掺杂1%左右的纳米ZnO颗粒助料,材料的力学性能得到进一步改善,体积收缩率降低至2.1%。这一混杂型光敏树脂将可有望应用于对精度要求较高的光电子器件的DLP-3D打印中。     

激光快速成型熔模铸造树脂的热失重性能

用激光快速成型(SL)树脂原型作为熔模制作陶瓷型壳的过程中,树脂原型在焙烧过程中由于失重产生的气体极易使型壳胀裂失效,因此光固化树脂的热失重特性对陶瓷型壳的完整生成起到决定作用。论文研究了光固化树脂分子结构、交联密度等对热失重特性的影响规律,实验结果表明:带有弱键如C-Cl键的树脂体系初始热分解温度低,热失重曲线比较平缓;含有苯环等刚性结构树脂体系初始热分解温度较高。活性单体官能度和含量都对热失重过程有较大的影响,单体官能度高的树脂体系热失重较慢,反之则较快;在一定范围内,活性单体含量增加时树脂开始热失重温度变高,但当含量增加到一定程度后,由于主链中刚性结构相对比例减小导致热失重过程有所加快。光固化交联密度越高,初始热分解温度越高,树脂的最大热失重温度增加。本研究最后利用制备的热失重性好的树脂配方进行光固化和陶瓷型壳焙烧试验,获得了无裂缝的陶瓷叶片型壳。     

水溶性光敏树脂的制备及成膜性能研究

采用酚醛环氧树脂、丙烯酸、马来酸酐为原料合成了光敏性树脂,以氨水中和后得到稳定的自乳化体系,可制备紫外光固化树脂膜。考察了氨水浓度、光引发剂种类、用量、干燥条件、中和度、交联剂对光固化速度的影响。结果表明,本体系优选阳离子/自由基引发固化效果最好;预处理对光固化速度有很大的影响;加入适量的丙烯酰胺可增强漆膜的附着力等性能。     

Curing characteristics of shape memory polymers in 3D projection and laser stereolithography

The radical shift in 3D printing to fabricate soft active materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) has brought along other techniques in realising 4D printing. Stereolithography (SL) process has recently been one of the popular systems for printing SMPs. In this paper, the curing characteristics and behaviour of the SMPs fabricated via projection-type and laser-scanning-type SL process were analysed. Factors such as the UV exposure of the projection type and variation in resin compositions have significant differences in terms of energy density and curing depths when compared to the laser scanning type. Hence, theoretical calculations were made to determine the critical energy density and threshold penetration depth attainable, which enables newly developed SMP materials to be successfully printable using different types of UV-based 3D printing systems.     

Directed cell growth and alignment on protein-patterned 3D hydrogels with stereolithography

The stereolithography apparatus (SLA) is a computer-assisted, three-dimensional (3D) printing system that is gaining attention in the medical field for the fabrication of patient-specific prosthetics and implants. An attractive class of implantable biomaterials for the SLA is photopolymerisable hydrogels because of their resemblance to soft tissues and intrinsic support of living cells. However, most laser-based SLA machines lack the minimum feature size required to imitate cell growth and alignment patterns in complex tissue architecture. In this study, we demonstrate a simple method for aligning cells on 3D hydrogels by combining the micro-contact printing (µCP) technique with the stereolithographic process. Fibronectin modified with acrylate groups was printed on glass coverslips with unpatterned, 10, 50, and 100 µm wide line patterns, which were then transferred to hydrogels through chemical linkages during photopolymerisation. Fibroblasts cultured on protein-printed 3D hydrogels aligned in the direction of the patterns, as confirmed by fast Fourier transform and cell morphometrics.     

3D printing of smart materials: A review on recent progresses in 4D printing

ABSTRACT

Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing or rapid prototyping, has been introduced since the late 1980s. Although a considerable amount of progress has been made in this field, there is still a lot of research work to be done in order to overcome the various challenges remained. Recently, one of the actively researched areas lies in the additive manufacturing of smart materials and structures. Smart materials are those materials that have the ability to change their shape or properties under the influence of external stimuli. With the introduction of smart materials, the AM-fabricated components are able to alter their shape or properties over time (the 4th dimension) as a response to the applied external stimuli. Hence, this gives rise to a new term called ‘4D printing’ to include the structural reconfiguration over time. In this paper, recent major progresses in 4D printing are reviewed, including 3D printing of enhanced smart nanocomposites, shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers, actuators for soft robotics, self-evolving structures, anti-counterfeiting system, active origami and controlled sequential folding, and some results from our ongoing research. In addition, some research activities on 4D bio-printing are included, followed by discussions on the challenges, applications, research directions and future trends of 4D printing.     

3D打印技术探究

3D打印技术是将三维数字模型分解成若干层平面切片,然后由3D打印机把粉末状、液状或丝状可粘合材料按切片图形逐层叠加,最终堆积成完整物体的技术。文章对3D打印的技术原理、步骤、常用材料、主要技术、发展及建议进行了深层次的探讨。与传统制造技术相比,3D打印技术有很多优势,目前已广泛应用于建筑、工业设计等领域。该技术将会带来全球制造业经济的重大变革。     

A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing

Abstract

Since most starting materials for tissue engineering are in powder form, using powder-based additive manufacturing methods is attractive and practical. The principal point of employing additive manufacturing (AM) systems is to fabricate parts with arbitrary geometrical complexity with relatively minimal tooling cost and time. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and inkjet 3D printing (3DP) are two powerful and versatile AM techniques which are applicable to powder-based material systems. Hence, the latest state of knowledge available on the use of AM powder-based techniques in tissue engineering and their effect on mechanical and biological properties of fabricated tissues and scaffolds must be updated. Determining the effective setup of parameters, developing improved biocompatible/bioactive materials, and improving the mechanical/biological properties of laser sintered and 3D printed tissues are the three main concerns which have been investigated in this article.     

A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing

Since most starting materials for tissue engineering are in powder form, using powder-based additive manufacturing methods is attractive and practical. The principal point of employing additive manufacturing (AM) systems is to fabricate parts with arbitrary geometrical complexity with relatively minimal tooling cost and time. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and inkjet 3D printing (3DP) are two powerful and versatile AM techniques which are applicable to powder-based material systems. Hence, the latest state of knowledge available on the use of AM powder-based techniques in tissue engineering and their effect on mechanical and biological properties of fabricated tissues and scaffolds must be updated. Determining the effective setup of parameters, developing improved biocompatible/bioactive materials, and improving the mechanical/biological properties of laser sintered and 3D printed tissues are the three main concerns which have been investigated in this article.     

Feasibility study to control fiber distribution for enhancement of composite properties via three-dimensional printing

The distribution of fibers in the composite (which takes into account both their locations and orientations) is one of the important factors that affect the mechanical properties of FRCs. However, this parameter depends on various factors during composite fabrication, and controlling the distribution of fibers in the produced material represents a significant challenge. In this study, the applicability of three-dimensional (3D) printing technique for controlling fiber distributions was evaluated. The fibers fabricated using a 3D printer were placed inside a mold to produce cementitious composites. Three-point bending tests were conducted and the results of the experiment were discussed.     

3维打印用聚乳酸材料的改性研究进展

聚乳酸材料具有环保可生物降解性的优点,故其经常作为3维(3D)打印的原材料使用,然而其自身的脆性大、玻璃化温度低和热稳定性差等缺点,限制了该类材料的进一步应用和推广。所以对聚乳酸进行改性研究,改善它的力学性能或者耐热性能,从而扩大其在3D打印领域的应用具有很重要的研究意义。综述了聚乳酸材料的改性方法以及相关研究进展,主要从物理改性和化学改性等两类改性方法来分析聚乳酸改性的研究现状,总结分析了两类改性方法面临的问题并展望其前景,还对改性后的聚乳酸材料的应用进展进行总结与展望。     

可见激光立体光造型树脂光固化过程的研究

研究了在514nm Ar^2 激光下丙烯酸环氧村脂在染料,叔胺,紫外引发剂协同引发下的固化过程,研究发现,激光在树脂中的穿透服从Lambert-Beer定律,固化深度主要由光照射能量和染料浓度决定。在引发剂组成及浓度一定时,固化深度及固化质量随光照射能量的对数的增加而线性增加。