爆炸荷载下缺陷介质裂纹扩展规律数值分析研究

利用爆炸加载数字激光动态焦散线试验系统,同时借助ABAQUS有限元分析中内聚力模型数值计算方法,研究了爆炸应力波作用下缺陷介质裂纹扩展规律,并将试验结果与数值计算结果进行了对比。研究表明:在爆炸应力波作用下预制缺陷两端产生了两条翼裂纹A、B,扩展长度基本相同,方向垂直于预制缺陷。两条翼裂纹的扩展基本是对称的,只是在尾端发生轻微翘曲;翼裂纹扩展速度先增大至峰值又振荡减小,之后又增大至第二个较小的峰值,然后又减小,这种变化趋势和裂纹尖端应力强度因子KⅠ保持一致;扩展角β为85°时,计算结果较为接近试验,内聚力模型为动态裂纹扩展的研究提供了一种有效的方法。     

NiTi合金动态断裂过程的实验和数值方法研究

为获得Ni Ti合金的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展速度与动态加载率之间的定量变化规律。利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)测试系统对单边三点弯曲试样(SENB)进行冲击加载试验,采用实验-有限元相结合的方法,获得动态断裂参数随时间的变化规律。SENB试样裂纹起裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度由粘贴在裂纹尖端的裂纹扩展计(CPG)测定。采用上述方法和数据获得Ni Ti合金的I型动态起裂韧度和动态扩展速度。实验结果表明:裂纹扩展计测得的起裂时刻与粘贴在同一试样上的监裂应变片测得的结果基本相符,因此可以利用裂纹扩展计代替传统的监裂应变片来监测裂纹起裂时刻,并获得Ni Ti合金的起裂韧度。同时,可以利用裂纹扩展计(CPG)获得裂纹动态扩展过程,绘制出裂纹扩展速度与时间的关系曲线,从而探讨Ni Ti合金的动态断裂韧度和裂纹扩展速度与动态加载率之间的定量变化规律。     

受压弯作用构件半椭圆表面裂纹的疲劳扩展分析

本文给出了半椭圆表面裂纹疲劳扩展的一种有限元仿真分析方法,并对潜艇锥柱结合壳焊趾处压弯联合交变载荷作用下的裂纹扩展进行了计算分析。该方法利用有限元分析计算裂纹前沿应力强度因子,采用Paris公式预测裂纹扩展速率及扩展量,对有限元网格随着裂纹的扩展进行自动重构,从而模拟分析裂纹的疲劳扩展过程。考察了两种初始尺寸半椭圆表面裂纹的情况,计算了裂纹尺寸、应力强度因子随裂纹扩展的变化历程。仿真计算结果表明,初始裂纹尺寸对于疲劳扩展的影响主要体现在初、中期的扩展上,对后期的扩展速率、裂纹形态影响不大;当考虑了焊接区应力集中效应后,扩展的速度提高,总的疲劳扩展寿命下降。本文方法和程序可用于其他较复杂构件表面裂纹的扩展分析。     

用圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘和实验-数值-解析法确定砂岩的动态起裂和扩展韧度

在I型(张开型)动态断裂实验中,利用大直径(?100 mm)分离式霍普金森压杆径向冲击圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘试样。考虑了材料惯性效应和裂纹扩展速度对动态应力强度因子的影响,用实验-数值-解析法确定了高加载率和高裂纹扩展速度情况下,砂岩的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度。由动态实验获取试样的动荷载历程,采用裂纹扩展计(Crack Propagation Gauge,CPG)测定试样断裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度,获得裂纹扩展速度对应的普适函数值。然后将动荷载历程带入到有限元软件中进行动态数值模拟,求出静止裂纹的动态应力强度因子历程,再用普适函数值对其进行近似修正。最后根据试样的起裂时刻和穿过CPG中点的时刻,由相应的动态应力强度因子历程分别确定砂岩的动态起裂和动态扩展韧度,它们分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的提高而增加。     

动态加载率对巷道内裂纹扩展速度及动态起裂韧度的影响

在巷道的钻爆法掘进过程中,巷道围岩周围将诱发较多的径向裂隙。为了研究不同冲击载荷作用下巷道内裂纹扩展速度及起裂韧度的变化规律,采用落锤冲击试验机对裂纹巷道模型试件进行冲击加载,模型试件选用青砂岩制作;试验中,采用裂纹扩展计进行裂纹扩展速度及起裂时间的测定,对不同冲击高度下裂纹扩展速度及起裂时间进行分析;随后采用ABAQUS有限元程序结合试验-数值法计算巷道模型试样在不同动态加载率作用下的动态起裂韧度,并对起裂韧度的变化规律进行统计分析。得出如下结论:①巷道内预制裂纹的扩展速度随着动态加载高度的增加而增大,随后逐渐趋于稳定,实测裂纹扩展速度略小于0.38倍砂岩纵波波速;②巷道内预制裂纹的起裂时间,随着动态加载率的增加呈缓慢下降的趋势,降低幅度范围约为50μs;③随着动态加载率的增加,巷道内裂纹的动态起裂韧度逐渐增大,上升趋势也逐渐加大。     

摩擦接触裂纹问题的扩展有限元法

扩展有限元法(XFEM)是一种在常规有限元框架内求解强和弱不连续问题的新型数值方法。扩展有限元法分析闭合型裂纹时,必须考虑裂纹面间的接触问题。已有文献均采用迭代法求解裂纹面的接触问题。该文建立了闭合型摩擦裂纹问题的扩展有限元线性互补模型,将裂纹面非线性摩擦接触转化为一个线性互补问题求解,不需要迭代求解。算例分析说明了该方法的正确性和有效性,同时表明扩展有限元法结合线性互补法求解接触问题具有较好的前景。     

能量平衡结合有限元数值计算分析天然气管道裂纹稳定扩展问题

本文提出了在天然气管道裂纹稳定扩展问题中，应用能量平衡方法结合有限元数值计算结果来分析计算裂纹驱动力。能量数值计算采用了可模拟动裂纹在管道上扩展的有限元程序ＰＦＲＡＣ，它包括了对未开裂管道和裂纹扩展管道的能量计算。通过分析外力作功和内部能量在裂纹扩展时的变化率，应用能量平衡方法计算了裂纹驱动力，并与在ＰＦＲＡＣ程序中应用节点力释放方法计算的裂纹驱动力的结果进行了比较     

基于分形理论不同装药量的爆破动焦散线实验研究

为研究装药量对爆生裂纹扩展行为的影响。采用透射式数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,分析了不同装药量的爆生裂纹扩展规律,并基于计盒维数的计算原理,编写MATLAB程序计算爆生裂纹的分形维数。结果表明:①起爆后裂纹扩展分2阶段,Ⅰ阶段(0～114.3μs)为爆炸应力波与爆生气体对裂纹尖端的作用,在裂纹的起裂时刻扩展速度达到峰值,随即迅速降低;Ⅱ阶段(114.3μs～裂纹止裂)在反射应力波对裂纹尖端的作用下,裂纹扩展速度继续提升;②裂纹扩展速度峰值、动态应力强度因子峰值、粉碎区面积、爆生裂纹分形维数与装药量正相关;③采用回归分析与线性拟合的方法,得到了裂纹扩展速度与裂纹扩展轨迹分形维数的线性关系,同一裂纹扩展速度的变化符合分形规律。     

基于水平集算法的扩展比例边界有限元法研究

扩展比例边界有限元法在裂纹贯穿单元采用Heaviside阶跃函数描述裂纹面两侧的不连续位移,在裂尖则采用半解析的比例边界有限元描述奇异应力场。该方法具有无需预先知道裂尖渐进场的形式,无需采用特殊的数值积分技术直接生成裂尖刚度阵,对多种应力奇异类型可根据定义直接求解广义应力强度因子的特点。该文将扩展比例边界有限元法与水平集方法相结合,进一步发展了扩展比例边界有限元法,并将其应用于解决裂纹扩展的问题。在数值算例中,通过编写完整的MATLAB分析计算程序,求解了单边缺口的三点弯曲梁和四点剪切梁的裂纹扩展问题,计算结果显示扩展比例边界有限元法能有效地预测裂纹轨迹和荷载-位移曲线。通过参数敏感性分析,还可得出该方法具有较低的网格依赖性,且对裂纹扩展步长不敏感。     

天然气管道动态断裂参数与裂纹速度关系的研究

通过全尺寸试验的数据和小试件试验确定的材料动态断裂韧性,采用裂纹减速机制和节点力释放技术,利用有限元方法模拟了天然气管道动态断裂全过程,研究了天然气管道裂纹扩展速度与材料动态断裂参数之间的关系。     

Quasi-static and dynamic fracture behaviour of rock materials: phenomena and mechanisms

An experimental investigation is conducted to study the quasi-static and dynamic fracture behaviour of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. The notched semi-circular bending method has been employed to determine fracture parameters over a wide range of loading rates using both a servo-hydraulic machine and a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The time to fracture, crack speed and velocity of the flying fragment are measured by strain gauges, crack propagation gauge and high-speed photography on the macroscopic level. Dynamic crack initiation toughness is determined from the dynamic stress intensity factor at the time to fracture, and dynamic crack growth toughness is derived by the dynamic fracture energy at a specific crack speed. Systematic fractographic studies on fracture surface are carried out to examine the micromechanisms of fracture. This study reveals clearly that: (1) the crack initiation and growth toughness increase with increasing loading rate and crack speed; (2) the kinetic energy of the flying fragments increases with increasing striking speed; (3) the dynamic fracture energy increases rapidly with the increase of crack speed, and a semi-empirical rate-dependent model is proposed; and (4) the characteristics of fracture surface imply that the failure mechanisms depend on loading rate and rock microstructure.     

Crack arrest in rupturing steel gas pipelines

Failure incident investigations and full-scale experiments of pipelines rupturing indicate that the original methods in predicting arrest are no longer reliable when applied to high toughness pipelines. The cause of the phenomenon is analyzed in this paper through a macroscopic and phenomenological method by referring to the energy balance equation, by that is established the iterative algorithm used in finite element method (FEM) simulation of crack deceleration. This simulation, in combination with the two-specimen drop weight tear test (DWTT), provides a broad prediction of the dynamic fracture process. In addition, the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) criterion is consummated through the comparison between CTOA in FEM calculation and the critical value of (CTOA)_C obtained in the two-specimen DWTT. Thus, the avoidance of both the dimensional effect and the dissipation of irrelevant energy common in small-scale tests are achieved.     

Dynamic delamination fracture toughness in unidirectional polymeric composites

A modified end-notched flexure (ENF) specimen was used to determine Mode-II-dominated dynamic delamination fracture toughness of fiber composites at high crack propagation speeds. A strip of FM-73 adhesive film was placed at the tip of the interlaminar crack created during laminate lay-up. This adhesive film with its greater toughness delayed the onset of crack extension and produced crack propagation at high speeds. Dynamic delamination experiments were performed on these ENF specimens made of unidirectional S2/8553 glass/epoxy and AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy composites. Crack speed was measured by means of conductive aluminum lines created by the vapor deposition technique. A finite-element numerical simulation based on the measured crack speed history was performed and the dynamic energy release rate calculated. The results showed that the dynamic fracture toughness is basically equal to the static fracture toughness and is not significantly affected by crack speeds up to 1100 m/s.     

Determination of dynamic fracture toughness for PMMA

A dynamic FEM (finite element method) and a strain gage method are applied to analyze the dynamic fracture toughness and SIF (stress intensity factor) for PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate). The analyses are carried out for plates with an edge crack subjected to one-point bending in a plane of the plate. A simple procedure that the present author has proposed is applied to the problem of using a triangular element of assumed constant strain on finite element analysis. The numerical simulation by FEM provides values for the applied forces as measured with the strain gages. Also, a crack initiation time is measured with the strain gage mounted around the crack tip. The dynamic fracture toughness is determined by adapting the crack initiation time to the simulation curve of the dynamic SIF calculated by the FEM. In this study, the usefulness of the method to determine the dynamic fracture toughness is investigated by comparing predictions with the experimental results for dynamic stresses and SIFs.     

A method for testing interlaminar dynamic fracture toughness of polymeric composites

Static and dynamic Mode I delamination fracture in two polymeric fiber composites was studied using a WIF test method. The dynamic test was conducted on a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus. Crack speeds up to 1000 m/s were achieved. Dynamic fracture and crack propagation were modeled by the finite element method. Dynamic initiation fracture toughness of S2/8552 and IM7/977-3 composites were obtained. The dynamic fracture toughness of IM7/977-3 associated with the high speed propagating crack was extracted from the finite element simulation based on the measured data. It was found that the dynamic fracture toughness of the delamination crack propagating at a speed up to 1000 m/s approximately equals the static fracture toughness.     

Ductile tearing of pipeline-steel wide plates: I. Dynamic and quasi-static experiments

Four low-carbon microalloyed pipeline steel plates were studied with two chemical compositions and different thermo-mechanical treatments, leading to either ferritic–pearlitic or ferritic–bainitic microstructures.Microstructural and mechanical properties were investigated. An original dynamic tensile experiment is used to study crack propagation in full-thickness wide plates under either quasi-static and dynamic conditions. In the latter case, crack speeds up to 20–40 m s⁻¹ were reached and led to ductile shear crack propagation as observed in pipe bursts, while mode I in-plane crack propagation was observed in most quasi-static tests. Shear mode fracture results from strain localization under dynamic conditions and may be detrimental to steel toughness. Steel resistance to crack propagation is evaluated with the use of the energy dissipation rate parameter. The effect of the microstructure as well as material parameters like the anisotropic behavior on fracture toughness were evaluated. It is shown that ferritic–bainitic steels exhibit a better yield stress–toughness compromise than ferritic–pearlitic ones.In a companion paper (Engng. Fract. Mech., submitted for publication), the numerical simulation of crack propagation in wide plates using fully coupled local approach to fracture is presented.     

Numerical analysis of dynamic crack propagation in rubber

In the present paper, dynamic crack propagation in rubber is analyzed numerically using the finite element method. The problem of a suddenly initiated crack at the center of stretched sheet is studied under plane stress conditions. A nonlinear finite element analysis using implicit time integration scheme is used. The bulk material behavior is described by finite-viscoelasticity theory and the fracture separation process is characterized using a cohesive zone model with a bilinear traction-separation law. Hence, the numerical model is able to model and predict the different contributions to the fracture toughness, i.e. the surface energy, viscoelastic dissipation, and inertia effects. The separation work per unit area and the strength of the cohesive zone have been parameterized, and their influence on the separation process has been investigated. A steadily propagating crack is obtained and the corresponding crack tip position and velocity history as well as the steady crack propagation velocity are evaluated and compared with experimental data. A minimum threshold stretch of 3.0 is required for crack propagation. The numerical model is able to predict the dynamic crack growth. It appears that the strength and the surface energy vary with the crack speed. Finally, the maximum principal stretch and stress distribution around steadily propagation crack tip suggest that crystallization and cavity formation may take place.     

Initiation, propagation and arrest of an interface crack subjected to controlled stress wave loading

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the initiation, propagation, and arrest of bimaterial interface cracks subjected to controlled stress wave loading in the form of a tensile dilatational stress wave pulse. The tensile pulse is generated by detonating lead azide explosive in a specially designed specimen. Dynamic loading of the bimaterial interface results in crack initiation, propagation, and arrest, all in the same experiment. This failure event is observed using photoelasticity in conjunction with high speed photography. Full field data from the experimentally obtained isochromatic fringe patterns is analyzed to determine time histories of various fracture parameters such as the crack tip speed, the dynamic complex stress intensity factor, the energy release rate, and the mixity. The experimental data is also used to quantify the values of the dynamic initiation and arrest toughness and to evaluate a recently proposed dynamic interface fracture criterion. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.