Seismic retrofit of substandard beam-column joint by planar joint expansion

A seismic retrofit technique for existing reinforced concrete beam-column connections using planar joint expansion is proposed. The method is based on a two-dimensional expansion of beam-column joint using cast in-situ concrete and dowel bars. The method is economical and architecturally acceptable. Three half-scale sub-standard beam-column specimens were tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. One was control specimen and the other two were retrofitted specimens with triangular and square joint expansion. According to test results, the control specimen showed brittle joint shear failure while retrofitted specimens showed beam flexural failure. The strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and ductility of retrofitted specimens were greatly improved. The planar joint expansion is effective to reduce joint shear stress and improve anchorage bond of beam bar within the joint. The plastic hinge formation can be moved away from column face, thus preventing joint shear failure. The triangular and square expansions perform almost equally well. The construction joints formed at the interfaces between specimen and joint expansion do not produce an adverse effect in cyclic behavior.     

FRP筋-钢筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱抗震性能研究

提出一种在塑性铰区域采用高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)替代混凝土来改善FRP筋-钢筋增强混凝土柱抗震性能的新方法。对FRP筋-钢筋增强ECC-混凝土构件进行了低周往复荷载试验,系统地考察了基体材料、筋材种类、轴压比对构件破坏模态、裂缝模式、承载力、残余变形、延性和耗能能力的影响。结果表明,将ECC替代塑性铰区域混凝土能够有效避免FRP筋的受压屈曲,进而显著提升组合柱的抗震性能。与钢筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱相比,复合筋增强ECC-混凝土组合柱的残余变形明显更小,且屈服后的刚度更高。随着轴压比的增大,构件极限强度升高但变形能力降低。通过有限元参数分析可知,组合柱的承载力和变形能力均随着ECC抗压强度及总配筋率的增大而增大;在总配筋率不变的情况下,FRP筋占比越高,构件的延性越好。     

ECC修复震损剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

该文采用拟静力试验研究了采用高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)修复后的震损钢筋混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能。先对剪力墙进行了初次拟静力试验,剪力墙呈现剪切破坏,混凝土压溃,脚部钢筋压弯、屈服甚至断裂,然后采用ECC对震损的钢筋混凝土剪力墙进行了修复,随后进行了再次拟静力试验。通过对比分析前后两次试验结果,从剪力墙破坏模式、承载能力、延性、耗能能力、刚度退化、钢筋效用发挥等方面的差异,综合评价ECC用于修复震损剪力墙的有效性。试验结果表明:a) 剪力墙的承载能力基本得到恢复;b) 在保证承载能力的前提下,剪力墙的延性得到提高,改变剪力墙的破坏模式,由脆性破坏转化为延性破坏;c) 提高墙体的耗能能力;d) 避免剪力墙墙脚混凝土的压溃和钢筋的屈曲,依靠ECC与钢筋良好的变形协调性,提高脚部钢筋的利用率。     

CFRP筋增强ECC梁弯曲性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)筋/超高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composite,ECC)梁的抗弯性能,对3根CFRP筋/ECC梁、1根玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(Glass fiber reinforced polymer,GFRP)筋/梁和1根CFRP筋混凝土梁进行了四点弯曲试验,分析了配筋率、纤维增强树脂复合材料(Fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)筋类型和基体类型对梁抗弯性能的影响。试验结果表明:CFRP筋/ECC梁与GFRP筋/ECC梁和CFRP筋混凝土梁类似,均经历了弹性阶段、带裂缝工作阶段和破坏阶段;配筋率对CFRP筋/ECC梁的受弯性能影响较大。随着配筋率的增加,CFRP筋/ECC梁的承载能力不断提高,延性性能逐渐减弱;ECC材料优异的应变硬化能力和受压延性,使得CFRP筋/ECC梁的极限承载能力和变形能力均优于CFRP筋混凝土梁;由于ECC材料多裂缝开裂能力,CFRP筋/ECC梁开裂后,纵筋表面应变分布比CFRP筋混凝土梁更均匀; 由于聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维的桥联作用,CFRP筋/ECC梁破坏时,其表面出现了大量的细密裂缝,且能保持较好的完整性和自复位能力;正常使用阶段,CFRP筋/ECC梁的最大弯曲裂缝宽度均小于CFRP筋混凝土梁。最后,根据试验结果,建立了基于等效应力图的CFRP筋/ECC梁弯曲承载力简化计算模型,确定模型中的相关系数。由简化模型计算的极限承载力与试验结果具有较好的相关性。      

内置角钢改进夹心节点抗震性能研究与抗剪承载力计算

梁柱采用不同强度混凝土的节点核心区通常采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑（传统节点）,而采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑（夹心节点）可简化施工过程,但同时降低了节点的抗震性能。为研究内置角钢改进夹心节点的可行性,通过一个空间夹心节点和一个内置角钢空间夹心节点试件进行双向等幅低周往复试验研究,对比分析了破坏模式、延性、耗能、刚度、应变和抗剪承载力等方面的差异。结果表明:采取改进和不采取改进措施节点破坏模式均以梁端屈服后的节点破坏为主,但采取改进措施的试件延性和抗剪承载力明显提高,耗能能力、刚度退化和变形能力有一定改善,表明改进措施改善了节点的抗震性能。最后在此基础上,给出了与该文和其他文献试验结果吻合较好的采取或者不采取改进措施夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

型钢UHTCC短柱的抗震性能研究

将具有良好控裂耗能能力和抗剥落性能的水泥基材料UHTCC应用于型钢混凝土SRC短柱,制作并完成了7个型钢-UHTCC(SUHTCC)短柱和1个SRC对比短柱的拟静力试验。试验主要变量为：配箍率、轴压比和翼缘栓钉布置。结果表明：UHTCC的使用可有效避免SRC短柱粘结裂缝的滋生,减缓剪切主裂缝的扩展,能够将SRC短柱的脆性剪切粘结混合破坏模式转变为延性较好的剪切破坏模式,大幅提升短柱的震后完整性;对SUHTCC短柱,增大配箍率对承载力几乎没有影响,但需确保箍筋最大间距以延缓粘结破坏,高配箍率的试件能显示出较好的峰后滞回曲线,具有较高的极限变形和耗能;轴压比对抗震破坏形态和力学性能影响较小,高轴压比下依然拥有较高的大变形能力和良好的抗震耗能;与型钢翼缘没有布置栓钉的SUHTCC试件相比,布置栓钉的SUHTCC短柱表现出更为饱满的峰前抗震滞回曲线,对峰前行为的影响较为显著,但峰后破坏加快导致延性降低。最后采用3种不同规范对SUHTCC短柱受剪承载力进行了预测,初步验证了现行JGJ138-2016规范受剪承载力计算公式的适用性,并对SUHTCC短柱的剪切变形进行了定量分析,讨论了各参数对剪切变...     

功能自恢复SMA/ECC墩柱抗震性能试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

墩柱作为主要承重构件,其抗震能力对整个桥梁结构的安全至关重要。为了提高墩柱的变形能力、耗能能力及损伤自修复能力,减小墩柱震后的残余变形和损伤,实现震后不修复或者稍作修复就可恢复正常功能,提出了一种基于形状记忆合金(Shape memory alloy,SMA)和工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composites,ECC)的新型自复位墩柱。利用SMA的超弹恢复性能,在墩柱的塑性铰区用SMA筋来替代普通纵向钢筋,来实现墩柱的自复位功能;利用ECC的应变硬化特性,ECC替代墩柱的塑性铰区普通混凝土,提高墩柱耗能能力并减少损伤。设计制作了5个试验试件,分别为普通钢筋混凝土墩柱、普通钢筋ECC墩柱、钢绞线普通混凝土墩柱、钢绞线ECC墩柱和形状记忆合金筋ECC墩柱,并进行低周反复加载试验,对比分析了不同墩柱的破坏模式、承载力、延性和耗能能力等抗震性能。研究结果表明:SMA材料能够增强结构的变形能力,提高结构的延性,减小结构残余变形;ECC材料能够提高结构延性,减缓裂缝的开展速度,提高结构的耗能能力。与普通钢筋混凝土墩柱相比,SMA/ECC墩柱不仅表现出较好的延性,且构件复位效果良好,显著减小了结构损伤,展现出更好的抗震性能。     

水泥基复合材料加固小偏心受压钢筋混凝土柱承载力

通过对工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)加固钢筋混凝土(RC)柱和未加固RC柱进行小偏心受压试验,研究ECC加固RC柱小偏心受压性能。试验结果表明,ECC加固层能有效约束核心混凝土;与未加固柱相比,加固柱的裂缝细而密,达到峰值荷载时受压区ECC尚未被压碎,破坏过程比较平缓,有较好的完整性,并表现出一定的延性特征;相对偏心距相同时,加固柱的开裂荷载、峰值荷载及延性相比未加固柱分别提高了107%～236%、45%～159%、37.4%～41.3%。依据试验结果,绘制出各加固柱跨中荷载-挠度曲线,可分为4个阶段：弹性阶段、裂缝稳定扩展阶段、最大荷载阶段及下降段。随着加固层厚度的增大,相同荷载下ECC竖向应变及钢筋应变越小;随着相对偏心距的增大,相同荷载下ECC竖向应变及钢筋应变越大。基于混凝土结构理论及力学原理,分析ECC加固层对核心混凝土柱的约束机制,提出ECC约束混凝土抗压强度和峰值应变的表达式,推导出加固柱受压承载力计算公式,承载力计算值与试验值相对误差在10%以内,二者吻合良好,为ECC加固混凝土柱在实际工程中的应用提供理论参考。     

预制ECC管混凝土桥墩拟静力试验研究

该文提出了一种以预制ECC管作为浇筑模板的ECC管混凝土桥墩。为研究该桥墩抗震性能,设计并制作了1个普通钢筋混凝土桥墩试件(RC)和3个预制ECC管混凝土桥墩试件(ECC1~ECC3),其中:试件ECC1为基准试件;试件ECC2在加载过程中减小了轴压比;试件ECC3在塑性铰区预制ECC管内浇筑了ECC。通过拟静力试验得到了上述试件的开裂过程、破坏形态以及水平力-位移滞回曲线等试验结果。通过分析各试件极限承载能力、累计耗能、延性系数、刚度退化以及残余位移等抗震性能指标,对比了预制ECC管混凝土桥墩与普通钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震性能的差别,得到了轴压比和塑性铰区截面形式对预制ECC管混凝土桥墩抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:墩身外侧ECC管有效防止了塑性铰区混凝土剥落后钢筋屈曲,明显改善了桥墩破坏形态,提升了桥墩变形能力,降低了桥墩的损伤程度;与普通钢筋混凝土桥墩相比,预制ECC管混凝土桥墩的滞回曲线更加饱满,累计滞回耗能更大,具有更好的耗能能力,其峰值荷载和延性系数分别比普通钢筋混凝土桥墩的高出了16.66%和42.15%;对于ECC管混凝土桥墩,当轴压比降低后,ECC管壁出现的裂缝数量减少,其耗能和承载力降低,但延性变形能力增强,刚度退化也有所减缓;塑性铰区采用全截面ECC,即在ECC管内浇筑ECC,能提升预制ECC管混凝土桥墩的耗能能力、承载能力和延性变形能力,但裂缝的发展和分布几乎没影响。     

局部采用纤维增强混凝土梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为了提高梁柱节点受剪承载力、变形能力及耗能能力,同时避免节点钢筋拥挤而导致的施工困难,采用纤维增强混凝土(FRC)代替普通混凝土作为节点核心区基体材料,考虑轴压比和节点核心区配箍率的影响,进行了7个FRC梁柱节点和1个钢筋混凝土(RC)梁柱节点对比试件的拟静力试验,分析其破坏形态、承载力、变形能力、耗能能力、节点核心区剪应力-剪应变曲线和梁端塑性铰区弯矩-转角曲线。结果表明,在节点核心区主斜裂缝出现前,试件已具有很高的受剪承载力和变形能力;当轴压比试验值为0.07~0.28时,随着轴压比增大,FRC试件的受剪承载力、侧向变形能力、耗能能力及节点核心区的剪切强度和剪切变形能力增加;增加节点核心区配箍率,承载力退化有所减缓;FRC试件梁端塑性铰转动能力有较大提高。     

高韧性纤维混凝土单轴受压性能及尺寸效应

高韧性纤维混凝土(ECC)具有优异的韧性、卓越的耗散能力及裂缝无害化分布的特点,能够明显改善结构的抗震性能与耐久性。通过对三种不同高厚比的立方体与棱柱体共60个试件进行单轴受压试验,探究高韧性纤维混凝土的受压性能、变形机制及尺寸效应对试件力学性能的影响,测得了不同高厚比试件受压的应力-应变全曲线。结果表明:高韧性纤维混凝土在裂缝发展及破坏模式上与普通混凝土存在明显的区别,由于纤维的桥接作用,在加载过程中材料表现出较强的压缩韧性,试件破坏以后仍保持相对完整,极限压应变约为普通混凝土的10倍;当高厚比大于1时,材料抗压强度对尺寸的敏感性降低;峰值应变与抗压韧性系数随着高厚比的增加逐步减少。结合电镜扫描结果,对高韧性纤维混凝土中纤维的分布、桥接情况及纤维增韧增强机制进行了分析与讨论。     

高强箍筋高强混凝土梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为研究高混凝土梁柱节点的抗震性能,进行了4个高强箍筋混凝土节点和1个普通箍筋混凝土节点的低周往复荷载加载试验,研究了高强混凝土节点的破坏形态、滞回特性、耗能能力、受剪性能及箍筋的应力水平,分析了箍筋强度、体积配箍率和箍筋形式对节点承载力、延性、耗能和剪切变形的影响。结果表明:高强箍筋节点的破坏过程与普通箍筋节点类似;提高箍筋屈服强度对节点的承载力提高效果有限,但可有效提高位移延性和耗能能力,同时限制了节点核心区的剪切变形;试件达到极限位移时,普通箍筋试件箍筋已屈服,复合高强箍筋试件箍筋强度发挥比较充分,表现出较好的抗震性能。     

低周反复荷载下型钢再生混凝土短柱抗震性能试验研究

通过8个不同再生粗骨料取代率、轴压比、体积配箍率下的型钢再生混凝土短柱的低周反复加载试验,观察其受力过程及破坏形态,分析了不同设计参数对短柱的荷载-位移滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载能力、刚度退化、延性及耗能等力学性能的影响。试验结果表明:型钢再生混凝土短柱的主要破坏形态为剪切斜压破坏;试件荷载-位移滞回曲线基本呈梭形;试件达到峰值荷载后,承载力下降较快、变形小、延性较差;再生粗骨料取代率对试件承载力影响不大,延性耗能随着取代率增大而有所减低;随着轴压比的增大,试件承载力提高但延性耗能降低幅度大;随体积配箍率的增大,试件承载力及延性耗能均相应增大。除轴压比较小的短柱外,其余型钢再生混凝土短柱的延性系数均小于3,表明短柱抗震性能较差。因此,在实际工程中应采取相应的措施以改善短柱抗震性能。     

Flexural performance of layered ECC-concrete composite beam

The pseudo strain-hardening behavior of fiber reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is a desirable characteristic for it to act as a substitute for concrete to suppress brittle failure. The use of ECC in the industry is, however, limited by its high cost. To achieve higher cost/performance ratio, ECC can be strategically applied in parts of a structure that is under relatively high stress. In this paper, layered ECC-concrete beams subjected to flexural load are investigated from both theoretical and experimental aspects. Four-point bending tests are performed on beam members with ECC layer at its tensile side. The application of ECC layer leads to increase in both the flexural strength and ductility, and the degree of improvement is found to increase with the ECC thickness. A semi-analytical approach for modeling the flexure behavior of layered ECC-concrete beams is also developed. In the model, the stress–crack width relation of both concrete and ECC are employed as fundamental constitutive relationships. The model and experimental results are found to be in good agreement with one another. Simulation with the model shows that when the ECC thickness goes beyond a certain critical value, both the flexural strength and ductility (reflected by crack mouth opening and crack length at ultimate load) will significantly increase. The critical ECC thickness is hence an important design parameter, and it can be determined with the theoretical approach developed in the present work.     

Strengthening of non-seismically detailed reinforced concrete beam–column joints using SIFCON blocks

This article aims to propose a novel seismic strengthening technique for non-seismically detailed beam–column joints of existing reinforced concrete buildings, typical of the pre-1975 construction practice in Turkey. The technique is based on mounting pre-fabricated SIFCON composite corner and plate blocks on joints with anchorage rods. For the experimental part three 2/3 scale exterior beam–column joint specimens were tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. One of them was a control specimen with non-seismic details, and the remaining two with the same design properties were strengthened with composite blocks with different thickness and anchorage details. Results showed that the control specimen showed brittle shear failure at low drift levels, whereas in the strengthened specimens, plastic hinge formation moved away from column face allowing specimens to fail in flexure. The proposed technique greatly improved lateral strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, and ductility.     

双向荷载作用下空间夹心节点受力性能试验研究

节点核心区采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑的夹心节点和采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑的传统节点相比,施工简单且易保证质量,但是我国规范对其规定过于简单,没有明确的验算方法。通过三组不同混凝土强度等级差的空间夹心节点和传统节点对比试件的双向低周往复性能试验研究,对比分析了二者破坏形式、延性、耗能、变形和承载力等方面的差异,结果表明:中低剪压比夹心节点的整体抗震性能稍弱于传统节点,但相差不明显;中低轴压比、剪压比条件下,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比小于1.5时,节点区可直接采用与梁相同强度等级的混凝土浇筑,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比大于1.5时,其破坏形式可转变为节点核心区剪切破坏,需采取相应的加强措施。最后在此基础上,给出了与试验结果吻合较好的夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

Cyclic responses of reinforced concrete composite columns strengthened in the plastic hinge region by HPFRC mortar

The brittleness of concrete raises several concerns due to the lack of strength and ductility in the plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete columns. In this study, in order to improve the seismic strength and performance of reinforced concrete columns, a new method of seismic strengthened reinforced concrete composite columns was attempted by applying High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious composites (HPFRCs) instead of concrete locally in the plastic hinge region of the column. HPFRC has high-ductile tensile strains about 2–5% with sustaining the tensile stress after cracking and develops multiple micro-cracking behaviors. A series of column tests under cyclic lateral load combined with a constant axial load was carried out. Three specimens of reinforced concrete composite cantilever columns by applying the HPFRC instead of concrete locally in the column plastic hinge zone and one of a conventional reinforced concrete column were designed and manufactured. From the experiments, it was known that the developed HPFRC applied reinforced concrete columns not only improved cyclic lateral load and deformation capacities but also minimized bending and shear cracks in the flexural critical region of the reinforced concrete columns.     

钢骨混凝土异形柱-钢梁节点抗震性能试验研究

为了研究钢骨混凝土异形柱-钢梁节点的抗震性能,进行了4个T形钢骨混凝土柱-钢梁节点和4个L形钢骨混凝土柱-钢梁节点的拟静力试验。试验考虑了混凝土强度等级、核心区配箍率和轴压比等参数的影响,对骨架曲线、承载力、核心区剪切变形、延性和耗能能力等抗震性能指标进行了分析。结果表明,在低周往复荷载作用下,钢骨混凝土异形柱-钢梁框架节点滞回曲线饱满,表现出良好的延性性能和耗能能力,典型破坏形态为节点核心区剪切斜压破坏和节点区焊缝失效破坏;高轴压力下节点具有较高的承载能力但延性性能降低;混凝土强度越高,节点承载能力越大,但延性性能越差;增大核心区配箍率对试件的延性和承载力有明显的提高,并能改善试件屈服后的耗能能力。     

配钢率对型钢混凝土异形柱抗震性能的影响分析

设计了16个型钢混凝土异形柱试件，包括L形柱、沿腹板加载的T形柱、沿翼缘加载的T形柱和十形柱各4个，采用试验研究和有限元模拟相结合的方法分析配钢率对试件抗震性能的影响，得到了试件的破坏形态及滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载力、延性、刚度、耗能能力等性能指标。结果表明:剪跨比为2.5的试件在低周反复荷载作用下发生弯曲破坏，配钢率对试件破坏形态的影响较小，但配钢率增大能够抑制混凝土裂缝的开展，延缓试件的破坏；试件的滞回曲线饱满、对称，延性好，耗能能力强，刚度退化先快后慢；随着配钢率增大，试件的滞回环面积越来越大，承载力显著提高，延性明显改善，刚度退化变缓，但耗能能力变化较小。     

Use of FRP for RC Frames in Seismic Zones: Part II. Performance of Steel-Free GFRP-Reinforced Beam-Column Joints

The use of FRP as reinforcement in concrete structures has been growing rapidly due to its advantages over conventional steel reinforcement (e.g., corrosion resistance, light weight, magnetic neutrality). A potential application of FRP reinforcement is in structural concrete frames. However, current seismic design standards and detailing criteria for beam-column joints were established for steel reinforcement and may be unsuitable for FRP reinforcement due to its different mechanical properties. During recent earthquakes, many structural collapses were initiated or caused by beam-column joint failures. Since there are no detailed specifications for the application of FRP reinforcement in seismic zones, research is needed to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of FRP-reinforced concrete under seismic loading. In this study, two full-scale beam-column joint specimens reinforced with steel and GFRP, respectively, were tested in order to investigate their performance in the event of an earthquake. The control steel-reinforced specimen is detailed according to the Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-94) recommendations. The GFRP-reinforced specimen is detailed in a similar scheme but using a GFRP grid. The behaviour of the two specimens under reversed cyclic loading, their load-storey drift envelope relationship and energy dissipation ability were compared. The GFRP-reinforced specimen showed a predominantly elastic behaviour up to failure. While its energy dissipation was low, its performance was acceptable in terms of total storey drift demand.