《声学技术》2003年总目录

论文与报告·色散介质中积累二次谐波的发生邓明晰 (0 3.1.1)……………………………………………………………水中目标强度的一致性时域有限差分计算冯玉田 ,王荣庆 ,王朔中 (0 3.1.4 )………………………………一种采用两个相干累加器提高自适应谱线增强器性能的方法王　彦 ,马章勇 ,黄建人 (0 3.1.8)…………HIFU聚焦探头声场功率测量的凹锥面反射靶设计分析　　　　　…………………………………………　　霍彦明 ,吴　敏 ,宋文章 ,叶兆雄 ,王智彪 (0 3.1.11)………………………………………………………用超声脉冲反射谱评价圆管厚度…     

航空钛合金板胶接表面粗糙度的超声测量

采用一种新的超声频谱法快速测量航空钛合金板经喷砂预处理后的胶接表面粗糙度,并引入表面面积均方根粗糙度系数ST来表征材料表面三维微观形貌.以航空Ti-6Al-4V钛合金胶接板为测量试样,超声换能器接收测试试样表面的反射回波,并计算得到AR参数谱.以反射脉冲AR参数谱和声波镜面反射理论为基础,建立了有关脉冲波声反射系数和表面均方根粗糙度系数ST的数学模型.利用表面粗糙度系数理论模型.数值计算反射回波的理论频谱曲线,并与实测反射回波AR谱进行拟合.利用最小值搜索算法,处于最佳拟合时的表面粗糙度系数ST即为试样胶接表面的测量结果.实验表明,超声反射频谱法测量结果与轮廓仪测量结果符合得很好,该测量方法在材料或零部件表面粗糙度在线测量中具有广泛的应用前景.     

航空钛合金板胶接表面粗糙度的超声测量

采用一种新的超声频谱法快速测量航空钛合金板经喷砂预处理后的胶接表面粗糙度,并引入表面面积均方根粗糙度系数Sr来表征材料表面三维微观形貌．以航空Ti-6Al—4V钛合金胶接板为测量试样,超声换能器接收测试试样表面的反射回波,并计算得到AR参数谱．以反射脉冲AR参数谱和声波镜面反射理论为基础,建立了有关脉冲波声反射系数和表面均方根粗糙度系数Sr的数学模型．利用表面粗糙度系数理论模型．数值计算反射回波的理论频谱曲线,并与实测反射回波AR谱进行拟合．利用最小值搜索算法,处于最佳拟合时的表面粗糙度系数Sr即为试样胶接表面的测量结果．实验表明,超声反射频谱法测量结果与轮廓仪测量结果符合得很好,该测量方法在材料或零部件表面粗糙度在线测量中具有广泛的应用前景．     

超薄弹性层超声反射波频域测厚法

为了克服超声体积波测量方法只适用于测试厚度大于声波波长的弹性层的缺点,提出了频域相对传递函数法测量超薄弹性层的厚度的新方法.在推导超薄弹性层相对反射传递函数的基础上,用相对反射传递函数幅度谱、相位谱和复谱定征超薄弹性的厚度,分析了影响估计准确性的各种因素,研究了相对反射传递函数对厚度的灵敏度函数在误差传递中的意义.实验结果表明:相对传递函数法能够测量厚度为波长百分之一的铝薄层的厚度,相对误差小于2.5%,其中用幅度谱定征得到的结果最准确.这表明相对传递函数法可以有效地测量超薄弹性层的厚度,在实际应用中更加实用,其定征的准确性主要由相对传递函数对厚度灵敏度函数和测量误差共同决定.     

超声波法测试固体火箭发动机燃速

为测量固体火箭发动机燃烧过程中推进剂燃速变化情况,组建可用于固体发动机地面试验特殊环境的超声波测量平台,应用超声波连续脉冲反射法测量,获得发动机不同界面的超声回波波形数据。通过设置区域增益并观察分析实验数据,从复杂的回波数据中提取出推进剂的厚度变化量,通过计算得到不同时刻推进剂的燃速。回波图可以清晰反映出推进剂端面的燃烧退移过程,进而可获得推进剂的燃烧规律。利用超声波法实现固体火箭发动机地面试验条件下推进剂燃速测量,测得实时连续的发动机燃速,可为固体火箭发动机结构设计及装药设计提供重要参数。     

HIFU聚焦探头声场功率测量的凹锥面反射靶设计分析

在HIFU聚焦探头声功率测量中,常用吸收靶来进行声功率测量。锥面反射靶是辐射压力法测量大功率超声功率常用的反射靶面,本文分析了凹锥面反射靶的设计参数与HIFU聚焦探头参数之间的关系。为这种靶面参数设计提供了理论依据。本文分析中未计及靶材及厚度对测量结果的影响。     

圆管超声换能器响应的激光超声检测

文章着重叙述一种用激光超声检测圆管超声换能器响应的方法。为激励和接收轴对称声场，采用压电圆管作为压电换能元件，并分别用环氧、环氧加钨粉为背衬，制作了两种压电圆管换能器。由激光超声方法和自发自收脉冲反射法实验测定了所制作的换能器的频率响应，并比较了频谱分析结果。实验结果不仅在一定程度上说明了两种背衬的效果，同时也表明激光超声检测换能器响应的可行性。     

不同激励波形的超声衰减法颗粒粒度测量

设计并搭建基于猝发波和脉冲超声波的颗粒粒度表征实验系统,利用一对超声探头构成透射测量模式,采用变声程法,对4种不同浓度碳化硅悬浊液的声衰减谱进行测量,并分析不同激励方式在颗粒粒度表征中的特点。结果表明,2种激励方式的声衰减谱趋势相同,但脉冲波衰减较猝发波衰减要小;采用归一化谱的反演算法求解,得出碳化硅微粉颗粒的粒度分布,发现不同激励方式下的颗粒粒度分布吻合程度较好。     

超声探伤用探头回波频率测试方法

超声探伤用探头回波频率的准确度是影响超声探伤仪性能的一个重要因素。针对超声探伤用探头的回波频率,本文提出了一种脉冲反射频谱分析测试方法。     

复合构件粘合质量超声多次脉冲反射检测方法

本文介绍了复合构件粘合质量的超声多次脉冲反射检测方法,该方法可以无损地检测出复合构件内部的脱粘或灌胶不到位等缺陷。所能检测的最小缺陷是:面积大小为探头直径的1/2、间隙厚度的量级为10~(-2)mm。在实际检测中所术用设备为CIS-36型全数字式超声波探伤仪和Φ10mm的2.5MHz直探头。     

Modified Ultrasonic Technique to Study Gd-Doped ZnO Films

Normal ultrasonic transducers of 0.5, 1, and 2 MHz are modified using delay lines which are made of Quartz. Such modification is to ameliorate the capability of the transducer to investigate Gd-doped ZnO thin films whose thickness is too thin. The normal transducers cannot test materials that have too thin thickness due to the near fields of these transducers. The near field is considered as blind area of the transducer. Therefore, the specimen under test must have thickness bigger than the near field of the used transducer, or instead delay lines can be used. Samples of Gd-doped ZnO thin films are prepared using sol gel technique. The ultrasonic pulse echo method is used at room temperature. Flaws are found in different prepared specimens. Results show that such delay lines are suitable to ameliorate the ultrasonic transducer to test Gd-doped ZnO thin films.     

脉冲波声场的数值计算与测试研究

针对超声检测中影响缺陷定量准确性的声场问题进行了深入讨论,研究了脉冲波声场的计算方法,设计了相应的计算软件并绘制出实用换能器声轴线上的声压分布曲线,分析了不同材料和厚度的采样回波对频谱的影响,比较了连续波声场和脉冲波声场的分布特性及异同点。对脉冲波声场的测试结果表明,数值计算和实测结果有较好的一致性。本研究结果为提高超声检测中缺陷定量的准确性和科学性提供了依据。     

A Methodology Based on Pulse-Velocity Measurements to Quantify the Chemical Degradation Levels in Thin Mortar Specimens

In this research, ultrasonic pulse echo measurements are used to quantify through thickness chemical degradation in thin mortar specimens. The degradation level is predicted using the time of travel of the acoustic wave through the thickness of the structure. The front and back wall interaction reflections are used to obtain additional information from very early stage degradation. The pulse-velocity of sound waves as a function of the thickness of the layers within the structure is described. With knowledge of the pulse-velocity in pristine and fully degraded conditions, it is possible to determine the complete range of degradation length over the layer thickness. The method is applicable for leaching of calcium and acidic attack. The acoustic measurements were verified with destructive testing. The correlation between the acoustic and non-acoustic experiments agree with the described pulse-velocity and degraded depth function. The method based on ultrasonic measurements can be implemented in other thin-layered structures.     

The experimental investigation of a pulse tube refrigerator with a ‘L’ type pulse tube and two orifice valves

In order to simplify the structure of the cold end of the pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) and have a better utilization of the cold energy of the system, a single stage four-valve pulse tube refrigerator (FVPTR) with a ‘L’ type pulse tube structure and two orifice valves at the hot end of pulse tube has been constructed. Verification experiments show that a two-orifice valve structure gives different adjustments to the gas flow rate of the hot end of the pulse tube than that of the one-orifice valve structure, a lowest temperature of 72 K was obtained at a frequency of 2.5 Hz under a system average pressure of 1.6 MPa with 200 mesh bronze screens as regenerator material, 20 mesh copper screens as stuffing material of heat exchanger. Due to the difficulty in manufacturing the thin ‘L’ type pulse tube, the wall thickness of the pulse tube in the experiment is relatively bigger than that of the ordinary pulse tube, which resulted in relatively big system loss and affected the minimum temperature of the system to a certain degree.     

Guided acoustic wave propagation for porcelain coatingcharacterization

In this paper a measurement technique to obtain dispersion curves for guided acoustic modes in porcelain-coated steel is described. The measurement is performed with two angled ultrasonic longitudinal transducers in a pitch catch configuration by employing an immersion technique. Phase velocities for the guided modes are selected through the variation of the angle formed by the transmitter beam with the surface normal vector. The excitation signal of the transmitting transducer is a narrow band pulse. For each phase velocity, the guided mode frequencies are recovered by evaluating the frequency minima of the reflection coefficient     

An Acoustic Converter Used to Measure Ionizing Radiation Energy Loss

A monitor is proposed based on ultrasonic production when ionizing radiation passes through a medium. The recording element is a 0.2 mm aluminum plate mounted in a ceramic acoustic converter AC in the form of a wedge of thickness 2 mm. The low plate thickness minimizes the beam parameter distortion, while special technology used in the AC provides high sensitivity. The device has been calibrated in the proton beam from the ITEP accelerator at 200 MeV with 2·10⁹–6·10¹⁰ particles in a pulse and a pulse length of 70 nsec.     

Finite Element Evaluation of Acoustic Energy Penetration of Partially Submerged Tube Bundles

In this paper, the finite element software ANSYS is used to model ultrasonic waves propagating through a liquid volume containing partially submerged tubes. An immersible transducer is used to generate the waves. The goal of the investigation is to find an appropriate excitation frequency in order to perform ultrasonic cleaning of the tubes. Modal analysis of the coupled tubes–liquid system is conducted to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the tube structures under ultrasonic wave excitations. The frequency at which the acoustic waves efficiently penetrate the tube array with least energy loss and least deformation to tube structures is obtained, and will be used to probe the capability and the potential of utilizing ultrasonic energy as a non-destructive technique for cleaning tube bundles.     

B-801辅助锅炉过热器炉管运行安全性分析

为了掌握超期服役的B-801辅助锅炉的运行情况，对锅炉二级过热器炉管进行了宏观检查、管径测量与蠕胀分析、超声波测厚、硬度测定、金相检验和强度校核，对其安全性进行了综合分析。分析结果表明，B-801辅助锅炉的二级过热器上部和下部炉管金相组织都未发生石墨化和出现晶界蠕变裂纹；管径胀粗率都在3．5％以下，符合“在用锅炉定期检验规则”的相关规定；其剩余壁厚符合强度要求。综合分析结论认为，锅炉过热器炉管仍能安全运行。     

Adaptive ultrasonic measurement of blood vessel diameter and wall thickness: theory and experimental results

An adaptive ultrasonic technique for measuring blood vessel diameter and wall thickness is presented. This technique allows one to use a target-specific transmitted waveform/receiver filter to obtain a larger signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the received signal than conventional techniques. Generally, SNR of a received wave increases as the intensity of the transmit wave increases; however, because of the FDA limitations placed on the amount of transmit energy, it is important to be able to make the most efficient use of the energy that is available to obtain the best possible SNR in the received signal. Adaptive ultrasonic measurement makes the most efficient use of the energy that is available by placing the maximum amount of energy in the largest target scattering mode. This results in more energy backscatter from a given target, which leads to a higher SNR in the received waveform. Computer simulations of adaptive ultrasonic measurement of blood vessel diameter show that for a SNR of 0 dB in the transmitted waveform, the standard deviation of the diameter measurements for a custom-designed transmitted waveform is about two orders of magnitude less than the standard deviation of the diameter measurements using more conventional waveforms. Diameter and wall thickness measurement experiments were performed on a latex tube and a bovine blood vessel using both custom-made and conventionally used transmitted waveforms. Results show that the adaptively designed waveform gives a smaller uncertainty in the measurements. The adaptive ultrasonic blood vessel diameter and wall thickness measuring technique has potential applications in examining vessels which are either too deep inside the body or too small for conventional techniques to be used, because of the low SNR in the received signal.     

小截面方管结构CFRP复合材料的超声检测方法

新型飞行器已采用小截面碳纤维增强树脂基(Carbon Fiber Reinforce Polymer, CFRP)复合材料方管结构。针对该类复合材料方管的材料组成和结构特点,分析和对比了常用的超声穿透法、超声反射法和整体超声穿透法对复合材料方管内部质量检测的适用性,提出了超声对面内壁反射法。采用超声对面内壁反射法对试块中的人工缺陷和实际产品进行检测。结果表明,采用该检测方法能够全部检出试样中的10 mm×10 mm的人工分层缺陷,且可有效地检测实际产品的分层和孔洞缺陷。