智能天线系统中阵元间互耦的影响及盲校正方法

针对天线阵单元间互耦会导致智能天线性能下降这一问题,提出了一种盲校正方法.该方法基于均匀圆阵(UCA)互耦矩阵的特殊结构形式,利用子空间原理和拉格朗日乘子法,不需要任何辅助信号源就能同时完成阵列误差的校正和波达方向(DOA)的估计.在进行计算机仿真时,还提出了以空间响应相关系数(SRCC)为准则来详细地分析互耦对阵列性能的影响,并通过一些典型的例子证明了所提出的盲校正方法的可行性.     

一种基于累积量的ESPRIT型盲波束形成算法

讨论一种用于非高斯信号源方位估计的盲波束形成算法。假设背景噪声是二阶统计未知的有色(空间相关)高斯噪声,基于“阵元对”模型的ESPRIT方位估计算法可以通过用累积量矩阵取代自相关矩阵完成信号空间的重建。经过这种处理,加性有色高斯噪声可被滤除,因此算法不需要相关噪声矩阵的知识。当加性噪声源是空间相关矩阵未知的有色高斯噪声时,计算机仿真比较了基于累积量的ESPRIT算法与基于二阶统计的ESPRIT算法的性能。     

二维均匀天线阵列空间方向分辨率的研究

利用理论分析和计算机仿真相结合的方法．对三种常用的二维均匀天线阵列（方阵、圆阵、L阵）的空间方向特性进行了深入的理论和仿真实验研究．推导出了三种二维阵列结构的空间方向分辨率的工程近似计算公式,并得到了它们之间的关系;分析了阵元间的互耦对空间方向分辨率的影响,得出了互耦对空间方向分辨率没有影响或影响很小的结论．并对该结论进行了解释;对由工程近似计算得到的空间方向分辨率和计算机仿真得到的实际的空间方向分辨率进行了比较．指出了工程近似计算公式的局限性．     

一种频分MIMO声呐的波达方向估计算法

为了使声呐阵列在有限的载体空间内获得较高的角度分辨率,设计了基于频率分集的多输入多输出（MultipleInput Multiple-Output,MIMO）声呐。该MIMO声呐采用N发M收的布阵方式,接收阵为M元均匀线阵,发射阵由N个阵元组成,且各发射阵元发射中心频率不同、包络相同的窄带信号。建立密集式频分MIMO声呐的回波模型,并以此模型为基础提出了波达方向估计算法方向-相位域多重信号分类（Direction and Phase Domain-Multiple Signal Classification,DPD-MUSIC）算法。仿真实验中以双频MIMO声呐为例,将频分MIMO声呐的DPD-MUSIC算法的估计性能与单输入多输出（Single-Input Multiple-Output,SIMO）声呐MUSIC算法的估计性能进行了对比。仿真结果表明,频分MIMO声呐利用DPD-MUSIC算法可以获得优于等接收阵元数SIMO声呐的角度分辨率和角度估计精度。     

一种波束域主模式抑制算法

针对阵元域主模式抑制（Dominant Mode Rejection，DMR）算法在阵元数增加时运算量急剧增大和阵元间隔失配时其稳健性降低这两个问题，提出了一种波束域DMR（Beam-space Dominant Mode Rejection，BDMR）算法。该算法把DMR算法从阵元域空间转换到波束域空间，实现降维运算，在保留原算法性能的同时，具有更快的运算速度和更好的稳健性。通过仿真试验，验证了该算法的有效性。     

线性阵列天线的阵元排布及仿真测试

线性阵列是智能天线的一种阵元排布方式，它在第三代移动通信中有着特殊的应用。在相同阵元个数的情况下，采用Matlab软件对均匀线阵、约束最小冗余线阵和最优哥伦布线阵的角度分辨能力和主瓣宽度进行仿真比较。仿真结果表明，最优哥伦布线阵可以获得更佳的角度分辨能力和更窄的主瓣宽度，但是会引起方向图旁瓣电平的升高。     

盲波束形成算法仿真及水下试验

盲波束形成技术是针对通信信号的统计性质和确定性性质所构成的一类新的波束形成技术.文中首先对高阶累积量法、基于累积量和特征空间的方法以及最陡下降恒模算法这三种盲波束形成算法进行了详细阐述,然后运用这些算法对单信号源均匀线阵、双信号源均匀线阵、单信号源随机扰动阵和双信号源随机扰动阵四种情况进行仿真.结果表明,三种算法可以进行有效的波束形成,基于累积量和特征空间的方法具有最高的输出信噪比.此外,还通过处理实际水下试验数据验证了这三种算法在实际应用中的有效性.     

任意阵列几种高分辨DOA估计算法的性能比较

许多优秀的高分辨算法只能用于均匀线列阵。在不规则阵列条件下，本文通过扇区内插法把实际阵列等效为虚拟的均匀线列阵，使高分辨阵处理算法能应用于任意阵列。以共形阵为例比较分析了改进的MFBLP、MFBLP、MUSIC、SSM和MSSM在少快拍时的方位估计性能，仿真结果表明这种等效虚拟的方法是可行的且改进的MFBLP在非相干与相干两种信号源情况下的估计性能都优于其它几种高分辨算法。因此，用等效虚拟的方法来实现改进的MFBLP对那些阵列不是均匀线列阵且实时性要求较高的阵处理是可行的。     

基于辐射阻分析的水声换能器基阵优化设计

针对互辐射阻对基阵的辐射功率的影响,计算了圆面活塞水声换能器及其基阵的辐射阻抗;分析了二元阵的互辐射阻特性,当阵元半径小于λ/2时,阵元间互辐射影响较强且呈现一定的规律性,当阵元半径大于λ/2时,阵元间互辐阻影响非常小,因此试图通过改善互辐射阻来提高辐射功率,阵元的半径应小于λ/2;在分析了二元阵、均匀线列阵和N×N均匀平面阵的互辐射阻特性基础上,对阵元半径小于λ/2的基阵布阵方式进行了优化设计,使其能获得较大的辐射功率。研究结果表明：阵元半径小于0.22λ时,密排方式最佳;阵元半径0.22λ〈a〈λ/2时,阵元间距为5λ/4布阵方式最佳。     

基于样本协方差矩阵谱分离特性的波达方向估计方法

小快拍条件下利用样本协方差矩阵代替统计协方差矩阵会带来较大误差,导致传统DOA估计算法不能准确估计目标方位。通过分析发现在不同阵元数与快拍数之比情况下,不管相干源还是独立源,样本协方差矩阵都具有明显的谱分离特性,在此基础上提出了采用小快拍的主特征空间目标波达方向估计方法,该方法利用导向向量与噪声子空间正交,且与信号子空间平行的特性,使用导向向量与主特征空间相乘再取反余弦构造出目标DOA估计幅度。仿真与水池实验中阵元数与样本数之比为1时依然可以准确将多个目标分辨出;海试数据验证中,阵元数与样本数之比也同样为1时,两个相邻目标可以正确分辨,而MUSIC算法则有伪目标出现。     

On the sensitivity of the ESPRIT algorithm to non-identical subarrays

ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) is a recently introduced algorithm for narrowband direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. Its principal advantage is that the DOA parameter estimates are obtained directly, without knowledge (and hence storage) of the array manifold and without computation or search of some spectral measure. This advantage is achieved by constraining the sensor array to be composed of two identical, translationally invariant subarrays. In this paper, we analyse the sensitivity of ESPRIT to the assumption that the subarrays are identical. The analysis is applicable to a wide variety of array errors, including non-identical angle-dependent and angle-independent gain and phase perturbations, errors in the locations of the subarray elements, and mutual coupling effects. A representative simulation example will be presented to validate the analysis and compare the performance degradation of ESPRIT with that of the MUSIC algorithm.     

Direction of arrival estimation for uniform circular array based on fourth-order cumulants in the presence of unknown mutual coupling

A direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm in the presence of an unknown mutual coupling is presented for a uniform circular array. This algorithm is based on the fourth-order cumulants, and the DOA of signal sources can be accurately estimated without the need of any calibration source since the coupling is blindly compensated by the inherent mechanism of the proposed method. Because of the use of higher-order statistics, the number of sources that can be coped with may be larger than the number of sensors in the array, and the algorithm is insensitive to Gaussian noise. Comparing with existing calibration methods which use iterative approaches, this algorithm is computationally less expensive since it uses only a one-dimensional search. Validation and performance are illustrated by simulations.     

一般阵列误差情况下信号二维方向角和多普勒频率的联合估计

针对平面阵列，推导出基于一般阵列误差模型的信号时空DOA矩阵，采用总体最小二乘法（TLS）估计出多个信号的方位角。俯仰角和多普勒频率，解决了大多数估计算法的性能因阵列误差而严重下降和“频率兼并”问题。此算法对噪声不敏感，不需进行谱峰搜索，仿真结果表明了此算法的有效性。     

Generalized Array Architecture with Multiple Sub-Arrays and Hole-Repair Algorithm for DOA Estimation

Arranging multiple identical sub-arrays in a special way can enhance degrees of freedom (DOFs) and obtain a hole-free difference co-array (DCA). In this paper, by adjusting the interval of adjacent sub-arrays, a kind of generalized array architecture with larger aperture is proposed. Although some holes may exist in the DCA of the proposed array, they are distributed uniformly. Utilizing the partial continuity of the DCA, an extended covariance matrix can be constructed. Singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to obtain an extended signal sub-space, by which the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm for quasi-stationary signals is given. In order to eliminating angle ambiguity caused by the holes of DCA, the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) is used to construct a matrix that includes all angle information. Utilizing this matrix, a secondary extended signal sub-space can be obtained. This signal sub-space is corresponding to a hole-free DCA. Then, dealing with the further extended signal sub-space by multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, the unambiguous DOAs of all incident signals can be estimated. Some simulation results are shown to prove the improved performance of proposed generalized array architecture in DOA estimation and the effectiveness of corresponding hole-repair algorithm in eliminating angle ambiguity.     

分布式传声器阵列的低频宽带信号方位估计

现有的预防道路交通安全事故、治理道路交通噪声污染等问题的解决方案是从视觉维度监控重点区域并通过声音维度确定事件触发类型与位置。为了实现公路异常声源的实时监测,提出了一种基于双尺度旋转不变信号参数估计旋转不变子空间技术(Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques, ESPRIT)的低频宽带声源波达方向(Direction of Arrival, DOA)估计算法,该算法适用于三个矩形子阵呈三角形分布的分布式阵列。算法利用该分布式阵列具有的子阵内相邻阵元间距、相邻子阵间距两种尺度对应的空间平移不变性分别进行方向余弦估计,并利用基于阵型分布的解模糊策略实现高精度方位估计。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性,表明了基于该算法的分布式阵列DOA估计精度优于相同阵元数与阵元间距的单个均匀矩形阵,分析了估计精度与分布基线长度的关系,体现了算法的实际工程应用价值。     

水下小体积阵的二维宽带目标被动定位

传统的宽带聚焦波达方向估计算法需要预估方位信息,不准确的前期预估将使最终估计结果出现较大误差。研究了一种基于无噪相关矩阵的二维宽带聚焦算法,利用各频点的频域无噪相关矩阵构造聚焦矩阵,不需要进行前期预估,避免了前期预估对最终估计结果的影响,且适用于任意结构阵列。该算法计算复杂度低,分辨率高,估计误差小。当基阵布放的深度已知时,可实现目标定位。基于9元体积阵的目标被动定位,对该算法进行了验证。     

Direction of arrival estimation for uncorrelated and coherent signals with uniform linear array

A novel direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method is proposed with uniform linear array when uncorrelated and coherent signals coexist. The DOAs of uncorrelated signals are first estimated using a new method of modified total least squares estimation of signal parameters via rotation invariance techniques. Afterwards, the contributions of uncorrelated signals are eliminated and a new matrix is constructed based on the spatial difference matrix. Then, the coherent signals can be resolved by performing the forward spatial smoothing scheme on the new matrix. The proposed method can resolve more signals than the array elements with good performance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.     

Diagnostic of phased arrays with faulty elements using the mutual coupling method

The ability to calibrate phased array antennas by utilising the mutual coupling method (MCM), which takes advantage of the mutual coupling effect between adjacent elements, is addressed. The basic assumption of the method is that the mutual coupling between adjacent elements is equal for all elements in the array and its major deficiency is its failure in the case of faulty elements. A parametric study to identify the effect of faulty elements in the array has been conducted. It has been shown that displacement of one element in the array may cause a significant error in the calibration, which affects its radiation characteristics (increase in the far side lobe level). The main contribution is the presentation of the effect of faulty elements in the calibration process and the proposal of a way to detect and bypass the faulty elements in a phased array calibrated by the MCM.