翅片管式CO2气体冷却器模拟与优化

为了研究CO2在翅片管式气体冷却器内的流动特性,建立了稳态分布参数模型,并进行了实验验证。结果表明:CO2侧换热系数受入口压力和质量流量的影响较大,但入口温度对其影响很小。换热量随着入口压力的变化有一个最大值;且随着流量的增大,最大换热量所对应的入口压力值逐渐增大。压降和换热量均随入口温度的增加而线性增加。适当增加管程数,采用较小管径的气冷器性能更高。     

CO_2微通道气冷器流量分配和换热特性的数值模拟及验证

本文建立了CO_2微通道气冷器集流管和微通道扁管两部分的物理模型并进行网格划分,模拟研究了扁管插入集流管深度f分别为4、5、6 mm和入口管在集流管1/6、1/2位置处对质量流量分配的影响,实验验证了CO_2微通道气冷器扁管壁面温度分布。结果表明:当f为4 mm、入口管位于集流管1/6处时,质量流量分配最均匀,此时不均匀度为0.4×10~(-3);模拟扁管内CO_2换热特性发现随着CO_2质量流量的增加,扁管换热量增加,流量由2.3 kg/h增至2.5 kg/h,换热量提高了21.4%;当质量流量一定时,CO_2的出口温度随着CO_2入口温度的升高而升高,在不同CO_2入口温度条件下,微通道扁管壁面温度实验值与模拟值误差在10%以内,验证了模拟的准确性。     

R417A热泵热水器性能及螺旋套管冷凝器换热研究

本文以R417A为工质,在冷凝器不同进水温度、不同进水体积流量时,测试了空气源热泵热水器的运行性能及螺旋套管冷凝器的换热特性,为制冷空调及热泵系统的工质替代提供参考。实验工况为:冷凝器入口水温20～55℃,冷凝器进水体积流量为0.6～1.0 m~3/h,环境温度分别为15、29℃。结果表明:冷凝器进水体积流量一定时,随入口水温的升高,冷凝器总换热量、总传热系数减小,压缩机排气压力、输入功率增大,热泵热水器制热量、制热性能系数COP下降。冷凝器入口水温一定时,随进水体积流量的增加,冷凝器总换热量、总传热系数增大,压缩机排气压力、输入功率减小,热泵热水器制热量、COP增大。实验工况范围内,与环境温度为15℃相比,环境温度为29℃时的冷凝器总换热量、总传热系数、排气压力、吸气压力、输入功率、制热量、COP均较高。     

跨临界CO_2气冷器耗散分析

跨临界CO_2系统已成为热泵及空调领域的研究热点,本文以CO_2气冷器为研究对象,管内外两种流体因温差传热与流动阻力引起系统(火积)耗散,通过建立的CO_2气冷器跨临界区二维分布参数模型求解系统(火积)耗散数ΔE*。分析系统(火积)耗散数产生的主要原因及沿程分布,讨论CO_2、水入口状态参数对系统(火积)耗散数的影响。结果表明系统(火积)耗散数主要由温差传热引起,温差越大,系统(火积)耗散数越大。各微元段(火积)耗散数与CO_2温降幅度呈反比关系,在临界点ΔEj*达到最大值。随着CO_2质量流率、压力的增大,系统(火积)耗散数逐渐增大;随着水质量流量的增大,系统(火积)耗散数逐渐减小,减小幅度随着压力的增大而减小。系统(火积)耗散数随着CO_2入口温度的增大而减小,CO_2入口温度越大,减小幅度逐渐降低。水入口温度对系统(火积)耗散数的影响非常小。(火积)     

二氧化碳套管式气体冷却器换热性能的实验研究

总结了不同形式CO2气体冷却器的国内外研究现状,对直管、矩形螺旋和圆形螺旋三种套管式气体冷却器性能进行模拟,提出用单位压降换热量来评价超临界条件下气体冷却器的性能,根据模拟结果设计了一套矩形螺旋套管式气体冷却器,实验研究了气体冷却器的CO2入口压力、进水流量和进水温度对气体冷却器传热系数、换热量、COP以及换热器效能等性能的影响。结果表明：当气体冷却器CO2进口压力为8 MPa,进水流量在1.56 kg/min和进水温度在9 ℃时气体冷却器性能较优,系统COP最大可达2.85。研究结果为CO2热泵热水器中的实际应用提供参考。     

CO2热泵系统气冷器的热力学性能分析

针对CO₂热泵系统螺旋套管式气冷器,基于MATLAB建立了仿真模型,采用单因素分析方法,研究进水温度、CO₂压力和质量流量对气冷器换热量、■耗散、■损失、■效率以及出水温度的影响。经实验验证,在进水温度为24.5～35.0℃、CO₂压力为8.4～10.7 MPa、CO₂质量流量为0.032 6～0.047 6 kg/s工况下,气冷器模型制热量与实验数据相比总体误差在±10%以内。模拟结果表明：相比进水温度和CO₂质量流量,CO₂压力对气冷器性能的影响更为显著,且存在最优压力。在进水温度为20℃、CO₂进口温度为90℃工况下,当CO₂压力为10 MPa时气冷器■效率最高,当CO₂压力为11 MPa时气冷器换热量最大;当进水温度低于20℃时,CO₂压力为10.5 MPa时出水温度最高。     

跨临界CO2气冷器火积耗散分析

跨临界CO2系统已成为热泵及空调领域的研究热点,本文以CO2气冷器为研究对象,管内外两种流体因温差传热与流动阻力引起系统火积耗散,通过建立的CO2气冷器跨临界区二维分布参数模型求解系统火积耗散数 。分析系统火积耗散数产生的主要原因及沿程分布,讨论CO2、水入口状态参数对系统火积耗散数的影响。结果表明系统火积耗散数主要由温差传热引起,温差越大,系统火积耗散数越大。各微元段火积耗散数与CO2温降幅度呈反比关系,在临界点 达到最大值。随着CO2质量流率、压力的增大,系统火积耗散数逐渐增大;随着水质量流量的增大,系统火积耗散数逐渐减小,减小幅度随着压力的增大而减小。系统火积耗散数随着CO2入口温度的增大而减小,CO2入口温度越大,减小幅度逐渐降低。水入口温度对系统火积耗散数的影响非常小。     

电冰箱用微通道冷凝器制冷剂侧传热与压降特性试验研究

建立电冰箱换热器试验台,对具有百叶窗翅片的微通道冷凝器制冷剂侧的传热和压降进行测试。结果表明:随着制冷剂质量流速的增加,冷凝器换热量、换热系数及制冷剂流动压降均增大,在冷凝压力为1.46MPa,制冷剂质量流速从90 kg/(m~2·s)增加到150 kg/(m~2·s)时,换热量、换热系数和压降分别增加63%,116%和166%;随着冷凝压力的升高,换热量增大,换热系数减小,在制冷剂质量流速为150 kg/(m~2·s)时,冷凝压力为1.46 MPa与冷凝压力为1.16 MPa相比,换热量增加12%,换热系数降低39%。     

高温CO_2热泵套管式气冷器的仿真与优化设计

以Petrov换热关联式为基础,建立了CO_2气冷器的数值仿真模型,并根据实验数据对模型进行了修正,并通过联立拟合的压缩机模型,分析了CO_2系统在不同工况下,排气压力、气冷器单管长度和并联管程数对其性能的影响:给定气冷器布局,最优排气压力随供水温度上升而升高;给定工况下,气冷器CO_2出口温度随着排气压力升高而降低,而热水流量和制热量都会增加;不同工况下,当排气压力低于最优压力时,管长的增加对系统COP值增大的影响非常显著;在供水温度低于70℃时,并联管程数的增加使系统的COP值增大,但高于70℃时,并联管程数多的系统COP值反而更低。     

小型CO_2制冷系统用气冷器的仿真研究

用有限单元法建立了气冷器稳态分布参数模型,并通过实验对模型的准确性进行了验证。运用该模型对小型CO_2制冷系统用气冷器的传热性能、系统内的假临界现象及平均密度进行了研究,结果表明:在质量流量相同时,进口温度的变化对气冷器换热的影响很小,对气冷器管内假临界状态的出现位置影响很小;在气冷器进口温度相同时,质量流量越大,假(准)临界点出现的位置越向后移,当质量流量足够大时,气冷器内可能不会有假临界现象发生;气冷器进、出口处CO_2的算术平均密度值与气冷器内真实平均密度值相近,而对数平均密度和平方平均密度与气冷器内CO_2的真实平均密度值相差较大。     

竖直矩形通道内不凝性气体对凝结换热特性的影响

本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了竖直矩形窄通道内少量残余不凝性气体对蒸汽凝结换热特性的影响。采用热阻分离法得到凝结侧换热表面传热系数,分析了不凝性气体的含量、冷却水质量流速、进口温度和热流密度对蒸汽凝结侧表面传热系数的影响。结果表明:当热流密度为1.668 kW/m~2,即蒸汽质量流速较小时,2%体积分数的不凝性气体使凝结侧表面传热系数下降了33%,但当热流密度为3.887 kW/m~2,蒸汽质量流速较大时,2%体积分数的不凝性气体仅使凝结侧表面传热系数降低了14%,此外,凝结换热表面传热系数随冷水质量流速和不凝性气体分数的增加而变小,随冷水进口温度和热流密度的增加而变大。     

Frost formation on fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Part I—Modeling of frost formation on fin-and-tube heat exchangers

In this study, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of heat exchangers during frost formation process are analyzed numerically. Unsteady heat and mass transfer coefficients of the air side, heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant side, air-frost layer interface temperature, the surface efficiency of the heat exchanger and the mass flow rate of the frost accumulated on the heat exchanger surface are calculated. The total conductivity (UA) and pressure drop of the heat exchanger are reported for different air inlet temperature, relative humidity, air mass flow rate and the refrigerant temperature.     

An experimental study on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of carbon dioxide during gas cooling process in a horizontal tube

The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during gas cooling process of CO₂ (R744) in a horizontal tube were investigated experimentally. The experiments are conducted without oil in the refrigerant loop. The main components of the refrigerant loop are a receiver, a variable-speed pump, a mass flow meter, a pre-heater and a gas cooler (test section). The water loop consists of a variable speed pump, an isothermal tank, and a flow meter. The refrigerant, circulated by the variable-speed pump, condenses in the inner tube while water flows in the annulus. The gas cooler of tube diameter is 6000 mm in length, and it is divided into 12 subsections.The pressure drop of CO₂ in the gas cooler shows a relatively good agreement with those predicted by Blasius's correlation. The local heat transfer coefficient of CO₂ agrees well with the correlation by Bringer–Smith. However, at the region near Pseudo-critical temperature, the experiments indicate higher values than the Bringer–Smith correlation. Based on the experimental data presented in this paper, a new correlation to predict the heat transfer coefficient of supercritical CO₂ during in-tube cooling has been developed. The majority of the experimental values are within 18% of the values predicted by the new correlation.     

Experimental investigation of a CO2 automotive air conditioner

In this study, a CO₂ automotive air conditioner prototype was designed and constructed. The compressor was of swash plate design; the gas cooler and evaporator were made of fin-tubes; a manual expansion valve and an internal heat exchanger accumulator were used. The lubricant, the CO₂ charge, the evaporator outlet pressure, the compressor speed, the air inlet temperature and flow rate of the gas cooler and the air flow rate of the evaporator were varied and the performance of the prototype was experimentally investigated in detail. The cooling capacity, compressor power consumption, CO₂ mass flow rate, and COP value were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the CO₂ system performance was greatly affected by different lubricants; the CO₂ system performance was sensitive to the mass charge; the high side pressure affected the system performance greatly and a high side pressure controller was needed.     

超临界CO2冷却换热特性数值模拟

采用L-B低雷诺数模型对超临界二氧化碳在竖直圆管内的冷却对流换热特性进行了数值模拟.通过分析得到了管内不同截面的径向流体温度、速度、湍动能分布,并进一步分析了二氧化碳和冷却水进口雷诺数对超临界二氧化碳对换热的影响.研究表明,对流传热系数峰值出现在接近准临界温度的截面内,此时截面内湍动能最大,跨过该截面流速小于进口流速;...     

滴形管换热性能的实验研究

采用特殊形状和表面的管子是最为常用、有效的强化换热手段。本文基于滴形管换热器回收天然气锅炉排烟余热,提出了烟气侧的换热系数实验关联式。通过改变换热管间的排列间距,在不同烟气流量下,对圆管和滴形管的换热性能及影响因素进行了分析。与实验数据比较,验证了实验关联式可正确反映凝结换热的特性。结果表明:不同烟气量通过滴形换热管的压损小于圆管,约为圆管的0.33~0.38倍;烟气温度降大于圆管;冷却水通过滴形管的温升高于圆管;换热系数滴形管比圆管的提高约7%,表明滴形管的换热性能优于圆管。因此对于有凝结换热过程发生时,滴形换热管具有强化换热的作用。     

Condensation heat transfer of a pure fluid and binary mixture outside a bundle of smooth horizontal tubes. Comparison of experimental results and a classical model

The condensation of pure HFC134a and different zeotropic mixtures with pure HFC134a and HFC23 on the outside of a bundle of smooth tubes was studied. The local heat transfer coefficient for each row was experimentally determined using a test section composed by a 13×3 staggered bundle of smooth copper tubes, measuring cooling water temperature in the inlet and the outlet of each tube, and measuring the vapour temperature along the bundle. All data were taken at the inlet vapour temperature of 40°C with a wall subcooling ranging from 4 to 26 K. The heat flux was varied from 5 to 30 kW/m² and the cooling water flow rate from 120 to 300 l/h for each tube. The visualisation of the HFC134a condensate flow by means of transparent glass tubes reveals specific flow patterns and explains the difference between the measured values of the heat transfer coefficient and the calculated values from Nusselt's theory. On the other hand, the experimental heat transfer data with the binary mixtures HFC23-HFC134a show the important effects of temperature glide and the strong decrease of the heat transfer coefficient in comparison with the pure HFC134a data. The measured values with the different zeotropic mixtures were compared with the data calculated with the classical condensation model based on the equilibrium model. An improvement of this model is proposed.