CFRP复合材料/钛合金叠层螺旋铣孔工艺

利用螺旋铣变偏心距加工的特点,提出了在刀具回程过程中进行二次精加工的工艺策略。通过正交试验研究了回程各工艺参数对CFRP/Ti-6Al-4V叠层孔加工质量和加工精度的影响规律,并依此优化工艺参数。试验结果显示:采用优化参数的回程精加工工艺提高了叠层孔的制孔精度,避免了复合材料孔壁加工损伤,复合材料孔粗糙度均值从Ra3.52降低到Ra1.31,入口撕裂明显改善,钛合金孔出口无毛刺。     

多齿铣刀侧铣加工多层CFRP铣削力的建模与仿真

由于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)的层间结合强度较低,进行切削加工时在切削力的作用下容易出现分层和毛刺等质量缺陷。因此,通过对切削力的预测与控制可以有效提高加工质量。采用瞬时刚性力模型对多齿铣刀侧铣多层CFRP材料的加工过程进行铣削力建模与仿真,分析了多齿铣刀特有的几何结构对切削力的影响。试验中保持切削速度恒定,以不同进给速度分别对45°、0°、-45°和90°这4种典型纤维方向的单向CFRP进行侧铣加工,通过测得的切削力数据计算各自的铣削力系数。根据力学矢量叠加原理得到了多向CFRP铣削力系数的简化计算表达式,最后将计算结果代入铣削力模型得到了各时刻的铣削力仿真值。在同样的试验条件下对该多向CFRP进行侧铣加工验证试验,试验结果表明: 该模型能较好地预测铣削力,最大相对误差小于9%,平均相对误差小于5%,可为铣削参数优化和刀具结构优化提供理论基础。     

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料制孔技术研究现状与展望

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)具有优越的物理和力学性能,已在航空制造工业中得到大量应用。在主承力结构中,CFRP与金属材料的连接通常为机械连接。然而,CFRP的各向异性严重影响了其制孔质量。由于CFRP和金属具有截然不同的材料属性,CFRP/金属叠层结构制孔技术成为飞机装配过程中的一大难题。本文首先阐述了CFRP及其叠层结构在切削过程中的切屑形成机制、钻削力和钻削热的研究现状;其次,剖析了钻削过程中典型加工损伤,如毛刺与撕裂、分层缺陷及孔壁表面损伤的产生原因和影响因素;然后,介绍了CFRP制孔刀具材料和几何结构的优化设计研究进展,并综述了螺旋铣孔、变工艺参数钻削、"以磨代钻"和振动辅助制孔等多种CFRP及其叠层结构加工新技术及钻削过程的仿真研究。最后,借鉴钎焊工具和超声振动技术的独特优势,提出了磨粒有序排布钎焊金刚石工具的超声振动加工构想,以达到CFRP及其叠层结构的精密高效制孔加工这一目的。     

芳纶纤维增强树脂复合材料液氮冷却钻孔试验

芳纶纤维增强树脂（AFRP）复合材料是一种公认的难加工材料,加工中极易出现毛刺、烧蚀等缺陷,目前缺乏对其有效的加工工艺方法。为提高其加工质量,研究了液氮作为冷却介质的AFRP复合材料钻孔试验。在相同切削参数下进行了干式切削和超低温加工对比试验,测量了切削过程中的轴向切削力和孔临近区域的温度,并计算了孔的进出口毛刺面积和分层因子,分析了AFRP复合材料缺陷的成因,探讨了不同加工条件下缺陷的变化规律。结果表明:与干式切削相比,采用液氮超低温冷却加工的切削力升高了约15.2%,切削温度降低了约141.6℃,毛刺面积减少了约24.7%,因切削热产生的烧蚀现象得到抑制,明显改善了AFRP复合材料的加工质量。      

基于径向基函数神经网络的CFRP切削力预测

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)加工中基体相极易因切削力过大而破坏,并迅速扩展至加工表面以下而形成损伤。为了准确预测其切削力并加以控制,基于实验切削力数据建立了人工神经网络切削力模型,预测了不同纤维角度、切削深度和刀具角度下加工CFRP的切削力变化规律,并完成了不同刀具角度及切削参数下典型纤维角度CFRP单向板的直角切削实验,对预测模型进行验证,其预测精度可达85%以上。结合成屑过程在线显微观测结果可知:纤维角度是影响CFRP切削力的主要因素, 0°~135°范围内,切屑形成方式为切断型和开裂后弯断型;切削力随纤维角度增大呈先减小后增大的趋势, 135°时最大,随切削深度增加,切削力总体呈增大趋势。      

超声振动辅助铣磨加工对CFRP切削力和表面质量的影响

为研究超声振动辅助铣磨加工对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)切削力和表面质量的影响,建立了超声振动辅助铣磨加工的切削力模型,进行了磨粒运动轨迹、刀具锋利化效果及单颗磨粒切厚的理论分析及试验验证。结果表明:超声振动辅助铣磨加工与传统铣磨加工相比切削力更小、加工质量更好。当每齿进给量从4μm/z增加到8μm/z时,超声振动辅助铣磨加工的切削力增加了44.7%,小于传统铣磨加工的84.9%;同样,当切深从200μm增加到400μm时,超声振动辅助铣磨加工的切削力增加了187.8%,小于传统铣磨加工的209%;在相同加工参数下,超声振动辅助铣磨加工的工件表面与传统铣磨加工相比,树脂涂覆、表面凹坑和纤维拔出量明显减少。      

考虑孔隙缺陷的CFRP微观切削仿真与实验研究

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)在航空航天等领域应用广泛。在CFRP制造过程中难以避免会产生孔隙等缺陷,对后续的切削加工造成一定影响。在考虑了CFRP成型过程形成的孔隙缺陷基础上,运用有限元仿真模拟方法,从纤维-树脂-界面尺度建立了含孔隙缺陷的CFRP微观切削仿真模型,研究了不同孔隙率条件下不同纤维排布方向的CFRP微观切削行为,并通过实验验证了仿真模型的正确性。研究结果表明:孔隙的存在会增加刀具的“空切”现象,从而对CFRP切削过程的切削力、材料破坏及亚表面损伤、材料能量等产生影响。随孔隙率的增加,切削力呈下降趋势,孔隙边缘的纤维产生整体断裂的倾向增加;孔隙对0°、45°和135°纤维排布方向的CFRP切削加工的面下损伤影响不大,在纤维排布方向为90°条件下,孔隙率高于3vol%时对加工表面的面下损伤具有较大影响;在材料内部能量耗散方面,“顺切”(纤维方向角小于90°)时的总耗散能低于“逆切”,随孔隙率增加,总耗散能降低。      

纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔加工技术研究进展

纤维增强复合材料具有优良的物理、化学和力学性能,在航空航天、汽车、新能源等高新技术领域应用广泛。相比传统钻铣刀具,磨料工具在纤维增强复合材料制孔时,加工后的分层、毛刺、撕裂及热损伤等缺陷更小,且磨料工具可以稳定加工硬度更高的纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料。首先,综述了纤维增强复合材料在磨削制孔过程中的切屑形成、磨削轴向力、磨削温度等磨削加工机制;其次,探讨了近年来国内外在纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔技术中的制孔加工缺陷及其评价方法;然后,分析了纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔质量及其影响因素;此外,综述了纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔刀具及其磨损机制等方面的研究现状;最后,对纤维增强复合材料磨削制孔加工技术研究进行了总结和展望。      

碳纤维增强复合材料单向层合板直角自由切削热特性试验

为揭示碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)切削温度与切削要素之间的关系,采用直角自由切削对CFRP单向层合板进行了切削试验,并采用OMEGA-0.05mm高灵敏K型热电偶对切削温度进行测量,讨论了切削参数、刀具几何参数及材料参数对切削温度的影响。结果表明:对切削温度的影响程度由高到低的参数依次为切削速度、切削厚度、刀具后角和钝圆半径,切削参数对温度的影响效应不受纤维方向角的影响;不同于金属材料,CFRP纤维方向角对切削温度影响突出,顺纤维方向上的切削温度明显高于逆纤维方向上的,切削温度在θ=90°时达到最大值,且为θ=0°时的2倍;CFRP切削回弹对刀具后刀面与已加工表面的接触状况影响较大,从而影响切削温度,加剧了切削温度的各向异性特征,且第3变形区切削热对切削温度影响突出;CFRP切削温度范围窄,最大切削温度在300℃左右,将导致切削质量对温度变化更为敏感。     

冷却空气流向对CFRP制孔刀具磨损及孔质量的影响

在加工碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）时多用冷却工艺来提升加工质量。其中,空气冷却工艺因其方便性被广泛用于实际加工中。然而,目前尚缺少空气冷却方向对刀具磨损和加工质量的研究。文章通过控制冷却空气的方向,开展了干式切削、正向喷气和逆向吸气冷却条件下钻削CFRP材料的研究。获得了上述冷却条件对双顶角刀具第二主切削刃末端磨损的影响规律,发现气体冷却都能有效抑制刀具磨损,且在对出口温度影响相近的条件下,逆向冷却比正向冷却能够更好地抑制磨损。进而分析了冷却条件对钻削出口损伤的抑制效果,发现冷却、冷却方式对孔出口撕裂深度的抑制作用都较小,但逆向吸气冷却能够有效减小出口的毛刺高度,是一种有效提高制孔质量的冷却工艺。      

Drilling analysis of chopped composites

This work investigates the effects of the drilling parameters, speed, and feed, on the required cutting forces and torques in drilling chopped composites with different fiber volume fractions. Three speeds, five feeds, and five fiber volume fractures are used in this study. The results show that feeds and fiber volumes have direct effects on thrust forces and torques. On the other hand, increasing the cutting speed reduces the associated thrust force and torque, especially at high feed values. Using multivariable linear regression analysis, empirical formulas that correlate favorably with the obtained results have been developed. These formulas would be useful in drilling chopped composites. The influence of cutting parameters on peel-up and push-out delaminations that occurs at drill entrance and drill exit respectively the specimen surfaces have been investigated. No clear effect of the cutting speed on the delamination size is observed, while the delamination size decreases with decreasing the feed. Delamination-free in drilling chopped composites with high fiber volume fraction remains as a problem to be further investigated.     

Delamination in drilling GFR-thermoset composites

Delamination is a major problem associated with drilling fiber-reinforced composite materials that, in addition to reducing the structural integrity of the material, also results in poor assembly tolerance and has the potential for long-term performance deterioration. Delamination-free in drilling different fiber reinforced thermoset composites is the main objective of the present paper. Therefore the influence of drilling and material variables on thrust force, torque and delamination of GFRP composites was investigated experimentally. Drilling variables are cutting speed and feed. Material variable include matrix type, filler and fiber shape. Drilling process was carried out on cross-winding/polyester, continuous-winding with filler/polyester, chopped/polyester, woven/polyester and woven/epoxy composites. A simple inexpensive accurate technique was developed to measure delamination size.

The results show that the presence of sand filler in continuous-winding composites not only raised the values of cutting forces and push-out delamination but also increased their values with increasing cutting speed. In contrast, increasing the cutting speed in drilling cross-winding, woven and chopped composites reduces the push-out delamination as a result of decreasing the thrust force. The thrust forces in drilling continuous-winding composite are more than three orders of magnitude higher than those in the cross-winding composites. Chopped composites have lower push-out delamination than those made from woven fibers. For the same fiber shape, the peel-up and push-out delaminations of woven/epoxy composite are lower than that for woven/polyester composites. Delamination, chipping and spalling damage mechanisms were observed in drilling chopped and continuous-winding composites. In drilling woven composites the delamination was observed at different edge position angles due to the presence of the braids that made by the interlacing of two orthogonal directions of fibers tows (warp and fill). Delamination-free in drilling cross-winding composites was achieved using variable feed technique.     

CFRP管面钻削缺陷形成机制

碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)传动轴因性能优越广泛应用于汽车、航空航天、船舶、冷却塔风机等轻量化领域,但其钻削过程中容易出现毛刺、分层等缺陷。为了揭示CFRP管面钻削缺陷形成机制,选择双锋角钻头和三尖二刃钻对CFRP管面钻孔,利用分步钻削盲孔和通孔的方法,分析了损伤部位的受力情况,揭示了入口撕裂、出口毛刺和分层产生原因。根据实验结果,发现双锋角钻头钻孔时入口撕裂损伤较大,损伤位置在钻头与管面接触最低点,且主要是那部分水平缠绕CFRP管的纤维,原因是水平缠绕的纤维屈曲变形最大,对切削力更加敏感。双锋角钻头和三尖二刃钻的横刃对孔最终出口分层没有影响,主切削刃的切削行为决定孔最终出口分层。相同钻头钻孔时,轴向力不是唯一影响分层因子的因素,还需考虑切削热。相比双锋角钻头,三尖二刃钻因锋利的外缘尖角能有效划断纤维,使出口分层较小。     

Machinability analysis in drilling woven GFR/epoxy composites: Part I – Effect of machining parameters

The present paper deals with the effect of machining parameters (feed, speed and drill diameter) on the thrust force and machinability of woven glass fiber-reinforced epoxy (GFRE) composites. The selected machinability parameters were delamination size, surface roughness, and bearing strength. The results show that, delamination-free in drilling GFRE composites was not observed, in the range of the investigated cutting parameters. Surface roughness instrument can be used as an indication for the position of the internal delamination damage in drilling GFRE composites. The high values of correlation coefficients between thrust force and the machinability parameters confirm the importance of reducing the thrust force to improve the load carrying capacity of composite structure assembled by rivets or bolted joints.     

Analysis of delamination in drilling glass fiber reinforced polyester composites

Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite materials are finding increased application in aeronautical, automobile and structural applications. Drilling is a complex process, owing to their tendency to delaminate is used to join composite structures. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop empirical relationships between the drilling parameters such as fiber orientation angle, tool feed rate, rotational speed and tool diameter with respect to delamination in drilling of GFR–polyester composites. The empirical relationship has been developed by using response surface methodology. The developed model can be effectively used to predict the delamination in drilling of GFRP composites within the factors and their limits are studied. The result indicated that the increase in feed rate and drill diameter increases the delamination size whereas there is no clear effect is observed for fiber orientation angle. The spindle speed shows only little effect on delamination in drilling of GFR–Polyester composites.     

Experimental investigation on drilling of natural flax fiber-reinforced composites

Natural fiber composites (NFCs) have strong potential to replace glass fiber-reinforced plastics. An instrumental operation in machining composite structures is hole making which facilitates assembly of parts. Understanding the effects of drilling process parameters on feature properties of NFCs has great benefits. In this regard, to make a good quality and accurate hole in composite structures, appropriate selection of drill bit and cutting parameters is important. This paper investigates delamination behavior and hole quality of flax/epoxy composite laminates in response to feed, spindle speed, and three different types of drill bit. As indicated by analysis of variance results, drill bit type and feed have greater influences on the thrust force. It appeared that delamination factor and surface roughness were significantly influenced by drill bit, but not by feed and spindle speed. The choice of drill bit has great impact on the delamination factor (67.27%) and surface roughness (74.44%), respectively.     

Investigations on Drilling of Bidirectional Cotton Polyester Composite

Cotton fiber composites are currently used in the interior parts of automobiles, insulation boards, fiber boards, and various parts of high-friction mechanical assemblies. These composites are subjected to machining operations. Drilling is an indispensable machining operation for assembly of different parts. The present work aimed to carry out experimental and analytical investigations on drilling of bidirectional cotton polyester composite. Influence of feed, spindle speed, and drill point angle on machining characteristics like thrust force, torque, and delamination factor was studied by conducting experiments derived from Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array. To determine the significance of each drilling process parameters and their interactions, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted. Modeling of drilling parameters was carried out through multiple regression analysis and their optimization for minimizing cutting forces and machining induced damage was carried out using signal to noise ratio analysis.     

Experimental thrust forces and delamination analysis of GFRP laminates using candlestick drills

Drilling is usually performed using twist drills while assembling the composite components. However, it is necessary to adopt appropriate tool as the risk of delamination damage is high. Many researchers have performed experimental and theoretical study concerning drilling-induced delamination damage in composites utilizing special drills. The article performed drilling experiments of glass fiber reinforced plastic laminates utilizing candlestick drills. Ten candlestick drills with different drill tip geometries were compared in thrust forces and push down delamination. The results revealed the drilling behavior of the outer cutting edges and the outer drill tips for candlestick drill, and also indicated that the push down delamination depended on exit thrust force instead of maximum thrust force. What is more, thrust forces and push down delamination were significantly reduced when holes were produced using reasonable candlestick drill tip geometry. Finally, the analysis was useful for selecting appropriate candlestick drill tip geometry and conducting candlestick drill tip geometry optimization.     

进给速度对不同纤维方向CFRP铣削表面形貌的影响

采用金刚石涂层硬质合金铣刀对0°、45°、90°、135°4种纤维方向的碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)进行了顺铣加工试验。通过对铣削力和加工表面形貌的对比,分析了纤维方向和每转进给量对加工表面质量的影响。结果表明:主切削力随着每转进给量的增大而增大,0°方向纤维受到的主切削力最大,90°方向纤维受到的主切削力最小;0°方向纤维表面破碎树脂与纤维的残留随着每转进给量的增大而增多,135°方向纤维表面树脂粘附逐渐减小;90°方向纤维表面会有大小不同的微坑,同时在样件上、下表面易产生分层缺陷,45°方向纤维表面多呈现沟槽或波浪形形貌。     

Residual tensile strength monitoring of drilled composite materials by acoustic emission

Drilling results in damage such as delamination and matrix cracking around the hole and might ultimately causes degradation in the residual tensile strength of the drilled components. The damage induced during the drilling of composites can be detrimental to the mechanical behavior of the composite products. In this work, the effects of machining parameters (feed rate and cutting speed) and drill point angle on thrust force, the adjusted delamination factor and residual tensile strength are investigated. The Taguchi technique for the design of experiments was employed to analyze the thrust force, adjusted delamination factor and residual tensile strength of woven glass/resin epoxy. The results show that feed rate and drill point angle are the most important parameters. During tensile testing of drilled laminates, acoustic emission (AE) events were recorded. By feature extraction of AE time domain parameters, the suitable parameter for detecting the characteristics of thrust force and tensile force were determined. The AE mean power (MP) and cumulative count correlated well with thrust force and tensile force, respectively.