仪器仪表的内阻测量和分析

仪器仪表的内阻直接关系到测量结果的准确性。针对几种典型计量仪器的特点,设计了测量内阻的方法,并对测量数据进行了详细的分析,测得的内阻值与指标一致;针对在计量检定过程中仪器内阻可能导致测量结果不准确甚至得出错误的结论,解释原因并提出了实际的解决办法。     

Standard apparatus for measuring polarization mode dispersion in fiber-optic data transmission systems

Methods and instruments for ensuring the uniformity of polarization mode dispersion measurements in fiber-optic data transmission systems are described. The results of the development of a standard measuring instrument and working standards of the unit of dispersion are presented. The results of metrological investigations of a standard measuring instrument are also given.     

航空机务计量组器具管理系统的开发

航空机务部队计量组计量工作中计量器具种类多、信息量大、容易出现部分计量器具漏检、误检或状态不明等问题,利用Access设计实现计量器具管理系统,主要功能包括录入信息、查询信息、盘点信息、备忘记录、传递信息、扩展功能。     

Advanced Instrument For Field Calibration of Electrical Energy Meters

Calibration of electrical energy meters is coming up as a metrological concern. The latest European Union (EU) directives about measuring instruments adopted for commercial transactions state that their accuracy has to be verified in actual operating conditions. This requirement is leaving all laboratories involved in energy meter calibration in serious difficulty because this kind of metrological verification is, at the moment, still not fully developed or even clarified in all involved aspects. In this paper, a measurement equipment for the calibration of energy meters is presented. Its structure and metrological characterization are discussed. To improve its performances without increasing its costs, two online digital compensation procedures have been realized and are shown: one increases the spectral purity of test signals and one corrects the transducer frequency response. Experimental results relating metrological characterization have shown that the so-realized calibrator is suitable for the onsite calibration of energy meters.      

X射线环境辐射监测仪器校准方法的研究

环境辐射监测仪表作为微弱放射性监测计量器具,它的量值溯源是一个急需解决的问题。由于环境辐射剂量率低且电离信号微弱,故通常采用大体积电离室或者充压电离室进行测量。依托60~250kV X射线空气比释动能基准电离室,在完成重过滤窄谱X射线辐射质空气比释动能绝对测量的基础上,通过逐级替代法完成大体积环境辐射监测仪器的校准。测量结果不确定度为5.6%(k=2),实现环境水平X射线空气比释动能测量量值溯源,为国内环境辐射监测仪器在低剂量率水平的性能评价提供计量保障。     

计量信息管理系统的开发与应用

根据现代计量管理方法和使用先进的计算机网络技术开发出计量信息管理系统,阐述了对计量工作实现计算机化管理的必要性、意义和作用,介绍了用于现代化企业的通用计量信息管理系统的结构、功能及应用情况.实践证明,计量工作的计算机管理减轻了计量部门对计量器具管理的劳动强度,实现了对全厂计量工作的优化管理.     

光腔光谱方法气溶胶消光系数比对测量

搭建了非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱(IBBCEAS)实验装置,旨在实现大气气溶胶宽波段消光系数的在线测量。为评估IBBCEAS系统测量大气气溶胶消光系数的稳定性和准确性,联用单波长腔衰减相位移反照率监测仪(CAPS-ALB)在复旦大学环境科学楼开展比对测量研究。比对结果显示,两台装置在532nm波长处测量的气溶胶消光系数变化趋势基本一致,相关系数为0.974,说明IBBCEAS装置具有与通过计量检测认证的高精准度仪器相似的稳定性和可靠性。通过CAPS-ALB仪器的比对校准,IBBCEAS装置的测量平均偏差由7.08Mm^-1降低到2.4Mm^-1,测量准确性得到显著提升。另外发现,宽波段光谱测量对研究气溶胶消光系数的波长依赖性具有重要意义。     

Measuring the similarity between the reference and citation distributions of journals

The “Jaccardized Czekanowski index”, JCz, an indicator measuring the similarity between the cited and citing journal list of a given journal is proposed in the paper. It is shown that the indicator characterizes the network properties of individual journals and, in aggregated form, also that of subject categories or countries. For subject categories, JCz appears to be related to the multidisciplinarity of the category. For countries, the multinational or local character of the publishers seems to have determining role.     

关于新冠肺炎疫情防控中计量保障工作的几点思考

本文总结了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控中所涉及的计量器具类别,以及对其进行检定、校准、检测等量值保障活动所适用的技术规范。围绕计量工作在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控中的重要作用,文章重点从体温筛查、设备消毒、病毒检测、临床诊断、医疗救治、科学研究等方面分析了计量工作对新冠肺炎疫情防控的技术支撑和量值保障作用。为各疫情防控单位和医疗机构判断防控设备测量结果是否准确、可靠等问题是提供解决路径,也为各级计量技术机构和广大计量工作者针对疫情防控建立相关计量标准提供参考。     

Optimizing rating scale category effectiveness

Rating scales are employed as a means of extracting more information out of an item than would be obtained from a mere "yes/no", "right/wrong" or other dichotomy. But does this additional information increase measurement accuracy and precision? Eight guidelines are suggested to aid the analyst in optimizing the manner in which rating scales categories cooperate in order to improve the utility of the resultant measures. Though these guidelines are presented within the context of Rasch analysis, they reflect aspects of rating scale functioning which impact all methods of analysis. The guidelines feature rating-scale-based data such as category frequency, ordering, rating-to-measure inferential coherence, and the quality of the scale from measurement and statistical perspectives. The manner in which the guidelines prompt recategorization or reconceptualization of the rating scale is indicated. Utilization of the guidelines is illustrated through their application to two published data sets.     

Analysis of the results of checking gauges and instruments

Conclusions Rational values of the permissible errors can be established only by analyzing the probable checking scrap. The latter is determined by technical and economic considerations which include: a) the permissibility of a certain small percentage of unsatisfactory instruments remaining in circulation, b) the permissibility of condemning a certain percentage of serviceable instruments, c) the cost of a checking method which reduces to the required small dimensions or eliminates scrap.No general relation between the permissible errors in the tested and reference measures or instruments is possible.A rational and reliable selection of permissible errors and methods of checking is only possible when sufficient data is available on the error distribution laws in the manufactured measures and instruments. The provision of such data should be one of the primary objects in testing standard instruments.Everything stated above refers to large scale testing of mass produced measures and measuring instruments when the aggregate of both the tested and reference measures and measuring instruments is sufficiently large. Above methods of calculations, however, are applicable to small groups of reference measures and instruments. In that case, however, it is necessary to use the discrete distribution of probable error densities which corresponds to the given number of instruments and their errors. Such a case could occur in evaluating checking results in any laboratory with a small number of reference measures or instruments. Such an evaluation is, of course, only possible if the errors of the available measures are determined with sufficient accuracy by more accurate methods than those normally used in checking these measures.     

Development of a System of Metrological Supervision of Thermovision Measuring Devices

The state of metrological supervision of thermovision measuring devices is considered and recommendations are given for determining their basic metrological characteristics and methods and means of monitoring the parameters. Results are presented from studies of an equipment complex consisting of an extended radiator and set of thermal test objects. Through use of the complex, it is possible to verify and calibrate thermovision instruments.     

Partial credit model and pivot anchoring

This article contains information on the Rasch measurement partial credit model: what it is, how it differs from other Rasch models, when to use it, and how to use it. The calibration of instruments with increasingly complex items is described, starting with dichotomous items and moving on to polychotomous items using a single rating scale, and mixed polychotomous items using multiple rating scales, and instruments in which each item has its own rating scale. It also introduces a procedure for aligning rating scale categories to be used when more than one rating scale is used in a single instrument. Pivot anchoring is defined and an illustration of its use with the mental health scale of the SF-36 that contains positive and negative worded items is provided. It finally describes the effect of pivot anchoring on step calibrations, the item hierarchy, and person measures.     

基于漫射照明的镭射纸颜色测量方法研究

镭射纸包装材料表面有金属光泽和虹光效果,这一特殊光学效果的存在,使得对镭射纸印刷品表面的颜色测量变得较为困难。研究了不同测试因素对漫射照明条件下镭射纸测量精度稳定性的影响。研究结果显示:不同的测量仪器摆放角度会对镭射纸的测量精度产生影响,且其影响大于白卡纸与镀铝纸;不同的测试点,其测试精度也不相同,通过取多个角度测量结果的平均值,可提高不同测试点之间颜色测量结果的可比性;不同精度的测量仪器也会对镭射纸的测量精度产生影响,仪器本身的精度越高,测量结果越稳定。     

Investigating the accuracy of evolventometers

Conclusions The measurement results indicate that for checking measuring wheels which are used as standards for grade 5 and 6 wheels (according to GOST 6512-58), as well as for checking involute cams, it is necessary to produce new evolventometers whose kinematic chain must be simple, for instance, as in the Fellow disc instruments. It is also necessary to develop a more reliable method of setting the measuring tip for a given radius of the basic circumference, avoiding the method of setting it by touch.Such instruments are urgently required by the Committee's metrological institutions and plants which are manufacturing high precision wheels, as well as for checking involution cams designed for checking evolventometers.     

测量仪器分类论

本文是对测量仪器“器”和“具”之分的发展，提出把测量仪器分为提供量值和测量量值两类。提供量值的仪器复现或输出一定的对应标称值信号；测量量值的仪器则是把输入信号指示出来。作者试图对不同专业的仪器从本质上进行分类，并由此得出测量仪器校准的4种方法，同时提出以偏差表征提供量值仪器，以示值误差表征提供量值仪器。     

Mathematical model of optimal control of a process of periodic verification of measurement devices

A synthesis of mathematical machinery is presented which allows us to solve the problem of optimizing the extent and periodicity of verification taking into account the parameters of a random process of variation in the errors of measurement devices and accuracy of standards utilized for determination of metrological parameters of measuring devices based on a given level of metrological reliability. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 3–8, July, 1998.     

Improvements in the system for support of the uniformity of measurements of dosimetric quantities in neutron radiation fields

The state primary standard for neutron radiation is described. It consists of measuring instruments for dose absorption rate with a set of ionization chambers and a cylindrical proportional counter and an instrument for measuring the dose equivalent rate with a set of spherical moderators, intended, in particular, for metrological support of measurements of ambient and personal dose equivalent rates used for monitoring radiation safety.