脉冲载荷下球形爆炸容器的弹性响应

采用薄膜理论建立了球形爆炸容器的运动方程,运用DYTRAN三维编码模拟了作用于容器内壁的反射超压波形,比较了球形爆炸容器在三种简化脉冲载荷和模拟真实爆炸载荷作用下的弹性响应差异,分析了脉冲载荷持续时间对容器响应的影响,提出了爆炸容器工程设计应注意的几个问题。     

封闭空间内爆炸冲击波超压计算模型及分布特性研究

建立了封闭空间内爆炸的冲击波超压计算模型,将冲击波在不同壁面的反射冲击波等效为不同位置镜像爆源产生的入射冲击波,密闭空间内冲击波传播和作用过程等效为爆源与镜像爆源形成冲击波相互叠加的过程,基于LAMB规则,将所有爆源和镜像爆源的冲击波叠加,从而得到封闭空间内任意位置处的超压,并进行了结构内爆炸试验。研究结果表明,装药在封闭空间内爆炸超压呈现多峰性,典型位置处的计算超压时程曲线与试验超压时程曲线符合较好,峰值超压的计算误差小于10.78%,所建模型正确,能够用于内爆炸载荷的快速计算。     

圆柱形爆炸容器内爆炸载荷的分布规律

为了分析圆柱形爆炸容器内爆炸载荷的分布规律,利用LS-DYNA软件对爆炸容器的内爆轰场进行了数值模拟研究,并探讨了圆筒高径比(H/D)、端盖短轴与长轴比(a/b)以及端盖形式对端盖处爆炸载荷的影响。结果表明,冲击波会在端盖壁面上形成二次冲击波和二次马赫反射波,使得端盖中心点的压力远大于爆心环面上的压力。随着H/D的增加,端盖中心点的超压峰值和比冲量会越来越大,当H/D=1.5时达到最大;随着a/b的增加,端盖对冲击波的汇聚效应更加明显,导致端盖中心的超压峰值和比冲量显著增大;对于平板封头的圆柱形爆炸容器而言,高径比H/D的增加有利于减小端盖处的反射超压和比冲量,但是拐角点会成为新的危险点。     

柱形爆炸容器内爆炸冲击波的传播规律研究

为了研究柱形爆炸容器内炸药爆炸冲击波的传播规律,利用空中爆炸传感器测量了不同药量和不同距离条件下冲击波压力时程曲线,发现实验测试值与传统的理论经验公式计算值存在较大误差。通过实验结果和理论分析,探讨了误差产生的原因,并对柱形爆炸容器内超压测试曲线出现多峰值超压的原因进行了分析。最后,基于实验测试结果及爆炸相似律原理拟合出适用于该环境下的冲击波超压计算公式,经过拟合修正后计算误差由70%~80%降至0.57%~15%。该研究可为爆炸容器的设计和应用提供理论参考。     

运动炸药近地爆炸冲击波场特性研究

为研究运动炸药近地爆炸冲击波场分布特性,运用AUTODYN软件对不同运动速度炸药近地爆炸过程进行数值仿真,地面超压峰值仿真结果与等效经验公式计算值符合程度较好。通过对扰动压力场、爆炸初始压力场以及地面特征位置峰值超压的对比分析,得到炸药运动速度对近地爆炸冲击波场分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:炸药运动速度对地面冲击波峰值超压有增益作用,随着炸药运动速度的增加该增益作用增强;炸药运动速度对地面峰值超压的增益作用随比例距离的增加逐渐减弱,3倍比例距离外可认为无明显差异。     

TNT装药爆炸波在刚性平面上方传播反射的数值研究

为研究爆炸冲击波传播和平面反射现象,运用显式非线性动力有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对柱形TNT装药在刚性平面上方爆炸产生的冲击波的传播和反射进行了数值模拟,将数值计算结果与试验结果和公式计算值进行了对比,结果表明利用数值模拟能够较好地反映压力场分布情况及爆炸冲击波传播、正反射、正规斜反射到马赫反射的演变过程;研究了装药形状对反射平面测点超压的影响。     

拱顶钢储罐内部蒸气云爆炸冲击荷载的数值模拟

利用TNT当量模型模拟储罐内部的蒸气云爆炸,对拱顶钢储罐内部爆炸流场和壁面爆炸冲击荷载进行数值模拟。首先将储罐壁面视为刚性,系统考察拱顶罐在各种不同工况下的爆炸流场及壁面反射冲击荷载分布情况;然后进一步考察爆炸流场与罐壁之间的耦合效应对爆炸冲击荷载的影响。研究表明：储罐壁面爆炸冲击荷载最大值出现在顶盖中心区域,且往往出现在第2个波形峰值位置,而壁面其他位置的冲击荷载最大值一般出现在第1个反射超压峰值位置;爆炸流场和容器壁面间的耦合效应对内部爆炸冲击荷载的影响不大,计算分析时可近似采用非耦合模型。     

高压容器试验仓安全评估计算方法研究

文章分析了高压容器爆炸对试验仓产生的三种危害模式,并采用等效TNT药量爆炸替代高压容器气体爆炸,对这三种危害模式的计算方法进行了研究。通过计算模型的建立和计算结果分析,对高压容器的爆炸危害安全评估进行了实例模拟和数值计算,为高压容器气体密封试验仓的结构设计和材料选择提供了一种计算方法。     

封闭空间爆炸载荷特性研究

封闭空间爆炸载荷主要包含瞬态冲击波和持续时间较长的准静态超压。为了研究封闭空间爆炸载荷特性,基于FORTRAN平台,采用三阶WENO有限差分格式编写了爆炸波高精度三维数值计算程序。应用Sod激波管、双爆轰波碰撞等经典算例验证了所开发数值程序的可靠性。在封闭空间内炸药爆炸波数值计算的基础上,基于冲量等效原则提出封闭空间内爆炸载荷简化模型,理论推导给出准静态超压峰值计算公式并通过数值计算结果验证了该公式的可靠性。开发的高精度爆炸波三维数值计算程序及提出的简化载荷模型可用于封闭空间内爆炸载荷的快速计算,为工程抗爆结构设计提供载荷输入。     

不同位置分支管道对油气爆炸强度的影响

为研究不同位置分支管道对油气爆炸强度的影响,搭建了不同分支管道实验系统。分别在直管道和具有不同位置分支管道的直管道中进行了油气浓度为1.75%的爆炸实验,并分析了爆炸超压值、升压速率、火焰传播速度以及火焰强度等特性参数变化情况。实验结果表明:分支管道对直管内的爆炸超压、升压速率、火焰传播速度、火焰强度和火焰持续时间有强化作用,并且距离点火端越远,强化作用越显著,火焰传播速度对火焰持续时间也有重要影响;分支管道前的爆炸超压变化曲线可以分为加速上升、膨胀泄压、振荡强化和振荡衰减等4个阶段,分支管道后的爆炸超压变化曲线可以分为加速上升、振荡强化和振荡衰减等3个阶段。     

Shock Tube Measurements of the Equation of State of Argon

We have investigated the equation of state of argon at elevated temperatures and pressures using a new shock tube method. Temperatures in the range of 1280 to 1830 K, and pressures from 6 to 50 MPa were generated behind reflected shock waves in test gas mixtures of argon with trace amounts of CO and H₂ added. Density was determined from reflected shock pressure and incident shock speed measurements using the shock-jump relations. Temperature was determined from the modeling of the 4.7 sum infrared emission of the fundamental vibrational band of thermally-equilibrated CO. The experimentally determined argon P-p-T data points are in good agreement with the static-cell data of LeCocq and an extrapolation of the equation of state of Stewart and Jacobsen.     

Interactive mechanisms between the internal blast loading and the dynamic elastic response of spherical containment vessels

The interactive mechanisms between internal blast loading and dynamic elastic response of spherical containment vessels are studied in this paper. The blast loading history in containment vessels can be divided into three periods, i.e. the primary-shock period, the shock-reflection period and the pressure-oscillation period. It is shown that the initial response of the containment vessel depends on both the impulse and the shape of the primary-shock depending on the ratio of the loading period to the breathing mode period. However, during the shock-reflection period, the response of the containment vessel can be coupled with the reflected shock waves in the vessel, especially when the dominant frequency of reflected shock waves is close to the breathing mode frequency of the vessel. During the pressure-oscillation period, the dynamic loading is mainly the oscillation of the internal pressure due to the oscillatory volume change of the vessel, which couples dissipatedly with the vibration of the vessel leading to reduced vibration amplitudes. The effects of the influential non-dimensional parameters on the resonant interaction in shock-reflection period are discussed, based on which guidelines are recommended for avoiding the strain growth in the shock-reflection period in the design of spherical containment vessels.     

Exploratory study on load and resistance factor design of pressure vessel for subsea blowout preventers

An exploratory study on pressure vessel design procedures based on load and resistance factor design method for subsea blowout preventers subjected to external hydrostatic pressure is presented. Based on the procedures of working stress design method, the performance function of load and resistance factor design method is presented, and the design code is calibrated. The sensitivity analysis is done in order to investigate the effect of statistical characteristics of variables on the partial safety factors and design thickness of pressure vessel. The design procedures and results are compared with those of the traditional working stress design method. The results show that the load and resistance factor design method provides consistent reliability among the components of pressure vessel such as cylindrical shell and hemispherical head, and the method is less conservative than the working stress design method. Besides the conventional material of UNS S31603 stainless steel for subsea pressure vessel, UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel is also used, which could cause economic design results. Furthermore, the validity of the design results is confirmed by performing finite element model analysis by means of ANSYS software, which shows that the design thickness is secure enough when the pressure vessel works in 3000 m ultra-deep seawater regions.     

在热冲击作用下圆柱体的动应力集中效应的解析解

本文提出一种解析方法求解在热冲击作用下圆柱体的动应力集中效应。当圆柱体受到一迅速的温度变化时，应力波将呈现在柱体内的每一点。当应力波自柱体外边界反射、并向柱体中心传播时，应力波波头将在柱体中心发生碰撞，由此导致柱体中心产生很高的动应力峰值，即热动应力集中现象。文中通过一种简便的解析方法精确获得了柱体内热动应力的响应历程和分布规律。计算结果表明，由于反射波的影响，柱体中心动应力峰值发生周期性振荡。中心处的径向动应力的响应历程与切向动应力相同。     

多层复合壁容器状结构水压破爆的药量计算

本文通过对容器状构筑物结构和形状的分析，运用炸药在水中爆炸产生的水中冲击波和介质中应力波传播的特性，提出了不同介质的多层复合壁容器状结构水压爆破的药量计算方法。     

High-Temperature Ignition of Hydrogen and Air at High Pressures Downstream of the Reflected Shock Wave

The delay and features of the ignition of a stoichiometric hydrogen–air mixture at temperatures of 830–1450 K and pressures of 2–21 atm downstream of the reflected shock wave have been investigated. The experimental data obtained were compared with the results of calculations done in accordance with the known kinetic schemes of hydrogen combustion. The influence of the interaction of the reflected shock wave with the dynamic boundary layer on the ignition and the time of induction in a shock tube has been examined.     

非结构子网格压力方法抑制爆轰模拟中的砂漏畸变

本文推广包括子网格压力和边粘性的相容流体算法到非结构网格,研制了包括子网格压力和边粘性的非结构网格相容流体程序,对Saltzman活塞问题和平面爆轰问题进行了数值模拟。从数值结果分析可知,包括子网格压力和边粘性的非结构网格相容流体算法能够有效捕捉流体的激波间断,成功抑制虚假涡漩,消除爆轰模拟中的砂漏畸变。     

Einsatz moderner Berechnungsverfahren zur Analyse und Abwehr von Schäden

Improved Methods of Stress Analysis to Analyze and Prevent Failures The continuous rising demands on productivity and economy of modern processes, for example in the chemical or power generating industries, cause a tendency for permanent rise of the process parameters pressure and temperature. But for the engineer of a project rising process parameters mean an unproportional increase of the number of mechanical/thermal/chemical induced load collectives. During the basic design phase of a plant this aspect has to be taken into account with respect to the materials choice and the analysis of all mechanical, thermal and chemical induced load cases. In this article modern computer based stress analysis methods for the complex simulation of combined mechanical/thermal load cases are discussed using the example of pipe work. The emphasis was focussed on ?pipe work”? with respect to the new German pressure vessel code of April, 21 st., 1989. Since then within the framework of this code the integrity of pipe work has to be verified. Due to this demand a general discussion was initiated to validate the appropriate analysis method. In this article different examples were chosen to demonstrate the influence of complex load situations on the total stress level, for example the combination of external bending moments with stresses due to the mismatch of the physical properties of a selected material combination. Another goal of this paper is to show the demand for further investigations to transfer brand new scientific results to common engineering praxis. This aspect is discussed examining the failure behaviour of heat resistant steels under complex mechanical/thermal loading. It must be emphasized that the discussed analysis methods are not a paragraph in the German pressure vessel code. But these methods are necessary to assist the code in effective analysis and prevention of failures.     

Ultimate Bearing Capacity Analysis and Sizing Optimization of a Cracked Reactor Pressure Vessel in the Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Field

Pressurized thermal shock (PTS) can subject a crack surface to a very high tensile stress. Also the material toughness is obviously decreased in the cooling process, so it is necessary to study the influence of PTS on the ultimate bearing capacity of a reactor pressure vessel with defects. A 3-D finite element model is established for the beltline region around an inner crack. The FEM is used to reveal the transient temperature field and stress field, and the XFEM is adopted to simulate the ductile crack propagation. To ensure that the strength requirement is satisfied, the ultimate internal pressures of vessels with different crack sizes and different wall thicknesses are obtained. The result shows that the ultimate bearing capacity of the base wall with shallow surface cracks at high temperature is mainly controlled by tensile strength, while it is also affected by the fracture toughness of the material under the severe PTS. The stress in the early stage of the PTS is mainly the thermal stress, and later is the thermo-mechanical coupling stress. The impact of the crack depth on the bearing capacity of the structure is much greater than that of the crack length.