超声圆管换能器中过盈配合的应力分析

介绍一种利用过盈配合的连接形式装配而成的大功率圆管换能器,分别通过理论计算和有限元热应力分析对这种圆管换能器所受的预应力进行计算分析,分析数据表明两种计算结果吻合一致。同时,根据多次实践经验提出了此换能器在工程实现中需要完善的问题。     

基于锤击法的有轨电车嵌入式轨道减振性能试验研究#br#

弯曲圆柱换能器是一种典型的低频、大功率、小尺寸水下声源,分析表明,其振动和声学性能与驱动元件的预应力工况和端盖的边界条件密切相关。尽管可以利用仿真分析得到相关规律,但受限于问题的非线性性和材料参数的不稳定性,很难对实际的工况进行准确模拟。本文利用激光测振法对弯曲圆柱换能器在不同条件下的振动特性进行测量分析,并对其预应力工况和端盖边界条件进行了优化。实验研究表明,不同预应力工况对换能器振动输出的线性度和效率有较大影响,而端盖约束边界条件会改变换能器的模态振型和谐振频率。同时,激光测振法为一般换能器最终声学性能的准确优化提供了一种高效的实现方法。     

弯曲圆柱换能器振动特性实验研究

弯曲圆柱换能器是一种典型的低频、大功率、小尺寸水下声源。分析表明,其振动和声学性能与驱动元件的预应力工况和端盖的边界条件密切相关。尽管可以利用仿真分析得到相关规律,但受限于问题的非线性和材料参数的不稳定性,很难对实际的工况进行准确模拟。利用激光测振法对弯曲圆柱换能器在不同条件下的振动特性进行测量分析,并对其预应力工况和端盖边界条件进行了优化。实验研究表明,不同预应力工况对换能器振动输出的线性度和效率有较大影响,而端盖约束边界条件会改变换能器的模态振型和谐振频率。同时,激光测振法为一般换能器最终声学性能的准确优化提供了一种高效的实现方法。     

稀土IV型弯张换能器研究

IV型弯张换能器低频发射时具有尺寸小、重量轻的特点,是一种常用的水下低频大功率声源。稀土超磁致伸缩材料相较于压电陶瓷拥有更大的应变量和能量密度,并且杨氏模量较小,可以有效降低换能器谐振频率。利用稀土超磁致伸缩材料作为激励材料,设计了一种低频IV型弯张换能器,对其静态磁场和动态磁场进行了分析,构建出双棒式磁路,并使用有限元分析软件进行了换能器的结构建模与计算。根据计算结果制作了稀土IV型弯张换能器样机,测试结果表明所设计的换能器与仿真结果吻合较好,水中谐振频率为370 Hz,最大声源级为196 d B,能够实现低频、大功率发射。     

高频宽带圆管换能器研究

压电圆管换能器是水声领域中广泛应用的换能器之一,它一般采用压电圆管的径向振动模态。利用压电圆管的径向振动模态和高阶振动模态来实现圆管的宽带发射性能。采用有限元方法对圆管换能器进行了分析,利用ANSYS软件建立圆管换能器的有限元模型,并对其进行结构优化。最终所制作换能器的径向谐振频率为47.5kHz,其工作带宽为40~80kHz,发送电压响应起伏不超过±4dB,最大发送电压响应为150dB。研究结果表明：所采用的有限元法计算结果与测试结果吻合较好,换能器实现了高频、宽带、水平无指向性的发射性能。     

一种可用于重油降粘的大功率超声换能器设计

基于夹心式压电换能器基本原理,设计了一种可用于井口重油降粘和高凝油降凝的工业规模应用的大功率压电超声换能器,其工作频率为16.86 kHz,输入电功率为500 W,可在100℃高温环境下长时间连续工作。首先根据工作环境需要设计了换能器模型,结合等效电路法和传输矩阵法,计算了换能器满足谐振频率条件的各部分参数;通过有限元仿真软件ANSYS对换能器进行了模态分析和谐响应分析,确定了换能器的最佳工作模态和工作频率。根据仿真模型,制作了工程样机,通过阻抗分析仪测得其实际的工作频率与仿真结果的误差为0.5%。这种大功率压电超声换能器有望在重油降粘以及超声处理工业中得到规模化应用。     

二阶镶拼圆管矢量接收换能器研究

文章介绍了一种二阶镶拼圆管矢量接收换能器的设计方法，获得了类偶极子指向性以及波束宽度更为锐化的类四极子指向性。利用理论计算以及有限元仿真分析了镶拼圆管的指向性以及接收灵敏度，并实际制作了二阶镶拼圆管矢量接收换能器。在消声水池的测试表明，灵敏度测试结果与有限元仿真计算结果吻合较好，镶拼圆管矢量接收换能器类偶极子指向性图-3 dB波束宽度在95°左右，类四极子指向性图-3 dB波束宽度在40°左右，二阶矢量指向性图波束宽度明显比一阶矢量指向性图波束宽度更加锐化。     

径向复合型大功率超声换能器的设计

分析和设计了一种新型的径向复合型大功率超声换能器,通过实际换能器的制作和测试验证了这种大功率超声换能器的可行性。     

织物复合材料空间可展桁架模态试验与分析

航天器正朝着大型化、轻量化和模块化的方向发展。由织物复合材料制成的空间可展桁架结构,作为航天器的组成结构有广泛的应用前景。以一个由织物复合材料制成的空间可展桁架结构为研究对象,开展了微重力环境下的模态试验和仿真分析。结构主要由空心圆管、三角形隔板和斜加劲索组成。模态试验采用气动-电磁悬挂系统实现结构重力卸载,模拟微重力环境。仿真分析中,空心圆管由织物复合材料构成,假设为正交各向异性材料结构;三角形隔板由铺层复合材料构成,假设为各向同性材料结构;考虑斜加劲索的预应力对结构刚度及斜加劲索自身有效弹性模量的影响。最终得到的仿真结果与试验对应关系良好,对大型预应力空间可展桁架研究具有参考价值。     

圆管超声换能器响应的激光超声检测

文章着重叙述一种用激光超声检测圆管超声换能器响应的方法。为激励和接收轴对称声场，采用压电圆管作为压电换能元件，并分别用环氧、环氧加钨粉为背衬，制作了两种压电圆管换能器。由激光超声方法和自发自收脉冲反射法实验测定了所制作的换能器的频率响应，并比较了频谱分析结果。实验结果不仅在一定程度上说明了两种背衬的效果，同时也表明激光超声检测换能器响应的可行性。     

注汽井套管的三轴预应力设计

以暴露于热蒸汽中的目的层套管为研究对象,根据弹性力学理论,首先给出了套管在热应力和非均匀地应力作用下的三轴应力表达式,然后利用对套管施加预应力来降低套管的轴向热应力,以使得套管的有效应力控制在相应温度下套管的最小屈服极限内为原则,得到了热采井套管三轴预应力设计方法,并对辽河油田常用的N80钢级套管进行了预应力设计分析,给出了该套管在不同注汽温度和井深条件下所应使用的径厚比及相应的预应力值。研究表明,在实际注汽过程中适当增加注汽压力可以提高套管的安全性,传统的单轴预应力设计及只考虑热应力的三轴预应力设计结果偏于保守,建议以后注汽井在进行预应力设计时应考虑热应力和实际非均匀地应力的共同作用。     

Multichannel low temperature heat exchanger

A new type of multichannel low temperature heat exchanger is described which is mainly designed for liquefiers and refrigerators with small and average capacity.The heat exchanger consists of one or more pairs of tubes soldered along their length, which are tightly coiled around a cylindrical casing so that one of them always remains in the periphery. The tubes are wrapped tightly by a second cylindrical casing in such a way that a corresponding number of channels is formed among the different coils of the soldered tube couples and the two casings.The experimentally obtained criterium equations are given and the formulas derived from them for calculation of the heat exchanger.     

Axial control of thermal coagulation using a multi-element interstitial ultrasound applicator with internal cooling

A multi-element, direct-coupled ultrasound (US) applicator with internal water cooling was investigated for axial control of interstitial thermal coagulation. A prototype implantable applicator was constructed with a linear array of three tubular PZT ultrasound transducers (each 2.5 mm OD, 10 mm length, 360 degrees emittance). Acoustic beam distributions from each element were measured and found to be collimated within the transducer length. The internally cooled applicator could sustain high levels of applied power to each transducer (0 to 40 W) and maintain acceptable applicator surface temperatures (<100 degrees C). Thermal performance of the applicator was investigated through heating trials in vivo (porcine thigh muscle and liver) and in vitro (bovine liver). The radial depth of thermal lesions produced was dependent on the applied power and sonication time and was controlled independently with power levels to each transducer element. With 18 W per element (applied electrical power) for 3 min, cylindrical thermal lesions were produced with a diameter of ~3 cm and a length ranging from 1.2 cm (with one element) to 3.5 cm (three elements). Higher powers (24 to 30 W) for 3 to 5 min provided increased depths of coagulation (~4 cm diameter lesions). Analysis of axial lesion shapes demonstrated that individual variation of power to each transducer element provided control of axial heating and depth of coagulation (for custom lesion shapes); lesion lengths corresponded to the number of active transducers. This ability to control the heating distribution dynamically along the length of the applicator has potential for improved target localization of thermal coagulation and necrosis in high temperature thermal therapy.     

Residual stress assessment of nickel-based alloy 690 welding parts

Failures of welding parts in nuclear power plants have increased significantly. One of main degradation mechanisms was initiation and growth of primary water stress corrosion cracking accelerated by residual stress at dissimilar metal welds of piping, reactor head penetrations and nozzles connecting major components. Therefore, estimation of the welding residual stress became an important issue for ensuring reliability of them. The present study deals with verification of welding simulation techniques through sensitivity analyses of bottom-mounted instrumentation nozzle mock-up and control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) nozzle mock-up, examination of residual stress effects for a welded cylindrical block and application of the residual stress evaluation method to real penetration nozzles of CRDM made of nickel-based alloy 690.     

New design and construction of expandable casing tubes

Exploration for deep-geothermal resources is still a costly and high risk operation. The research association “Geothermal Energy and High Performance Drilling Research Program, gebo” was founded to improve the cost effectiveness of geothermal energy production in particular by developing new drilling concepts for deep geological layers. A mono-diameter borehole casing concept is developed to achieve this ambitious aim. To accomplish this, a special type of casing is essential, structured from folded tubulars for expandable casing applications featuring clover-like cross sections and expandable to a cylindrical form when the casing is at its downhole position. A smaller borehole volume and a reduction of drilling time and casing related costs are the main advantages of this method compared to conventional drilling. Design, material selection and realization of the folded tubulars take place at the Institut für Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science). The evaluations of the results are based on residual stress analysis and the measurement of the geometry after each deformation step at the Institute of Production Engineering and Machine Tools (IFW).     

A circularly focused and scanned acoustic scanner

This paper describes a new type of electronically scanned and focused acoustic imaging device called the cylindrical grating acoustic scanner. With this device, a new transducer called the circular-edge-bonded transducer (CEBT) is devised that is bonded on one end of a cylindrical substrate and can generate a surface acoustic wave propagating along the cylindrical surface of the substrate. An array of grooves is fabricated on the cylindrical surface of the substrate to serve as a scattering grating. The periodical grooves scatter a chirped surface-wave pulse coherently into a focused bulk-wave "ring" that scans at the surface-wave velocity. The focal length and resolution can be adjusted by changing the chirp rate and time-bandwidth product of the chirp, respectively. A 2.3-MHz circular scanner with 25-cm field of view and 2.6-mm resolution has been constructed and studied. Acoustic image of an artificial defect in an aluminum pipe is obtained.     

改型等强度壳的理论与工程应用

提出一种新型连接结构:在相邻的两段不同直径圆柱壳之间嵌入一段"改型等强度壳",构成"柱-改型-柱"组合壳,使得两段不同直径的圆柱壳光顺地连接,可以大幅度降低结合部的局部弯曲应力。应用旋转壳有矩理论分析了这些组合壳的应力分布,对其工程应用——作为连接结构的"改型等强度壳"几何参数的选择提出了建议。     

《一种新型电—热—声转换装置的特性研究》

设计制作了一高频电—热—声转换装置，装置由电热层、绝缘层和导热层组成。将交变的电信号接入电热层，会产生交变的热信号，促使电热层表面附近的气体压力产生交变的振荡，形成相应的声波。装置产生了可测频率在3 kHz-25 kHz的热声现象。装置作为小型高频发声器具有频带宽、频响平坦、无运动部件等优点。     

TG800碳纤维/聚酰亚胺树脂复合材料带翻边开口圆柱壳机匣件高温气动载荷下的承载性能

基于航空发动机的高温气动载荷环境,对树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备的TG800碳纤维/聚酰亚胺树脂复合材料带安装翻边和壳壁开口的圆柱壳机匣件开展了常温、200℃和260℃高温气动载荷下的仿真分析和承载性能试验。仿真计算得到复合材料机匣件的高应力水平发生在安装翻边和开口处。试验利用所设计的专用试验装置与机匣试验件合围成一套能够解耦内压和轴力的被试腔体结构,通过对被试腔体施加高温气体压力和机械静载联合模拟热气流载荷,相比传统的冲压胶囊加压方式,可以对机匣的翻边和开口处进行充分热压考核。常温、200℃和260℃承载试验后对机匣开口进行了无损检测,得到开口处的分层损伤区域随着载荷增大朝着正方和正圆的趋势扩大,260℃破坏试验得到TG800碳纤维/聚酰亚胺树脂复合材料机匣件的失效模式与传统金属机匣的筒体破裂不同,失效方式为安装翻边断裂。研究表明,RTM工艺TG800碳纤维/聚酰亚胺树脂复合材料结构件的力学性能在200℃以内具备良好的温度稳定性,安装翻边为复合材料机匣件在航空发动机热气流载荷下的薄弱区域,应作为机匣件减重设计的重要优化部位。      

Preliminary study on theory and experiment of photo-mechanics manufacturing and detecting technologies based on laser thermal stress

Mechanical effects of laser thermal stress is a new manufacturing technology, which is made use of thermal stress by high power laser acted on the surface of metal material to generate stress field. The technologies such as formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch, measurement by XRD and so on are formed based on mechanics effects of laser thermal stress. The mechanisms of formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch and measurement by XRD are analyzed. The theory of photo-mechanics manufacturing based on laser thermal stress is originally put forward whose experiment is primitively researched, and the manufacturing theory by mechanics effects of laser thermal stress is established.