梯度功能材料

梯度功能材料是一种新型的复合材料,其特点是界面的成分和组织连续变化,使材料的热应力大为缓和。本文叙述了梯度功能材料的进展以及在航天、核能源、生物医学工程、电子工程等领域的应用和制备方法。     

功能梯度材料的断裂与屈曲驱动断裂的简化分析

作为一类先进的复合材料,功能梯度材料(FGM)能综合利用多种材料的物理性能,同时材料性质的连续变化也使其具有许多优越的力学性能。本文对功能梯度材料中平行于界面的裂纹的断裂参数进行了计算,并分析了梯度变化的薄膜在压应力作用下的屈曲驱动扩展。研究结果表明:功能梯度材料能有效地减小界面中的应力集中及它对材料中缺陷的作用,从而不同程度地提高了材料的强度和韧性。     

电沉积梯度功能材料概述

概述了梯度功能材料的概念、性能、应用及主要制备方法。综述了目前用电沉积法制备梯度功能材料的工艺规范、材料（镀层）梯度控制方法和所得材料（镀层）的梯度组成、性能。     

梯度功能涂层的剥落现象分析与梯度分布的优化

梯度功能材料的优化设计, 可以转化为梯度分布函数的设计。采用幂函数来描述梯度分布, 使材料优化问题简化为该幂指数(称为梯度指数) 的优化。对梯度功能涂层-基底结构的剥落现象进行了分析, 推广了文献[ 9 ]的结果, 给出了在梯度功能涂层的基底中平行于界面稳态扩展的裂纹的能量释放率和应力强度因子的解析表达式, 并由此计算了最优的梯度分布指数。同时, 还讨论了梯度功能涂层耐高温抗氧化性能与热应力缓和之间的关系。     

基于组分磁性差异制备ZrO2/Ni功能梯度材料研究

根据不同组分的磁性差异，提出一种在梯度磁场中，采用粉浆浇注法制备铁磁性／非磁性功能梯度材料的方法，并用此方法制备出成分连续变化的ZrO2／Ni功能梯度材料．采用能谱分析仪、光学显微镜和X射线衍射仪对ZrO2／Ni功能梯度材料的成分分布、微观结构和相组成进行了研究．结果表明，在0．5T／m的磁场梯度作用下，浆料中Ni和ZrO2颗粒由于所受磁场作用不同而发生重新排列，形成沿样品厚度方向成分的梯度分布．此外，建立了功能梯度材料成分与颗粒粒度、饱和磁化强度以及磁场梯度之间的定量关系．     

密度功能梯度材料的探讨EI

梯度功能材料是一种新型材料，它的特点是利用特殊的工艺使两种材料按成分或同种材料按密度逐渐地变化，从而使其性能无界面地、连续地改变。本文对密度功能梯度材料的制备方法、性能和潜在应用做了一些探讨性的研究。     

梯度功能材料的研究

梯度功能材料是五年前由日本科学家提出的新概念和新思想,其两侧由不同性能的材料组成,以对付苛刻的使用环境;而中间部分的组成和结构又是连续变化的,使其内部界面消失,以减小和克服结合部位的性能不匹配因素。这类材料在航天事业和核工业中有看广阔的应用前景和极高的使用价值。本文着重介绍了梯度功能材料的设计思想、目前的研究现状、以及我们在这方面做的一些工作。并综述和比较了各类制备工艺技术。     

静水压力对粘弹性功能梯度结构力学性能的影响研究

研究了静水压力对粘弹性功能梯度材料与结构的力学性能的影响.基于粘弹性材料Boltzmanna积分型本构关系式,推导了静水压力作用下粘弹性功能梯度材料的本构关系,并假设其蠕变模量在结构厚度方向上连续变化,组分材料的体积分数呈幂律分布;在此基础上,研究了静水压力引起的粘弹性功能梯度结构横截面材料属性分布、厚度、刚度及功能梯度结构弯曲、屈曲和振动特性的变化,给出了恒定静水压力作用下,不同体积分数指数的粘弹性功能梯度结构厚度与刚度随时间变化的曲线.计算结果表明,在静水压力作用下,粘弹性功能梯度结构的厚度和刚度都发生了变化,并最终导致其弯曲、屈曲和振动性能都发生了较大的变化.     

功能梯度材料的研究现状及展望

功能梯度材料(FGMs)是一种全新的非匀质复合材料,因其优异的结构性能和潜在的应用价值受到人们的高度重视。简要阐述了功能梯度材料的发展历程、研究现状、应用,详细总结和分析了功能梯度材料的制备方法,最后展望了功能梯度材料的发展前景。     

等离子熔射制备梯度功能材料技术

梯度功能材料是一种具有特殊结构和特点的新材料,对该材料的深入研究有助于提升和改造传统的材料产业.应用等离子熔射技术制作了梯度功能材料,对梯度成分进行了设计分析,同时测试了梯度涂层的金相组织以及显微硬度.结果表明梯度功能材料比传统的单一材料以及复层材料使用性能和寿命大大提高.功能梯度材料应用于现代制造业以及对材料表面进行改性将对我国工业技术的发展产生重大影响.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.