背景影响下涡轮叶片温度测量及修正技术研究

在采用辐射温度计测量航空发动机涡轮叶片温度时,为了减小背景辐射对测温结果造成的影响,基于Planck定律建立包含背景辐射影响的测温方程,借助有效发射率计算得到被测目标的真实温度.通过设计背景辐射影响模拟试验,利用两个高温辐射源分别加热选定样品和模拟高温背景,采用扫描式涡轮叶片温度场测量装置对选定样品进行温度测量.结果发现,当目标设定为800℃、背景设定为1000℃时,目标在背景影响修正前后的最大温差为27.2℃,温差相对修正前温度的比例最大为3.82%,而修正后的目标温度明显更加接近无背景影响温度,从而验证了该修正计算方法的可行性和可靠性,对发动机研制过程中的温度监测工作具有重要应用价值.     

航空发动机旋转盘腔测试温度补偿和压力修正方法研究

为了提高旋转盘腔温度和压力测试的准确性，开展温度补偿和压力修正方法研究。针对旋转盘腔温度测试时，滑环引电器普通导线无法产生电势差导致测温误差较大的问题，提出了温度补偿方法，将温差转换为电势差补偿到输出电势中，之后根据热电偶电势与温度的关系计算得到测量端真实温度；针对旋转盘腔旋转状态下，引压管中的空气柱产生管涌效应导致低半径处的传感器产生测量误差的问题，提出了压力修正方法，将管内空气柱进行分段，每段视作均温气体，推导得到压力修正公式。开展试验对所提出的温度补偿和压力修正方法的应用效果进行验证，结果表明：对热电偶测温结果进行补偿后，误差低于1%；对压力测量结果进行修正后，相对偏差不超过0.8%，且转速越高，压力修正效果越明显。修正后的温度和压力精度满足航空发动机旋转盘腔实际测量需求，证明了所提出方法的准确性，为航空发动机转子的寿命评估提供了重要技术支撑。     

低温流体输送过程中采用贴壁式温度传感器测温时的传热分析

低温流体的输送广泛采用发泡绝热管道和真空绝热管道,采用贴壁式热电阻温度传感器测量管内流体温度时,影响测量精度的因素很多。运用一维稳态径向传热模型和热阻网络分析了发泡绝热结构和真空绝热结构下的热阻组成及热平衡关系,得到了温度传感器所测的温度与管道流体温度以及外界环境温度之间的计算关系式,并定量分析了接触热阻和真空度对输送液氮管道的温度传感器所测温度的影响。     

温度和颗粒浓度对纳米流体粘度的影响

采用"两步法"制备了含有不同质量分数的TiO2-水纳米流体,并观察了其稳定性。测量了不同质量分数的纳米流体在15～40℃时的粘度,结果表明,纳米流体的粘度随颗粒浓度的增加而增大,随温度的升高而以指数形式降低,并且各种纳米流体的粘度随温度的变化趋势相似。结合实验数据,对已有粘度计算公式进行修正,提出了涉及温度和颗粒浓度的纳米流体粘度计算公式。     

涡街流量计在蒸汽测量中仪表系数的修正方法

本文简述涡街流量计的基本原理，分析了温度对传感器仪表系数的影响，给出了在测量高温流体时仪表修正的实用公式。     

测量结果(result of ameasurement)

由测量所得到的被测量值,即通过测量而得到的属于被测量或认作被测量的值。使用这一术语时,应表明它所指的是承值,还是未修正结果,或是已修正结果。示值是由计量器具所指示的被测量值;未修正或已修正结果是考虑到有系统误差存在,而未作修正或已作修正的测量结果。当计量器具只有单个示值时,该承值就是未修正结果;当有几个示值时,宋修正结果可由这几个承值的算术平均值求得。系统误差中的已定或表面系统误差,其大小与符号均为已知,从而可以修正。修正后剩余的是只能估计其界限的未定系统误差,常归纳到测量不确定度中去。测量结果…     

超临界CO2流体中超声速的特性

超临界CO2流体声速随压力和温度变化规律,对超声技术强化超临界流体萃取应用具有理论指导作用。为研究超临界CO2流体的超声速特性,设计了单探头脉冲回波法的声速测量探头,频率2.5MHz。采用汕头超声研究所生产的CTS-3600数字式超声探伤仪与声速测量探头连接。以温度每5℃和压力每1MPa为间隔,测量了温度为25℃～55℃,压力为7MPa～26MPa的CO2流体声速,根据不同温度下声速随压力变化的一组等温线,采用多项式拟合得到超临界CO2流体声速随压力和温度变化关系模型,在T=300K时计算模型计算值和文献参考值的相对误差。结果表明:超临界CO2流体声速随压力增加而增大,随温度升高而降低,在T=300K时模型计算值和文献参考值的相对误差在7%以内。     

超导转变温度测量中所用的液氦蒸汽压调节器

一、引言在我们研制的超导转变测量装置需要测量氦沸点(4.2K)以下温度的超导转变时,采用了对恒温器内小液池里的液氦进行抽空减压降温的方法,这种方法可使低温液体的温度控制在正常沸点至三相点之问。我们用它作为测量2K以上超导转变温度的冷浴的方法。不过,单纯用此方法,会发现:被减压液池内,随着减压泵速率和环境温度等的变化液氦温度将大幅度波动。为此,通常采用对液池内加热或用固体导热平衡等方法控制液池内液氦的蒸发     

基于双热电偶的瞬态流体温度测试方法研究

针对目前航空发动机空气系统瞬态温度测试频响的需求,提出一种基于双热电偶的瞬态流体温度测试方法。该方法利用两个结点大小相同但材料不同的热电偶测量流体同一空间点的温度,并基于集总参数法反推出流体真实温度,并给出考虑误差的后处理算法。基于固体导热数值计算,验证此方法的可行性及相关后处理方法的可用性。采用双热电偶装置,对管道流动温度变化进行测量,基于微细热电偶的测量结果标定两支热电偶的物性参数比,应用后处理程序实现流体温度的反推。试验结果表明:标定段的反推流体温度平均测量误差率为0.52%,校验段的反推流体温度平均测量误差率为1.6%,反推流体温度的响应速度与微细热电偶响应速度相当。     

中性束注入器低温冷凝泵抽气性能测试平台的研制

中性束注入器用液氦低温冷凝泵抽气性能的主要影响因素是低温冷凝抽气面温度,单位时间进气量和被冷凝的气体总量.本文采用流量计法抽速测试装置;同时依据液氦温度与其饱和蒸汽压之间的变化规律,系统中采用了氦气出气压力控制单元,通过调节液氦杜瓦内压力改变液氦的温度从而实现控制液氦低温冷凝面温度;且采用压电晶体阀对单位时间进气量以及被冷凝气体总量进行精确控制;使用ZJ-12型B-A规测量测试装置内真空度.设计了仿真中性束注入器用的低温冷凝泵的测试泵,对其进行ANSYS热力学分析,从而计算出该泵的低温冷凝面积.加工组装了测试平台,并在中性束注入器的工作条件下进行实验,得到测试泵的对氢抽速为940 L/s,表明该系统能够满足测试要求,为中性束注入器低温冷凝泵设计提供实验和理论依据.     

Visualisation of Convective Flow Patterns in Liquid Helium

The advantages of using liquid helium as the investigative fluid in Rayleigh-Bénard experiments are reviewed. A low temperature shadowgraphy apparatus is described that permits convective flow pattern visualisation in liquid helium, thus overcoming the main disadvantage until now of using quantum fluids. The factors involved in maximising the optical resolution for both the shadowgraph and schlieren methods are examined for several fluids and this discussion is applied to the low temperature apparatus in assessing its performance. Some preliminary results on pattern formation in liquid helium are presented.     

An experimental study of hydrogen solubility in liquid aluminium

Hydrogen solubility in molten aluminium at different temperatures from 973–1123 K, has been measured using Sieverts' method. Inert gas (helium or argon) was used as a reference gas to calibrate the measurement system of the Sieverts' apparatus. The measured hydrogen solubility was found to vary with the reference gases. Helium was detected to be soluble in liquid aluminium. When helium is used as the reference gas, its solubility resulted in lower measured hydrogen solubility than that when argon was used to calibrate the measurement system of the apparatus. Argon gas was therefore considered as an appropriate reference gas when Sieverts' method is used to measure the hydrogen solubility in liquid aluminium. The hydrogen solubility, S, in liquid aluminium as a function of melt temperature, T, determined in the present investigation is expressed as log S = (−2980/T) + 3.07.     

Liquid helium cryostat for target cooling

A liquid helium cryostat for target cooling down to temperature 1.3 K has been developed. The essential technical details and experimental results are presented. A moving target holder is proposed.     

一种用于冲击压缩实验的液氦温度低温靶

介绍了研制的一种液氦温度低温靶靶体。该靶体具有独立真空夹层与气冷屏,采用连续流减压降温的液氦制冷方式,在约100 Pa真空环境下,获得了稳定的4.2 K制冷温度。它可以用于氦等气体样品的冲击压缩实验。     

PVT gauging with liquid nitrogen

Experimental results are presented for pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) liquid quantity gauging of a 0.17 m³ liquid nitrogen tank pressured with ambient temperature helium in the normal gravity environment. A previously reported PVT measurement procedure has been improved to include helium solubility in liquid nitrogen. Gauging data was collected at nominal tank fill levels of 80%, 50% and 20% and at nominal tank pressures of 0.3, 1.0, and 1.7 MPa. The test tank was equipped with a liquid pump and spray manifold to circulate and mix the fluid contents and therefore create near-isothermal conditions throughout the tank. Silicon diode sensors were distributed throughout the tank to monitor temperatures. Close-spaced arrays of silicon diode point sensors were utilized to precisely detect the liquid level at the nominal 80%, 50%, and 20% fill levels. The tests simulated the cryogenic tank-side conditions only; helium mass added to the tank was measured by gas flowmeters rather than using pressure and temperature measurements from a dedicated helium supply bottle. Equilibrium data for cryogenic nitrogen and helium mixtures from numerous sources was correlated to predict soluble helium mole fractions. Results show that solubility should be accounted for in the PVT gauging calculations. Mole fractions predicted by Dalton’s Law were found to be in good agreement with the compiled equilibrium data within the temperature–pressure range of interest. Therefore, Dalton’s Law was deemed suitable for calculating ullage composition. Gauging results from the PVT method agreed with the reference liquid level measurements to within 3%.     

Optical Observation of Atomic Hydrogen on the Surface of Liquid Helium

We have optically detected hydrogen atoms adsorbed on the surface of liquid helium, a system relevant for the study of Base degeneracy in two dimensions. The atoms are excited by 121.6 nm light and detected both in fluorescence and in absorption. The optical spectrum of the adsorbed hydrogen atoms was not known a priori. It shows a resonance that is much broader than that of a hydrogen atom in vacuo, and it is shifted to lower frequencies. From the fluorescence intensity we determine that we have reached a surface density corresponding to one atom per square De Broglie wavelength. This means that our experiments take place at the edge of quantum degeneracy. In the regime where the adsorption isotherm is known we can use the measured hydrogen densities to infer the temperature of the helium surface. We use this information to determine the thermal conductance between the surface and the bulk of liquid helium. We find quantitative agreement between the measured temperature drops and the prediction of ripplon-phonon coupling theory.     

The Effect of Self-Heating on the Measurement of a Temperature Change Using a Bolometric Detector

Even when care is taken to lower as much as possible the Joule power dissipated in a bolometric detector, the self-heating effect is far from being negligible. Consequently, in the steady state, it is of crucial importance to carefully distinguish the cell temperature, the bolometer temperature and the temperature of the part of the helium film which covers it. In the light of these results, when a bolometer is used to measure a small change in a thermal heat flux, the fundamental question concerns the exact definition of the quantity measured by the detector. To illustrate this problem we have considered the amplitude measurement of the third sound temperature oscillation. When the bolometer is operated from a current source, a detailed analysis of the different heat fluxes involved in the problem, provides a relation between the quantity usually measured in the experiments, and the real amplitude of the third sound temperature oscillation: Clearly these two values are noticeably different. Experimental measurements performed at 0.3 K support very well our analysis. Finally we show that a constant temperature bolometer appears much more suited to this kind of measurements.     

Stability tests on the euratom LCT conductor

The stability of the conductor against local heat pulses was measured as a function of magnetic field, transport current, temperature and cooling conditions. Comparing liquid helium cooling at 1 bar and supercritical cooling at 4 bar, the stability was found to be higher in liquid helium for transport currents above ≈ 70% /_c(B). Below that current value supercritical helium cooling yielded a higher stability.     

Thermal management with self-rewetting fluids

The present paper describes the results of a series of microgravity experiments on thermal management device, actually wickless heat pipes, with using the so-called “self t-rewetting fluids” (dilute aqueous solutions of high carbon alcohols) as a working fluid. Although most of liquids show a decrease in the surface tension with increasing temperature, self-rewetting fluids show exceptionally an increase in the surface tension with increasing temperature. This particular characteristic allows for a spontaneous liquid supply to hotter interface by the thermocapillary flow. When liquid/vapor phase change takes place, furthermore, additional Marangoni effect due to concentration gradient by the preferential evaporation of alcohol-rich composition in the aqueous solutions is induced. A considerably strong liquid inflow to dry patch or thin film is therefore expected at three-phase interline or liquid/vapor interface. One of the most promising applications of the self-rewetting fluids in space is wickless heat pipes in which condensate spontaneously returns to evaporation region by enhanced Marangoni effect. Demonstrational experiments on the fluid behavior in a transparent glass tube wickless heat pipe were conducted in JAMIC, and spontaneous liquid return velocities were measured. The present authors then performed parabolic flight experiments on heat transfer characteristics of prototype wickless copper heat pipes, and the performance was compared with ordinary heat pipe having wick structure and with other working fluid.     

基于压浮原理的单晶硅球密度比较测量方法研究

为了克服单晶硅球密度测量静力称重法精度受液体表面张力的影响,研究了压浮法进行单晶硅球密度精密比较测量方法和测量系统。在一定的温度下,调节压力,利用液体压缩系数控制液体密度使标准单晶硅球和被测单晶硅球稳定悬浮于工作液体中,通过温度、压力和悬浮高度的测量,计算出二者之间的密度差值。通过双层控温系统保证了液体温度长期波动在±0.25 mK内,利用标准单晶硅球在不同温度-压力悬浮条件线性关系计算出液体压缩系数。试验证明,压浮法测量装置实现了单晶硅球密度差值的精密测量,标准测量相对不确定度为2×10^-7。