气凝胶材料研究的新进展

论述了2002年以来气凝胶材料新的制备方法和新的应用领域，重点综述了气凝胶在能源材料、光学材料、磁性材料等新材料方面的潜在应用，指出用无机盐合成气凝胶材料是今后气凝胶材料制备的发展方向，用有机基团修饰气凝胶二次粒子可以明显提高气凝胶材料的机械强度，从而拓宽了气凝胶的应用范围。最后指出了有关气凝胶新材料研究目前存在的问题及今后有潜力的研究方向。     

维持凝胶织构的干燥理论,技术及应用

在干燥阶段维持凝胶织构可使得干燥凝胶具有一些特殊的性质和用途，也是溶胶－凝胶工艺中的关键问题之一。本文综述了凝胶干燥的理论，介绍了超临界干燥和冷冻干燥技术，并且展示了具有完整织构干燥凝胶的用途。     

温度敏感葡聚糖凝胶的合成及其细胞相容性研究

合成了N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAAm）与葡聚糖的共聚水凝胶，利用红外光谱表征了单体和凝胶结构，研究了水凝胶在去离子水和细胞培养基中的温度响应性，并对凝胶进行了细胞培养和脱附研究．结果表明，共聚凝胶具有很好的温度敏感性和细胞相容性，可以通过控制温度变化，实现对细胞的无损伤脱附．     

PVA-PAAIPN水凝胶的制备及其溶胀性质研究

利用化学交联和循环冰冻-解冻相结合的顺序逼近法，制备了由和聚乙烯醇（PVA）和聚丙烯酸（PAA）复合的具有互穿聚合物网络（IPN）结构的高分子水凝胶。研究了交联剂含量，PAA含量和温度对水凝胶溶胀性质的影响，实验结果表明，30℃时，交联剂含量为1.0mol%的凝胶溶胀度最大，凝胶中PAA含量越大，凝胶的溶胀度越大；具有IPN结构的凝胶具有温度敏感性质；调节凝胶中PAA和交联剂的含量，可以控制凝胶突变体系的大小。     

聚乙烯醇/聚丙烯酸水凝胶的电刺激响应性研究

通过冰冻－解冻循环方法制备了机理交联水凝胶聚乙烯醇（PVA）／聚丙烯酸（PAA），研究了该水凝胶在直流电场作用下的弯曲响应性质，考察不同浓度和组成的凝胶在0．01mol/L Na2Co3电解质水溶液中，。作用电场的电场强度对凝胶弯曲速率的影响，以及电解质溶液的浓度对凝胶弯曲速率的影响，初步探索了凝胶在电场作用下的弯曲机理。     

Ag／PVA复合水凝胶的制备及其性能的研究

通过沉淀法制备Ag／PVA复合水凝胶，对复合水凝胶的微观结构进行了表征，并对其力学性能和抗菌性能进行了研究。结果表明，银微粒可以通过沉淀法均匀分散在水溶性的PVA中，形成Ag／PVA复合水凝胶，并且这种复合水凝胶具有抗菌性能，并改善了PVA水凝胶的力学性能。     

影响明胶凝胶压缩模量因素的研究

对影响明胶凝胶强度的几个因素进行了研究，结果表明，随凝胶中明胶浓度的增加，凝胶的压缩模量增加，但明胶浓度小于１５％时，增加不明显；丙三醇对化学凝胶的压缩模量有较大的影响，压缩模量随其含量的增加而增加，而对物理凝胶的压缩模量影响则不大；凝胶的压缩模量随凝胶中的水含量的升高而降低；交联剂浓度和交联时间都影响凝胶的压缩模量。     

杂萘联苯聚醚砜酮类材料成膜动力学研究（Ⅱ）凝胶介质对PPESK凝胶动力学的影响

以杂萘联苯聚醚砜酮（PPESK）/NMP为聚膜液体系，进行了成膜过程凝胶动力学研究；浊点实验表明，随着醇类物质碳原子数目的增多，相图的二相区变小，凝胶过程所需的非溶剂量增多．还考察了不同凝胶浴对PPESK／NMP体系凝胶速度的影响．结果表明，使絮凝值增大的非溶剂，凝胶过程中所需的非溶剂量增多，凝胶速度降低．凝胶浴中加入溶剂使铸膜液和凝胶浴的化学势差降低，使非溶剂和溶剂的传质速度下降，凝胶速度减小．当NMP浓度为80％时，膜结构由指状转变为海绵状结构．     

金属表面Sol-gel法制备耐腐蚀陶瓷涂层的研究进展

综述了溶胶－凝胶涂层的成膜原理，制备工艺，比较了溶胶－凝胶法与其它金属陶瓷涂层的制备工艺，讨论了溶胶－凝胶涂层对金属耐磨腐蚀性能，耐磨性能的改进及在腐蚀防护领域中的应用，还对溶胶－凝胶涂层技术的发展的提出了看法。     

增韧抗冻水凝胶柔性应变传感器研究进展

水凝胶作为一种结构与生物组织类似的柔性材料，被广泛地应用在柔性传感器等领域。但其内部含水量较大导致力学性能较差，且在低温环境下易结冰失效。本文从增韧机理、抗冻方法以及疲劳特性等方面对增韧抗冻水凝胶进行了综述。首先，对不同增韧机理水凝胶的力学性能以及内部结构进行了对比；其次，讨论了低温环境下水凝胶的抗冻方法；最后，总结了水凝胶在长时间静态或循环加载情况下的疲劳损伤特性。未来应致力于增加水凝胶的保水抗冻性能，深入研究水凝胶疲劳失效机理，以期为耐低温、抗疲劳水凝胶传感器的应用提供理论基础。     

Solar photocatalytic degradation of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNBP) using TiO2/SiO2 aerogel composite photocatalysts

Silica aerogels and TiO₂/silica aerogel composite photocatalysts were synthesized by sol–gel technique at ambient pressure using orthosilioate and tetra-n-butyl titanate as precursors, respectively. The prepared composite photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET surface area, FT-IR and UV–vis absorption spectra. The results showed that the TiO₂/silica aerogel composite photocatalysts possess high surface area. The addition of silica aerogels inhibited the grain growth and phase transformation of anatase to rutile during calcination. The TiO₂/silica aerogel composite sample calcined at 500 °C with an optimal silica aerogel content of 7 wt.% afforded the highest photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic degradation of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNBP) was investigated by using this novel TiO₂/silica aerogel composite photocatalyst under solar light irradiation. The effects of irradiation time, pH, catalyst concentration, temperature and initial DNBP concentration were examined as operational parameters. The optimal operational parameters were found as follows: pH as solution pH 4.82, 8 g L⁻¹ catalyst concentration, 20 °C, and 240 min irradiation time. The kinetics of DNBP degradation by TiO₂/silica aerogel composite fit well a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The repeatability of photocatalytic activity was also tested. This study showed the feasible and potential use of TiO₂/silica aerogel composite photocatalysts in degradation of toxic organic contaminants.     

Preparation,properties and thermal control applications of silica aerogel infiltrated with solid–liquid phase change materials

In this study, silica aerogel saturated with erythritol as phase change materials (PCMs) was prepared by melt infiltration. The properties of the composite were determined by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscope (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In the novel composite, erythritol with high latent heat of fusion was used as PCM for thermal control, whereas nanoporous silica aerogel was prepared as the phase change matrix to provide structural strength and prevent leakage of the melted erythritol. Nitrogen gas adsorption curves and SEM analysis indicate that the pore structure of silica aerogel was porous and connected with each other. FT-IR analysis showed that the composite formation of silica aerogel and erythritol were physical, whereas DSC analysis showed that the melting point and heat storage capacity of the composite were 123.8°C and 289.92?kJ/kg, respectively. The thermal protection properties of phase change composites were designed under laboratory conditions using a thermal measurement setup of a simulated thermal environment of an aircraft. The phase change composite produced by the study can be used for thermal protection applications. Compared with the paraffin–silica aerogel composite, the erythritol–silica aerogel composite could rapidly control the rising temperature by absorbing heat under high thermal environments.     

疏水改性对SiO2气凝胶薄膜性能与结构的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备SiO2气凝胶薄膜,并以不同体积分数的六甲基二硅胺烷(HMDZ)对SiO2气凝胶薄膜进行了疏水改性研究,采用椭偏仪、FITR、接触角测试仪、SEM和光谱仪等对薄膜的疏水性、微观结构及透光性进行了表征,研究了HMDZ疏水改性对SiO2气凝胶薄膜性能与结构的影响。结果表明,疏水改性后,SiO2胶粒表面的大部分亲水性-OH被疏水基团-CH3所取代,其与水的接触角达159°,疏水性好;SiO2气凝胶薄膜在可见光范围内透光率接近90%,透光性高;其孔隙率为78.8%,密度为0.464g/cm3,骨架颗粒尺寸小于40nm,具有纳米多孔网络结构特性。     

改性硅气凝胶/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯乳液的制备与性能研究

采用HMDS(六甲基二硅氮烷)改性硅气凝胶,通过乳液聚合法,将改性硅气凝胶与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)进行聚合,制得改性硅气凝胶/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合乳液,并且讨论了硅气凝胶的表面状态,以及改性气凝胶质量分数对复合乳液性能的影响。结果表明:HMDS可成功修饰于硅气凝胶表面,将改性硅气凝胶与PMMA乳液体系复合,乳液综合性能呈现较为显著的变化。HMDS修饰的硅气凝胶有助于降低乳液的导热系数,加入3%HMDS修饰的硅气凝胶可以使成膜后的乳液具有较低的导热系数。     

疏水型SiO2气凝胶薄膜的制备

二氧化硅气凝胶薄膜是一种应用广泛的功能材料.本文采用sol-gel技术和dip-coating镀膜工艺,在玻璃表面上形成了SiO2气凝胶薄膜,对SiO2膜层进行表面修饰处理,得到了疏水型SiO2气凝胶薄膜.研究了催化剂与老化过程对薄膜物性的影响.结果表明该疏水膜能使玻璃表面与水的接触角由50°提高至125°,有明显的疏水效果.     

常压干燥制备SiO2气凝胶复合材料研究进展

SiO_2气凝胶复合材料具有低密度、低热导、高强度等优异性能,已在航空航天、石油化工、建筑保温等领域获得较好应用。然而现有成熟的超临界干燥制备SiO_2气凝胶复合材料工艺需要维持高温、高压条件,能耗高、危险性大且设备复杂,常压干燥制备工艺由于所需条件温和、设备简单,有望实现连续性规模化生产。本文结合国内外关于常压干燥制备SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的研究进展,按照颗粒、纤维等增强相的不同,对常压干燥制备SiO_2气凝胶复合材料进行综述并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

常压干燥制备SiO2气凝胶的研究

以水玻璃为硅源,采用常压干燥制备了SiO2气凝胶。研究了老化时间、老化剂种类、干燥溶剂种类以及表面改性对SiO2气凝胶结构和性能的影响。结果表明:制得的SiO2气凝胶具有良好的疏水性,密度为0.082g/cm3,孔隙率为96.26%,比表面积达到585.4m2/g。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外分析(FT-IR)、热重分析(TG)、差热分析(DTA)等对疏水型气凝胶的结构和性能进行了研究。     

Carbothermal transformation of a graphitic carbon nanofiber/silica aerogel composite to a SiC/silica nanocomposite

Carbon nanofiber/silica aerogel composites are prepared by sol-gel processing of surface-enhanced herringbone graphitic carbon nanofibers (GCNF) and Si(OMe)4, followed by supercritical CO2 drying. Heating the resulting GCNF/silica aerogel composites to 1650 degrees C under a partial pressure of Ar gas initiates carbothermal reaction between the silica aerogel matrix and the carbon nanofiber component to form SiC/silica nanocomposites. The SiC phase is present as nearly spherical nanoparticles, having an average diameter of ca. 8 nm. Formation of SiC is confirmed by powder XRD and by Raman spectroscopy.     

Synthesis and characterization of silica aerogel films for inter-metal dielectrics via ambient drying

Low-dielectric silica aerogel films could be synthesized via solvent exchange-ambient drying of wet gel films that were obtained by spin-coating the isopropanol based silica sol on a p-Si (100) wafer. Using isopropanol as a drying solvent, the thickness and the dielectric constant of silica films significantly changed from 1100 nm to 350 nm and from 2.1 to 3.6, respectively, with the drying pressure of [8 MPa (270 °C)→2.6 MPa (200 °C)]. However, when isopropanol in pores was exchanged with n-heptane followed by ambient drying technique, the aerogel films had 1350 nm thickness, 80% porosity, and 2.0 dielectric constant, regardless of the drying pressure. The degree of planarization and the gap filling capability on 0.7 μm tungsten patterning wafer were excellent. It was proven that the ambient-dried aerogel films have a possibility of an application to IMD (inter-metal dielectrics) materials in the next generation of semiconductor devices beyond the giga level.     

Theoretical Modeling of the Radiative Properties and Effective Thermal Conductivity of the Opacified Silica Aerogel

In this paper, we investigate the radiative properties and the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of the opacified silica aerogel by theoretical method. The radiative properties of the opacified silica aerogel are obtained by the modified Mie Scattering Theory that is used for particle scattering in absorbing medium. The modified gamma distribution is used to take account of the non-uniformity of the particle size. The solid thermal conductivity of the composite material is obtained by considering the scale effect of the particles. Based on these calculated thermophysical properties the coupled heat conduction and radiation through the evacuated opacified aerogel are solved by the finite volume method. And the radiation flux is computed by the P-1 approximation combined with the gray-band model. Results show that, the calculated thermophysical properties of the TiO₂-doped silica aerogel are close to the experimental data. The optimal mean radius for the largest radiation extinction of the SiC particles is about 1μm. The presented data of optimal doping amount of the SiC particles at different temperature conditions for the evacuated silica aerogel is very useful for thermal insulation material design.