跨度对坑道抗爆震塌破坏影响的数值分析

采用LS-DYNA非线性有限元程序对炸药在岩石坑道上方封闭爆炸使坑道震塌堵塞的效应进行了数值模拟,得到了坑道跨度变化时结构应力、应变的变化规律,演化了结构从弹性、塑性、开裂、震塌的整个过程.计算得出,当其它条件一定时,坑道的跨度从小到大,局部震塌区由小到大再有所减小,最后趋向于稳定值;而坑道的整体破坏特征(非震塌区)明显加重.     

地下工程抗爆防震塌设计动力学机理讨论

在爆炸载荷下,反射拉应力波是导致混凝土防护结构震塌的主要原因。材料的动态抗拉强度是结构抗爆防震塌设计所必须考虑的主要参量,抑制或减弱拉伸冲击波的强度是防护结构设计的一个重要目标。研究了混凝土和钢纤维增强混凝土的动态力学性能以及它们结构的爆炸震塌响应。试验表明,高强混凝土C100的抗震塌能力还不如普通混凝土C40;加入体积含量2%的钢纤维可有效提高混凝土的强度以及结构的抗震塌能力;而且加入相同含量的钢纤维后,纤维增强C100混凝土的抗震塌能力与增强C40混凝土相比并无明显不同。应用一维应力波理论近似分析,揭示了抗震塌设计的动力学机理,分析表明,"三明治"复合层结构可以有效提高结构的抗震塌能力,此分析为设计具有更好抗爆能力的防护工程提供了科学依据。     

钢筋混凝土震塌厚度计算公式对比研究

震塌破坏是钢筋混凝土结构三种局部破坏中的一种,也是影响结构抗局部破坏能力的主要因素。分析对比了目前应用较广泛的钢筋混凝土震塌厚度经验计算公式,并与试验结果进行比较,得到了各经验公式的计算误差和适用范围。在这些经验公式中,Bechtel公式和修正BRL公式的预测值与试验结果吻合得最好,Bechtel公式可用来预测无震塌最小厚度,而修正BRL可用来预测震塌最小厚度,即临界贯穿厚度。     

钢纤维高强混凝土抗爆炸研究

对纤维体积率(Vf)为0%―3%、基体强度为C100的钢纤维高强混凝土(SFRHSC)板进行模型爆炸试验,结果表明:爆炸应力波在混凝土中呈现明显的衰减特性,衰减幅度与混凝土强度等级、Vf之间的关系不大,但背爆面加速度峰值和迎爆面破坏程度则随着Vf的增加而降低;SFRHSC最大最显著的优势是抗震塌,在普通混凝土板大面积震塌,碎裂块爆飞的装药量爆炸条件下,SFRHSC板却无震塌发生或只有小块体脱离,裂而不散,其抗震塌性能的提高主要取决于材料的抗拉强度;根据试验结果建立了基于神经网络系统的SFRHSC震塌模型,模型计算的理论值与实测值比较接近。     

地下工程喷射混凝土爆破振动安全标准研究

根据一维波动理论,通过分析应力波在不同介质中反射和透射的过程,研究了爆破振动应力波对巷道围岩和喷射混凝土的破坏作用.结果表明,在爆破振动应力波的作用下,对于坚硬岩体,支护结构的破坏主要由喷射混凝土的抗拉强度所决定;而对于软岩体,支护结构的破坏则主要由喷射混凝土与围岩的交界面的抗拉强度所决定.同时,通过研究爆破振动在围岩中的传播规律,得到了掘进爆破工程中喷射混凝土支护的安全距离,为地下掘进爆破工程施工以及喷射混凝土初期支护的设计提供了一定参考.     

地下工程喷射混凝土爆破振动安全标准研究

根据一维波动理论,通过分析应力波在不同介质中反射和透射的过程,研究了爆破振动应力波对巷道围岩和喷射混凝土的破坏作用。结果表明,在爆破振动应力波的作用下,对于坚硬岩体,支护结构的破坏主要由喷射混凝土的抗拉强度所决定;而对于软岩体,支护结构的破坏则主要由喷射混凝土与围岩的交界面的抗拉强度所决定。同时,通过研究爆破振动在围岩中的传播规律,得到了掘进爆破工程中喷射混凝土支护的安全距离,为地下掘进爆破工程施工以及喷射混凝土初期支护的设计提供了一定参考。     

地应力对混凝土材料中爆炸应力波传播影响规律研究

为研究山体、坝体等自然环境下不同地应力水平对爆炸应力波传播的影响,采用数值模拟技术对不同地应力条件下混凝土试件进行爆炸模拟试验。通过对混凝土试件边界处施加不同大小的应力,观察了在不同地应力下试件承受爆炸荷载后的破坏现象;通过改变模型单边地应力数值设置对照组,随后对不同模型施加相同爆炸荷载,得到了试件中各预设的4个测点的峰值应力及质点运动速度。借助试验中测点峰值应力与质点运动速度等爆炸波特征参数的变化,进而分析了不同地应力大小对爆炸应力波传播的影响。结果表明：地应力对爆炸应力波的影响主要表现为在高地应力水平下的“抑制传播”与低应力水平下的“促进传播”。爆炸过程中,爆炸应力波与地应力的叠加耦合增大了测点峰值应力强度,反之,高地应力抑制了介质颗粒的位移,从而降低了质点运动速度。研究从不同地应力水平对爆炸应力波的传播影响角度入手,创新性地分析了地应力对应力波的抑制作用,其结果可为深地下钻孔爆破过程中破坏区的预判,地下结构抗爆防护等方面提供一定的理论依据。     

钢纤维喷射混凝土结构爆炸震塌破坏效应数值模拟

运用动力分析软件LS_DYNA3D,采用任意拉各朗日-欧拉算法,分别对钢纤维喷射混凝土支护和无支护条件下抗常规爆炸的震塌过程进行了三维数值模拟,并将数值模拟结果与规范中其它支护类型在相同条件下的震塌落石速度进行对比.通过震塌剥落层速度的对比,量化说明了钢纤维喷射混凝土支护结构抗爆炸震塌的能力.     

爆炸载荷作用下临界震塌爆距公式研究

坑道震塌破坏机制复杂,是工程中亟待解决的难题之一。为了得到便于工程应用的临界震塌爆距计算公式以及影响临界震塌爆距的主要因素,在常用经验公式的基础上,通过拟合爆距与洞跨比影响系数,将经验公式显化,推导的修正公式不需要反复迭代试算,使用方便。利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件对坑道正上方装药爆炸进行数值模拟,得出临界震塌爆距,其结果与修正公式相比较,表明修正公式与模拟结果吻合较好,可用于临界震塌爆距的计算。数值模拟临界震塌爆距随洞室跨度的变化,结果表明:洞室跨度越大,临界震塌爆距越大,且趋于某一极限值;洞室跨度小于15 m时临界震塌爆距随洞跨的增大增幅较快。     

地下巷道对近区爆破动荷载的响应特性研究

在地下矿产资源开采和地下空间群及隧道开挖过程中,钻爆施工具有无法取代的优势,然而地下既有开挖空间受近区开挖爆破动荷载的影响也不容忽视.为提高钻爆开挖后地下空间围岩安全、稳定以及优化开挖爆破方案,结合某磷矿采掘巷道特征,采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建模计算既有巷道在不同距离爆源(爆源距离巷道距离分别为10 m、14 m、18 m、22 m)巷道的顶板、底板、巷帮动力响应分布.计算结果表明:既有巷道断面近区岩石的破坏以拉应力破坏为主,压应力起辅助破坏作用;相邻巷道的合理布置范围在14～18 m范围之内,有效保证采场结构的安全稳定;倒梯形断面有助于爆炸应力波的引导和发散,同时也有助于提高既有巷道的安全稳定.     

对于层裂强度传统测定方法有效性的讨论

基于Gathers的工作,对试件靶背部贴有低阻抗材料的平面冲击波致层裂试验,导出了传统方法测定层裂强度的一般方程,在无低阻抗材料且作声学近似的条件下,即为Novikov的测定层裂强度的方程。研究指出,传统方法确定的层裂强度测定方程仅仅可能对采用瞬时层裂准则得到的数值模拟的层裂信号有效。数值模拟表明,层裂面上的由损伤演化引起的应力松弛严重影响层裂片中的应力剖面,因而影响靶板自由面速度历史或靶板-低阻抗材料界面应力历史。研究揭示,传统方法导出的估算层裂强度方程由于没有计及应力松弛,对于实测的靶板自由面速度历史或靶板-低阻抗材料界面应力历史并非有效。     

A void coalescence-based spall model

A void coalescence-based spall model is presented using stress relaxation equations based on the assumption that the main effect of the microcracks is to reduce the area over which the stress acts in the early stages and the stress decreases to porosity-dependent value in the void coalescence stages. The stress- (or pressure-) dependent spall porosities given by Thomason, by Tonks et al and by Cochran et al. are, respectively, combined with conservation equations, equation of state and constitutive equations for the damaged aggregate to establish a series of closed equations for all variables including the damage. The void coalescence-based spall model contains only two parameters: the spall strength and critical damage, the values of which can be initially estimated for plate-impact spall tests and be finally determined to make the computed results of spall tests under the initial and boundary conditions consistent with experimental velocity (stress) profile and the observed damage at spall plane in general. The computer simulations of spall experiments for copper, uranium and steel are performed with the one-dimensional Lagrangian finite difference method. The computed results based on the pressure-dependent spall porosities given by Tonks et al., and by Cochran et al., are consistent in general, but different from the computed results based on Thomason's 2D stress-dependent spall porosity to a considerable extent.     

On the validity of the traditional measurement of spall strength

Basing on Gathers's work, a set of general equations for traditional determination of spall strength is given under some assumptions for the planar spall experiment with a low-impedance buffer placed behind the target. In the case of no buffer, the equations become the traditional expression given by Novikov within the acoustic approach. It is revealed that the propagation of wave profile in the spall scab is affected seriously by the damage evolution on the spall plane. Therefore, the free surface velocity profile of target or the stress profile of interface between target and low-impedance buffer depends critically on the damage evolution on the spall plane. It is concluded that the traditional determination of spall strength without taking into account the stress relaxation due to the damage evolution on the spall plane could be valid only for the numerically simulated ‘pullback’ by the simple spall cutoff criterion but not valid for the experimental ‘pullback’ in general.     

地下工程围岩压力计算的反算法

本文通过有限元与优化理论的结合,提出了一种新的简单的地下工程围岩压力计算的反算法。它以实测位移(或应力)为理论根据,利用优化方法将计算应力(或位移)向实测应力(或位移)逼近,从而反推算出作用在巷道支护上的围岩压力分布。应用了SAP5分析程序和Hooke—jeeves优化方法,对计算地下工程围岩压力分布进行了新的探讨,它将在地下工程设计及地压研究等方面起着重要的参考作用。     

Spall investigations for LY12 Al using triangular waves

Spall of LY12 Al was investigated using experimental techniques based on the dynamics of shock wave attenuation to produce decaying triangular shock pulse in the sample of plate-impact spall tests. Spall signals were measured by monitoring the time-resolved free surface velocity histories of the targets with VISAR techniques. Targets were soft recovered and two spall planes for the high-stress triangular wave experiment were observed. For triangular wave spall plane location is a variable and there can be several regions of relatively high tension. The void coalescence-based spall model presented by the authors is used in simulating the spall tests. Computed free surface velocity histories of targets and damage distributions through the thickness of the targets are compared with the VISAR data and the observed damages in soft recovered targets, respectively. It is noted that the modeling of spall process caused by triangular waves can be seriously influenced by the artificial viscosity, the constitutive equations of the sample and the spall fracture model.     

水下钻孔爆破的数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA对水下钻孔爆破岩石破碎过程进行了数值模拟,根据不同厚度水层覆盖条件下的爆破物理图像,结合岩石内3个单元的应力变化时程曲线,对起爆后10ms内岩石中的应力变化进行了分析;并根据岩石中裂隙的形成和发展情况,对爆破动载作用下水下岩石的破坏情况进行了相应的理论分析。模拟结果可应用于水下钻孔爆破的参数设计。     

Critical stresses and strains at the spall edge of a case hardened bearing due to ball impact

Short spall propagation times of failing main shaft ball bearings of aircraft engines are a serious safety concern for single engine aircraft. Bearing designers would like to understand the impact of four variables namely (i) ball material density, (ii) subsurface residual stress, (iii) gradient in yield strength with depth (case hardening), and (iv) raceway surface hardness/yield strength that are thought to affect spall propagation. Extensive spall propagation experiments have been conducted at AFRL, Ohio in the past few years to address this issue. However, a detailed mechanistic analysis of these experiments has not been performed. This work presents an elastic–plastic finite element (FE) model that simulates a ball impacting a spall edge to determine the relative contributions of the four material variables on spall propagation. The magnitude and extent of damage of the spall edge material is determined based on critical stresses and plastic strains induced by the ball impact. The results indicate that the influence of ball density is greatest on inducing damage at the impacted spall edge when compared to the other three properties, which also agrees with the hybrid bearing spall propagation tests conducted at AFRL.     

爆破动荷载作用下的地下结构内力计算方法探讨

地下结构内力计算是地下结构工程设计与施工验算的重要内容,而地下结构内力计算方法是地下结构内力计算的理论基础,所以必须加强地下结构内力计算方法的研究。这里采用结构动力学原理和弹性力学厚板理论对爆破动荷载作用下的地下结构内力计算方法进行了研究,推导了爆破荷载作用下的地下结构围岩和支护的内力M和Q计算公式,可用于分析地下结构相互作用原理、围岩压力分布和支护应力状态以及地下结构设计与施工强度验算。     

一种新的简化延性层裂模型

重新定义损伤、应用Cochran-Banner模型中的强度函数,提出了一种新的简化延性层裂模型。新模型抛弃了Cochran和Banner为计算他们所定义的损伤所作的基本假设:一旦微损伤形成,使微损伤演化远远易于使固体进一步发生体积应变。从而修正了差分微元中固体比容的计算。强调指出,选定重新定义的损伤以及强度函数或应力松弛方程提供了确定损伤的可能,排除了任何外加的损伤演化方程。在新的简化延性层裂模型中,一旦拉伸应力达到层裂强度,重新定义的损伤将由强度函数确定的应力松弛方程、计及损伤的能量守恒方程、状态方程以及本构方程等一系列封闭方程组确定。若干平板撞击致层裂实验的理论计算与实验结果已被比较。新模型中仅含两个参数:层裂强度及临界损伤度,它们的确定能使在一定初、边值条件下的层裂试验数值计算结果与实验测得的靶自由面速度历史或靶-低阻抗材料界面应力历史以及回收观测的层裂面上的损伤一致。     

Thickness effect on the mode III fracture resistance and fracture path of rock using ENDB specimens

Study of the thickness effect in predicting the crack growth behavior and load bearing capacity of rock‐type structures is an important issue for obtaining a relation between the experimental fracture toughness of laboratory subsized samples and the real rock structures with large thickness. The fracture of rock masses or underground rock structures at deep strata may be dominantly governed by the tensile or tear crack growth mechanism. Therefore, in this research, a number of mode I and mode III fracture toughness experiments are conducted on edge notch disc bend (ENDB) specimen made of a kind of marble rock to investigate the effect of specimen thickness on the corresponding K_Ic and K_IIIc values. It is observed that the fracture toughness of both modes I and III are increased by increasing the height of the ENDB specimen. Also, the ratio of K_IIIc/K_Ic obtained from each thickness of the ENDB specimens is compared with those predicted by some fracture criteria, and it was shown that the minimum plastic radius (MPR) criterion is the main suitable criterion for investigating the fracture toughness ratio K_IIIc/K_Ic . Also, the effect of ENDB height on fracture trajectory of tested samples is assessed. It is shown that the crack grows curvilinearly in thicker ENDB samples and cannot extend along the crack front in small specimens.