太原市河道沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险分析

对太原市内部分河流进行沉积物采样分析,测定其重金属含量,应用瑞典科学家Hakanson提出的潜在生态风险指数法分析各种重金属对河道底泥沉积物的污染程度及对水域的潜在生态风险。结果显示,各河道中Zn的富集程度最高,Cd对水域的潜在风险最大。底泥受污染程度及水域潜在生态风险顺序为北沙河〉南沙河〉虎峪河〉玉门河〉汾河。     

潘一矿煤矸石充填复垦区重金属分布特征及污染程度评价

在潘一矿复垦区一煤矸石山附近土壤进行布点采样,并采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪检测土样中8种重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Ni、As、Hg的含量,结果表明:土壤中大多数重金属含量高低和采样点与矸石山之间距离成反比;利用单因子指数法以及潜在生态风险指数法对该区域单项重金属污染程度和多种重金属综合污染程度进行评价,评价结果表明该研究区域主要重金属污染元素为Cd、As、Cu,重金属综合污染等级为轻度污染。     

燃煤与垃圾焚烧飞灰中细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的重金属元素风险评价

为了研究燃煤与垃圾焚烧飞灰中细颗粒物PM_(2.5)所含重金属元素Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb和Sn的分布特征及潜在风险,利用再悬浮技术采集样品,采用等离子体发射光谱仪与石墨炉检测样品中重金属元素的含量,分别利用富集因子与Hakanson潜在风险指数进行风险评价。结果表明:燃煤飞灰中PM_(2.5)的重金属元素按含量由大到小的顺序为Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Sn,垃圾焚烧飞灰中PM_(2.5)的重金属元素按含量由大到小的顺序为Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu、Sn、Ni;垃圾焚烧过程中的重金属元素富集程度高于燃煤焚烧过程中的;燃煤飞灰中PM_(2.5)的重金属元素含量相对较小,潜在风险较低;垃圾焚烧飞灰中PM_(2.5)的重金属元素含量非常大,潜在风险极高。     

衡阳市冬春季大气颗粒物中重金属的污染评价

采用潜在生态危害指数法和富集因子法,对衡阳市冬春季大气颗粒物中重金属污染进行评价。结果表明:重金属元素的潜在生态危害大小为CdCrPbCuNi,春季冬季,细颗粒物PM~2.5总悬浮颗粒物TSP,Pb、Cd、Cr的潜在生态危害程度均属于极强;重金属的富集程度为:CdCrPbCuNi,PM_2.5TSP;Pb、Cu、Cd冬季富集程度大于春季,Cr和Ni冬季富集程度小于春季;TSP和PM_2.5中重金属的富集系数EF值均大于1,说明重金属的相对富集受到人为活动的影响。     

矸石山周边土壤环境质量分析与探讨——以豫北某煤矿矸石山为例

本文以河南北部某煤矿矸石山为例,通过在矸石山附近纵向和垂向采集土壤样品测试分析结果,总结了矸石山周边土壤中重金属和有毒有害元素的分布规律,分析探讨了矸石中污染因子的富集和迁移规律。研究结果表明,矸石山周边土壤中金属Cd是主要的潜在生态风险因子,Pb次之,Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn、Ni等基本与土壤背景值相同,土壤环境质量基本达到土壤环境质量的二级标准,附近土壤未受污染。Gd元素的富集与降水作用下煤矸石发生风化和淋溶作用有密切关系。     

鱼体内重金属含量测定及其分布状况的研究

以微波消解预处理样品，用ICP-AES法测定了市场具有代表性的食用鱼类的Cu，Zn，Cd，Pb，Cr和Ni六种重金属的含量。结果表明，鱼类不同组织器官对各种重金属积累能力明显不同，生命必需元素Zn、Cu的含量较高，且主要存在于肝脏和内脏中；有毒重金属元素Cd，Pb，Cr和Nj主要分布于鳞片、鳃中，其食用部分中各重金属含量都较低，可以安全食用。     

耕地土壤重金属含量测定及风险评价

通过采集耕地土壤样品30个,测定土壤中As、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、Cu和Zn的含量,并分别采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对耕地土壤中重金属含量水平进行了风险评价。结果表明,Hg的变异系数最大,为53%,其它元素的变异系数都较小,这表明所测地区的人为活动对耕地土壤化学组成产生的影响相对较小。单项污染指数法评价结果显示有8例样品Ni含量超过国家标准含量限值。但是土壤样品重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为0.49~0.89,平均值为0.66,总体处于安全级水平。     

流动注射分光光度法测定海水中痕量重金属

针对水体中污染较重且含量较高的可溶态痕量重金属镉(Cd2+)、铜(Cu2+)、锌(Zn2+)、镍(Ni2+),提出采用流动注射分光光度法测定海水中痕量可溶性重金属。首先分析了四种重金属离子 Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+在不同波长下的吸光光谱,然后建立了4水平4因素的正交校正集作为多元线性回归数据分析模型,最后搭建了重金属离子浓度测量装置,检测了海水中的可溶性Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+浓度,检测下限可达10-9(ppb)。     

微生物矿化固结土壤中重金属研究

选取到一种土壤菌--菌株A,利用其在底物诱导下产生的酶化作用,分解产生CO2-3,矿化固结土壤中的有效态重金属(以Cd2 的处理为代表),使其沉积为稳定态的碳酸盐;对被复合重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等)污染的土壤样进行微生物修复的实验中,有效态重金属去除率达50%～70%,环境友好,工艺简单,实用价值高,以期应用于重金属污染土壤中的活性态重金属的处理,防止重金属污染物进入生物链下游,保障人类生存安全.     

腐植酸树脂对电镀废水中重金属离子的吸附

利用泥炭为原料制备出腐植酸树脂。在动态条件下 ,研究了腐植酸树脂对重金属离子Pb2 +、Cu2 +、Zn2 +、Ni2 +、Cr3+的吸附效果及条件。同时探讨了腐植酸树脂对Pb2 +、Cu2 +、Zn2 +、Ni2 +、Cr3+的吸附与解吸再生机理。含Pb2 +、Cu2 +、Zn2 +、Ni2 +、Cr3+的电镀废水经腐植酸树脂吸附后 ,废水中重金属离子的含量低于国家排放标准     

Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments--a case study: Mahanadi basin, India

Sequential extraction technique was used to study the mobility and dynamics of operationally determined chemical forms of heavy metals in the sediments and their ecological risk on the biotic species. The results reveal that high environmental risk of Cd, Ni, Co and Pb, are due to their higher availability in the exchangeable fraction. Substantial amount of Cd, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb, is observed as carbonate bound, which may result due to their special affinity towards carbonate and their co-precipitation with its minerals. Colloids of Fe-Mn oxides act as efficient scavengers for the heavy metals like Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Co, and Ni. Toxic metals like Ni, Pb and Cd are of concern, which occasionally may be associated with adverse biological effects based on the comparison with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The risk assessment code (RAC) suggests that the highest mobility of Cd poses a higher environmental risk and also threat to the aquatic biota. Factor analysis reveals that the enrichment of heavy metals in bioavailable fraction is mostly contributed from anthropogenic sources. These contributing sources are highlighted by cluster analysis.     

Use of sequential leaching, mineralogy, morphology and multivariate statistical technique for quantifying metal pollution in highly polluted aquatic sediments--a case study: Brahmani and Nandira Rivers, India

The particle size distribution, geochemical composition and sequential leaching of metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cd) are carried out in core sediments (<88 microm) from the Brahmani and Nandira Rivers, India. To confirm the contamination of downstream sediments by fly ash, mineralogical and morphological characterizations were carried out. High environmental risk of Co, Pb and Ni is due to their higher availability in exchangeable fraction. The metals like Zn, Cu and Mn represent an appreciable portion in the carbonate phase. Metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni are associated with reducible phase may be due to adsorption. The organic bound Cu, Zn, and Pb seem to be second dominant fraction among non-lithogenous in Nandira sediments. Factor analysis data reveals that textural parameters, Fe-Mn oxy/hydroxides, organic precipitation and coal fly ash disposals, are individually responsible for the enrichment of heavy metals. The relationships among the stations are highlighted by cluster analysis to identify the contamination levels.     

Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China

Street dusts collected from Baoji, NW China were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn and Ni by using PANalytical PW-2403 wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and assessed the contamination level of heavy metals on the basis of geoaccumulation index (I(geo)), enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI) and integrated pollution index (IPI). The results indicate that, in comparison with Chinese soil, street dusts in Baoji have elevated metal concentrations as a whole. The concentrations of heavy metals investigated in this paper are compared with the reported data of other cities. The calculated results of I(geo) and EF of heavy metals reveal the order of I(geo) and EF are Pb>Zn>Cu>Ni>Mn. The high I(geo) and EF for Pb, Zn and Cu in street dusts indicate that there is a considerable Pb, Zn and Cu pollution, which mainly originate from traffic and industry activities. The I(geo) and EF of Mn and Ni are low and the assessment results indicate an absence of distinct Mn and Ni pollution in street dusts. The assessment results of PI also support Pb, Zn and Cu in street dusts presented serious pollution, and IPI indicates heavy metals of street dust polluted seriously.     

Assessment of the metal pollution, potential toxicity and speciation of sediment from Algeciras Bay (South of Spain) using chemometric tools

A study to determine total and mobile heavy metals concentrations in sediments from Algeciras Bay was performed and pollution hotspots were identified. The effects on aquatic organisms were established using sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Ni and Cr exceeded the effect range medium and low levels, respectively, around industrial area. Potential toxicity of metals was determined by diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractions and low alert levels of Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni and Pb were exceeded at most sampling sites. Three pollution indicators were used showing significant values for As, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd. Sediment speciation using the sequential extraction BCR procedure was carried out, being Cd, Zn, Pb and As the most available metals. Principal component, cluster and ANOVA analyses were performed in order to assess the sources of metals and the influence of seasonality and anthropogenic activities on the sediment quality. Two principal component analysis (PCA) factors were obtained identifying the sampling sites affected by anthropogenic activities; Ni-Cr and Zn-Cu-V clusters were also obtained associated with stainless steel and petrochemical industrial activities. ANOVA showed the outstanding sites because of total metal concentration and significant differences among sampling sites by the acid extractable and reducible fractions for all metals except for Ba and V.     

Speciation of heavy metals by modified BCR sequential extraction procedure in different depths of sediments from Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia

The sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Standard, Measurements and Testing (SM&T) program, formerly the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), was applied for partitioning of heavy metals (HMs) in river sediments collected along the course of Sungai Buloh and the Straits of Malacca in Selangor, Malaysia. Eight elements (V, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) from seven stations (S1-S7) and at different depths were analyzed using the modified BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure (SEP) in combination with ICP-MS to obtain the metal distribution patterns in this region. The results showed that heavy metal contaminations at S2 and S3 was more severe than at other sampling sites, especially for Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb. Nevertheless, the element concentrations from top to bottom layers decreased predominantly. The samples from the Straits of Malacca (S4-S7) the highest contamination factors obtained were for Co, Zn and Pb while the lowest were found for V and Cr, similar to Sungai Buloh sediments. The sediments showed a low risk for V, Cr, Cu and Pb with RAC values of less than 10%, but medium risk for Co, Zn (except S3), Cd at S1 and S2 and Ni at S1, S3 and S5. Zn at S3 and Cd at S3-S7 showed high risk to our sediment samples. There is not any element of very high risk conditions in the selected samples.     

Distribution of heavy metals in Lakes Doirani and Kerkini, Northern Greece

The distribution of heavy metals in two lakes of high ecological significance, Doirani and Kerkini, located in Northern Greece was studied. Eight metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in water, total suspended solids, fine and coarse sediments. Moreover, the modified BCR fractionation scheme was employed in sediments and suspended solids to determine soluble, oxidisable, reducible and residual fractions of metals. The Lake Doirani presents higher metal concentrations in aqueous phase than Lake Kerkini; Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn are above the chronic freshwater quality criteria for aquatic life. In both lakes, Fe and Mn are the most abundant elements in total suspended solids whereas Cd the less abundant. The Lake Kerkini exhibits higher concentrations of all the examined metals in sediments comparing to the Lake Doirani, however the concentrations are lower than the sediment quality guidelines. Cd in sediments is mainly in soluble fraction, Pb and Cu exhibit significant oxidisable fractions whereas, Cr and Fe associated mainly with residual fraction.     

Assessment of metal contamination in dregded sediments using fractionation and Self-Organizing Maps

Although total metal content is frequently the initial approach for measuring pollution, no information is provided about mobility and environmental risk. In this paper, a metal fractionation (sequential extraction) technique and artificial neural networks (Self-Organizing Maps, SOMs) have been used jointly to evaluate the pollution level of the sediments dredged from the dry dock of a former shipyard in the Bilbao estuary (Bizkaia, Spain). The load pollution index (LPI) for the upper, middle and bottom layers of the sediments was 7.65, 8.22 and 10.01, respectively, for six metals (Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn). This showed that upper sediments were less polluted than the lower ones. Consequently, a reduction in the pollution level of metal discharged into the river in recent years was confirmed. According to fractionation results, the most mobile minor elements were Cu, Pb and Zn, as they are mainly associated with the non-residual fractions. The statistical approach of Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) revealed that Ni, Pb and Zn amounts in the residual fraction followed the same pattern associated with simultaneous discharges of slags into the river. However, other hazardous discharge sources are responsible for the high accumulation of those metals in the non-residual fractions.     

Effect of metal spiking on different chemical pools and chemically extractable fractions of heavy metals in sewage sludge

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of metal spiking and incubation on some properties and sequentially extractable chemical pools of some heavy metals (F1, two extractions with 0.1 M Sr(NO3)2; F2, one extraction with 1 M NaOAc (pH 5.0); F3, three extractions with 5% NaOCl (pH 8.5) at 90-95 degrees C; F4, three extractions with 0.2 M oxalic acid + 0.2 M ammonium oxalate + 0.1 M ascorbic acid (pH 3.0); and F5, dissolution of sample residue in HF-HClO4 (residual fraction,) and also 1 M CaCl2 and 0.005 M DTPA extractable heavy metals in sewage sludge. Metal spiking and incubation decreased pH and easily oxidizable organic C content of sludge but increased electrical conductivity. Metal spiking and incubation increased F1 fraction of all heavy metals, F2 fraction of Ni, Pb, Cu, and Cd, F3 fraction of Pb, Cu, and Cd, F4 or reducible fraction of Ni, Cu, and Cd and residual fraction of Zn and Pb, but decreased F2 fraction of Zn, F3 of Zn and Ni, F4 fraction of Zn and F5 fraction of Ni, Cu, and Cd. Metal spiking and incubation increased 1 M CaCl2 and 0.005 M DTPA extractable amounts of all heavy metals in sludge except for 0.005 M DTPA extractable Zn, which registered only very marginal decrease.     

Cadmium distribution in sediment profiles of the six main rivers in southern Taiwan

Dynamic cadmium distribution has been studied in six main rivers flowing through the largest, most highly developed and polluted area of southern Taiwan. Sediment profile samples were also analyzed for Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, Co, Mn, Fe, carbonates, Mn-oxides, Fe-oxides and organic matter in order to characterize the geochemical environment and to identify the pollutant sources. Higher Cd concentrations (about 3.5 mg/kg) at depths of 0-10 cm have been detected in the samples of Yenshui, Ell-ren and Potzu rivers, associated to the history of industrial activity in their catchments. According to the linear correlation coefficient (r) between Cd and the geochemical components, carbonates are the primary Cd binding phase in the Ell-ren river (r=0.85), and Cd comes from the same pollutant sources of those containing Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn (r>0.80). Cadmium concentration in the Potzu and Peikang river sediments is probably due to waste deposits rich in Cr and Cu (0.54相似文献   

Assessment of heavy metal contamination and its mobilization from municipal solid waste open dumping site

Influence of heavy metals was investigated by conducting various tests on the samples collected from Nonthaburi dumpsite in Thailand. The heavy metal concentration in the solid waste and its mobility potential based on its binding forms was studied. The sequential extraction method was used to determine the binding forms of metals. From the analysis, Zn was found to be highest concentrated heavy metal compared to Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and Hg in the solid waste. From the sequential extraction, Mn, Zn and Cd mostly found in reducible form, showed its susceptibility to be leached easily. Cu and Cr were found predominantly in oxidizable form and stable under anaerobic condition. Pb and Ni were present in residual form, which is inert. The estimated individual contamination factor (C(f)(i)), showed Zn with highest affinity to leach. The concentration level of all the heavy metals in the leachate except for Cr was noticed to be below the National effluent standards. Though, indicated to be safe for disposal, its effect in any concentration proved toxic to the plant life from the seed germination toxicity test using synthetic chelate ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).