横风作用下考虑车辆运动的车桥系统气动特性的数值模拟研究

车辆和桥梁气动力参数的准确识别是风-车-桥系统耦合振动研究的前提,目前大多数研究中通常忽略了车辆和桥梁间的相对运动。由于采用风洞试验测量手段研究此类问题存在一定困难,因此该文基于CFD数值仿真平台采用动网格技术模拟计算了横风作用下考虑车辆运动的车辆和桥梁气动特性,分析研究了风场的紊流特性、车辆的运动速度以及车桥的相互气动干扰对车辆和桥梁气动特性的影响。计算结果表明:车辆和桥梁的气动力特性受车辆的运动速度和车桥间的相互作用影响较大,风场的紊流特性对车辆和桥梁的气动力也有一定影响。最后通过对比分析单车、桥和车-桥耦合的流场压力和速度云图,探讨了车辆和桥梁气动力的相互作用机理。     

横风下流线箱型桥-轨道交通车辆气动干扰风洞实验研究

轨道交通车辆与桥梁间存在显著的气动干扰,但现有研究大多以流线型高铁车辆和钝体外形的简支梁桥为研究对象,且往往重点关注桥梁对车辆气动力大小的影响。以某流线箱型轨道专用桥和钝体外形的轨道交通车辆为背景,首先通过刚性节段模型测力试验,利用开发的车-桥系统气动力同步分离装置对不同风攻角、车桥组合方式下车辆和桥梁各自的气动力进行测试,分析横风下车桥间气动干扰对车辆、主梁和车桥系统所受总体气动力的影响规律;然后结合烟线法获得的车桥系统绕流场显示结果,揭示车桥间气动干扰机理。研究成果可为以后典型车桥组合工况下车、桥气动力经验公式的提出奠定基础,以及深入认识车桥间气动干扰机理提供参考。     

六线双层铁路钢桁桥车桥系统气动特性风洞试验研究

为研究多线双层铁路桥梁车辆与桥梁的气动特性,利用三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,对某六线双层大跨铁路斜拉桥进行节段模型风洞试验。测试了不同车桥组合下车辆与桥梁各自的气动力,研究了单列车的位置、双车同层交会、双车上下层共存时车辆和桥梁气动特性的相互影响,并讨论了风攻角对上层车辆气动力的影响。试验结果表明,当车辆位于桥梁断面不同位置时,车辆气动力差异较大;由于上层桥面宽度较大,气流经过桥梁断面前缘分离后,再附着于较靠后的背风侧车辆,导致背风侧车辆的阻力系数更大;双层车辆共存时,当两者同处于迎风侧,气动力有明显的相互影响;风攻角对背风侧车辆的气动力影响显著。     

六线双层铁路钢桁桥车桥系统气动特性风洞试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

为研究多线双层铁路桥梁车辆与桥梁的气动特性,利用三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,对某六线双层大跨铁路斜拉桥进行节段模型风洞试验。测试了不同车桥组合下车辆与桥梁各自的气动力,研究了单列车的位置、双车同层交会、双车上下层共存时车辆和桥梁气动特性的相互影响,并讨论了风攻角对上层车辆气动力的影响。试验结果表明,当车辆位于桥梁断面不同位置时,车辆气动力差异较大;由于上层桥面宽度较大,气流经过桥梁断面前缘分离后,再附着于较靠后的背风侧车辆,导致背风侧车辆的阻力系数更大;双层车辆共存时,当两者同处于迎风侧,气动力有明显的相互影响;风攻角对背风侧车辆的气动力影响显著。     

横风下车桥系统气动特性的风洞试验研究

为考虑车辆和桥梁的相互气动影响,利用研制的测试装置,测试了不同工况下车辆和桥梁的气动力系数,讨论了风场的紊流特性、风速、前后车辆干扰、车辆横向距离对车辆气动力系数的影响以及车辆对桥梁静三分力系数的影响;通过分析研究车辆和桥梁表面压力测试结果,探究了车辆和桥梁气动特性发生变化的原因,验证了测试数据的准确可靠性。研究结果表明:风场的紊流特性、前后车辆干扰以及车辆横向距离对车辆气动力系数有较大的影响,而风速对其基本没有影响;另外,桥梁静三分力系数受车辆的影响也比较大。     

非对称线路车-桥气动特性风洞试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

为了研究线路的非对称性布置对列车和桥梁系统气动特性的影响,开发了一种同步测试车-桥气动力的装置,通过本装置对线路非对称布置的大跨度公铁两用斜拉桥进行了节段模型风洞试验。考虑了下层铁路和下层公路分别为迎风侧的工况,测试了不同车-桥组合下车辆和桥梁各自的气动力,讨论了线路非对称布置、风攻角、双车交会和汽车对车-桥系统气动特性的影响。结果表明:相对下层铁路侧迎风工况,下层公路迎风侧的桥梁升力系数和扭矩系数差别较大,且车辆升力系数也变化较大;桥梁和车辆的阻力系数随风攻角的增加而减小;双车交会时,背风侧车辆阻力系数发生突变;受公铁平层防眩网的作用,汽车对列车气动特性影响相对较小。     

考虑桥面风场等效气动效应的行车安全性分析

侧风作用下桥上通行车辆容易遭受行车安全问题。通过节段模型风洞试验,测试了主梁行车道位置上方一定高度范围内风场分布特性。基于车辆气动力和力矩等效的方法,采用等效风速和比例系数来考虑桥面气动绕流对车辆气动力特性的影响。在风-汽车-桥耦合振动研究的基础上,采用无量纲的侧倾和侧滑安全因子评价车辆的行车安全性,分析了风速和车速对不同类型车辆行车安全性的影响。结果表明:车辆的行车安全性随着风速和车速的增大而逐渐降低;桥面风场等效气动效应会降低集装箱车和旅行巴士的行车安全性,集装箱车RSF和SSF最大相对误差分别高达28.0%和184.3%。     

风屏障对车桥组合状态下中间车辆气动特性的影响

设置风屏障是提高行车安全的有效措施之一,但防风效果受风屏障参数、周围环境等多种因素影响。基于同步测压方法,结合本征正交分解技术对风压测点进行加密后通过积分获得气动力,以京沪高速铁路典型高架桥和CRH2列车为背景,研究多种风屏障参数对典型车桥组合状态下中间车辆气动力和风压分布的影响。研究结果表明:测压积分可获得与天平测力精度相当的气动力;风屏障对上游列车的防风效果显著,下游列车气动特性则受之影响较小;相对而言,风屏障透风率大小对列车气动特性影响较大,高度影响较小,且二者存在一个最优组合;设置风屏障后,尽管平均气动力会减小,但最大气动力由于特征紊流的影响可能会增大,风屏障参数应通过风洞试验或数值模拟慎重选取。     

定常气动载荷作用下高速铁路车辆的蛇行运动稳定性

随着高速列车运行速度的提高,气动载荷会对车辆蛇行运动稳定性带来不利影响,现有文献对此研究很少。为此,考虑沿列车反向运动高速气流以及侧风的作用,研究了定常气动载荷下高速铁路车辆横向运动的线性稳定性。分析中计入了气动载荷改变轴重、使各轮法向支反力各不相同;以及使重力刚度、重力角刚度、轮对蠕滑系数等发生变化的效应。给出了计及气动影响的17个自由度铁路车辆蛇行运动分析模型,编制了相应的计算程序并进行了算例验证。进而,计算了在不同风速条件下,各个方向定常气动力和气动力矩单独以及共同作用时车辆运动稳定性特征值,并求出临界速度。结果表明:气动载荷会降低车辆临界速度;临界速度随横风风速增加而单调降低;与其他方向气动载荷相比,点头力矩和升力对临界速度的影响更大。     

变槽宽比双主梁断面悬索桥抖振响应特性

为了研究变槽宽比双主梁断面悬索桥抖振响应,提出考虑自激力和抖振力沿展向变化的频域和时域抖振计算方法,对某景观大桥进行抖振分析。频域法研究了气动导纳函数、平均风速、脉动风交叉谱对抖振响应的影响,分析不同类型气动导纳函数对抖振响应的影响差异及原因。时域法通过在每个荷载步更新三分力系数进而更新气动力,并考虑结构的几何非线性效应。计算结果表明:考虑气动力展向变化的时域法能够捕捉到跨中单索面位置的局部峰值;时域抖振响应计算值在竖向大于频域计算值,在扭转方向要小于频域计算值;考虑气动力展向变化计算的抖振响应要大于采用跨中断面气动参数计算的抖振响应,其主要由抖振力的展向变化产生,自激力的展向变化对其影响较小,在实际工程中考虑气动力展向变化进行抖振分析更加安全。     

考虑激励随机过程性的桥面行车安全可靠度分析

探讨脉动风和路面粗糙度的随机过程性对行车安全可靠度的影响,研究同时考虑平均风的随机性和脉动风的随机过程性的行车安全概率评价方法。采用经典动力可靠度理论分析随机过程性的影响。研究结果表明：侧风环境下桥面行驶汽车的支撑力响应是弱非平稳过程,可以采用经典动力可靠度理论研究行车安全可靠度。车速高时,随机过程性的影响较大;以桑塔纳为代表的小汽车受随机过程性的影响程度比箱式货车的大;随机过程性的影响程度还与动力可靠度曲线和平均风速概率密度函数的风速范围有关。     

基于监测数据的钢箱梁U肋细节疲劳可靠性分析

针对某悬索桥钢箱梁疲劳开裂严重,基于WIM动态称重系统采集的数据,对该桥通行车辆的车型、轴距、轴重、总重、是否超载进行了统计,明确了该桥交通荷载特征及各车道随机车流差异性,依据实桥动应变监测数据,运用雨流计数法及Palmgren-Miner线性损伤累积理论,获得了运营状态下各车道的疲劳应力谱,基于均匀设计-径向基神经网络-重要蒙特卡罗法（UD-RBF-IMC）相结合的算法,运用线弹性断裂力学对U肋对接焊缝疲劳可靠性进行了评估,研究了交通量及轴重增长对疲劳可靠度的影响规律。研究结果表明:该桥疲劳车型可简化为V2~V10共9类,左、右幅V2车型的总重均为单峰偏态分布,超载率不到4%,V3~V10车型的总重均为多峰分布,超载率大于30%,最高达69%;重车道V2~V10车型的比例明显高于其他车道;温度日变化对疲劳应力谱的影响较小,采样频率对应力谱的影响较为显著,不宜小于50 Hz;结合UD、RBF、IMC算法各自的优点,有效提高了基于监测数据的钢箱梁细节疲劳可靠度指标的求解精度和效率;轴重增长系数对疲劳可靠度的影响明显大于交通量增长系数,在运营期间除控制交通量外,还需重点控制重车比例和超载率;当交通量增长系数为3%,轴重增长系数为0.6%时,1#测点疲劳寿命仅为74年;超车道重载卡车数量较少,高水平应力循环较少,疲劳寿命较长,而快车道和重车道重载卡车较多,高水平应力循环较多,存在疲劳开裂风险,需重点关注。     

The effects of vehicle model and driver behavior on risk

We study the dependence of risk on vehicle type and especially on vehicle model. Here, risk is measured by the number of driver fatalities per year per million vehicles registered. We analyze both the risk to the drivers of each vehicle model and the risk the vehicle model imposes on drivers of other vehicles with which it crashes. The "combined risk" associated with each vehicle model is simply the sum of the risk-to-drivers in all kinds of crashes and the risk-to-drivers-of-other-vehicles in two-vehicle crashes. We find that most car models are as safe to their drivers as most sport utility vehicles (SUVs); the increased risk of a rollover in a SUV roughly balances the higher risk for cars that collide with SUVs and pickup trucks. We find that SUVs and to a greater extent pickup trucks, impose much greater risks than cars on drivers of other vehicles; and these risks increase with increasing pickup size. The higher aggressivity of SUVs and pickups makes their combined risk higher than that of almost all cars. Effects of light truck design on their risk are revealed by the analysis of specific models: new unibody (or "crossover") SUVs appear, in preliminary analysis, to have much lower risks than the most popular truck-based SUVs. Much has been made in the past about the high risk of low-mass cars in certain kinds of collisions. We find there are other plausible explanations for this pattern of risk, which suggests that mass may not be fundamental to safety. While not conclusive, this is potentially important because improvement in fuel economy is a major goal for designers of new vehicles. We find that accounting for the most risky drivers, young males and the elderly, does not change our general results. Similarly, we find with California data that the high risk of rural driving and the high level of rural driving by pickups does not increase the risk-to-drivers of pickups relative to that for cars. However, other more subtle differences in drivers and the driving environment by vehicle type may affect our results.     

Analysis of developed transition road safety barrier systems

Road safety barriers protect vehicles from roadside hazards by redirecting errant vehicles in a safe manner as well as providing high levels of safety during and after impact. This paper focused on transition safety barrier systems which were located at the point of attachment between a bridge and roadside barriers. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the behavior of transition systems located at upstream bridge rail with different designs and performance levels. Design factors such as occupant risk and vehicle trajectory for different systems were collected and compared. To achieve this aim a comprehensive database was developed using previous studies. The comparison showed that Test 3–21, which is conducted by impacting a pickup truck with speed of 100 km/h and angle of 25° to transition system, was the most severe test. Occupant impact velocity and ridedown acceleration for heavy vehicles were lower than the amounts for passenger cars and pickup trucks, and in most cases higher occupant lateral impact ridedown acceleration was observed on vehicles subjected to higher levels of damage. The best transition system was selected to give optimum performance which reduced occupant risk factors using the similar crashes in accordance with Test 3–21.     

风障对桥塔附近桥面汽车气动力特性的影响

强横风下大跨缆索承重桥梁的桥塔附近桥面风环境交替变化显著,极易导致汽车侧向失稳事故,针对途经桥塔附近桥面汽车气动力特性的研究对评价汽车侧向操纵稳定性尤为重要。该文进行了某分离钢箱梁斜拉桥独柱式桥塔附近桥面汽车模型测力风洞试验,获得了横风下汽车途经桥面不同位置时气动力特性的一般规律。设置风障前后桥塔附近桥面汽车气动力系数对比分析表明:风障可显著减小该类桥型塔区桥面汽车的侧力系数和横摆力矩系数,可减小大体量汽车的侧倾力矩系数和中、小体量汽车横摆力矩系数的变化幅值,风障对提高大风天途经桥塔附近桥面汽车的侧向稳定性作用明显。     

基于重叠网格的三维车桥系统气动特性研究

该文基于重叠网格方法,建立了移动列车的数值模型,研究了横风作用下三维车桥系统的绕流气动特性。通过与相关试验和文献对比,验证了重叠网格方法可以较好地模拟列车的运动;然后对横风作用下车桥系统的绕流流场进行分析,讨论了考虑列车运动后车桥气动力的变化。研究结果表明:由于列车风与横风的叠加以及车桥之间的气动干扰,使车桥系统横风绕流流场发生明显的改变;列车运动对前方空气的压缩作用使头车所受气动力最大,同时桥梁气动力也会发生突变。     

A comparison of safety belt use between commercial and noncommercial light-vehicle occupants

The purpose of this study was to conduct an observational survey of safety belt use to determine the use rate of commercial versus noncommercial light-vehicle occupants. Observations were conducted on front-outboard vehicle occupants in eligible commercial and noncommercial vehicles in Michigan (i.e.. passenger cars, vans/minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and pickup trucks). Commercial vehicles that did not fit into one of the four vehicle type categories, such as tractor-trailers, buses, or heavy trucks, were not included in the survey. The study found that the restraint use rate for commercial light-vehicle occupants was 55.8% statewide. The statewide safety belt use rate for commercial light-vehicles was significantly lower than the rate of 71.2% for noncommercial light-vehicles. The safety belt use rate for commercial vehicles was also significantly different as a function of region, vehicle type, seating position, age group, and road type. The results provide important preliminary data about safety belt use in commercial versus noncommercial light-vehicles and indicate that further effort is needed to promote safety belt use in the commercial light-vehicle occupant population. The study also suggests that additional research is required in order to develop effective programs that address low safety belt use in the commercial light-vehicle occupant population.