Preparation of a novel Bi2MoO6 flake-like nanophotocatalyst by molten salt method and evaluation for photocatalytic decomposition of rhodamine B

The flake-like nanoscale γ-bismuth molybdate (Bi₂MoO₆) powders as a novel photocatalyst was prepared using Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O and Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O as raw materials by a simple low-temperature molten salt method at 350 °C for 1, 4 and 8 h, respectively. The as-prepared samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–vis absorption spectra (UV–vis). The photocatalytic activity of Bi₂MoO₆ crystals was evaluated using the photocatalytic oxidation of rhodamine B (RhB) at room temperature under ultraviolet irradiation. It was found that the band gap adsorption edge of Bi₂MoO₆ is estimated to be 477 nm corresponding to the band gap energy to be 2.60 eV. In addition, the Bi₂MoO₆ powders exhibit good photocatalytic properties to photodegrade RhB at room temperature. Finally, the mechanism of photocatalytic property of Bi₂MoO₆ had been also discussed.     

掺铜羟基磷灰石微球的制备及表征

铜作为人体含量第二的必需微量元素, 不仅在人体新陈代谢过程中起着重要作用, 同时还具有抗菌性。因此, 合成掺铜羟基磷灰石(Cu-HA)可望获得具有优良生物学性能兼具抗菌性能的生物陶瓷。本研究以硝酸钙、硝酸铜和磷酸氢二钠为原料, 采用水热合成法制备掺铜HA。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、红外和原子吸收光谱对样品进行表征。结果表明: 溶液体系中加入Cu²⁺后, Cu取代部分Ca进入HA晶格, 使其形貌由带状转变为花瓣状微球; 但Cu的掺入, 并不影响HA晶体结构; 当溶液中Cu/(Cu+Ca) 摩尔比高于0.05时, HA产物的热稳定性下降。     

A room temperature chemical route to nanocrystalline PbS semiconductor

Nanocrystalline PbS was prepared in glycerin with the use of Pb(OAC)₂·3H₂O and CS₂ as source materials at room temperature. The final product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). TEM showed the particles' size is in the range of 5–25 nm. The chemical mechanism for the formation of PbS in this system is discussed.     

酚醛树脂原位催化裂解制备低维碳纳米结构

以Ni（NO₃）₂·6H₂O为催化剂前躯体,原位催化裂解酚醛树脂制备了碳洋葱、竹节碳和碳纳米管等低维碳纳米结构;用粉体X-射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）等手段对低维碳纳米结构进行了表征。结果表明;当Ni（NO₃）₂·6H₂O与苯酚物质量比小于0.01时,Ni催化剂易分散,碳纳米管易生成,管径均一、分布稠密;当Ni（NO₃）₂·6H₂O与苯酚物质量比大于0.04时,Ni催化剂易团聚,碳纳米管管径分布较宽,分布稀疏;当Ni（NO₃）₂·6H₂O与苯酚物质量比为0.10时,Ni催化剂团聚现象严重,难以生成碳纳米管;提出了碳洋葱、竹节碳和碳纳米管不同碳纳米结构可能的形成机理。     

Synthesis, structure refinement and characterization of tetrahydrated acid gadolinium diphosphate HGdP2O7·4H2O

Synthesis and single crystal structure are reported for a new gadolinium acid diphosphate tetrahydrate HGdP₂O₇·4H₂O. This salt crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/n, with the following unit-cell parameters: a = 6.6137(2) Å, b = 11.4954(4) Å, c = 11.377(4) Å, β = 87.53(2)° and Z = 4. Its crystal structure was refined to R = 0.0333 using 1783 reflections. The corresponding atomic arrangement can be described as an alternation of corrugated layers of monohydrogendiphosphate groups and GdO₈ polyhedra parallel to the () plane. The cohesion between the different diphosphoric groups is provided by strong hydrogen bonding involving the W4 water molecule.

IR and Raman spectra of HGdP₂O₇·4H₂O confirm the existence of the characteristic bands of diphosphate group in 980–700 cm⁻¹ area. The IR spectrum reveals also the characteristic bands of water molecules vibration (3600–3230 cm⁻¹) and acidic hydrogen ones (2340 cm⁻¹). TG and DTA investigations show that the dehydration of this salt occurs between 79 and 900 °C. It decomposes after dehydration into an amorphous phase. Gadolinium diphosphate Gd₄(P₂O₇)₃ was obtained by heating HGdP₂O₇·4H₂O in a static air furnace at 850 °C for 48 h.     

Preparation of irregular mesoporous hydroxyapatite

An irregular mesoporous hydroxyapatite (meso-HA), Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, is successfully prepared from Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and NH₄H₂PO₄ using surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results reveal that the positive head of CTAB is assembled on the surface precipitated HA and much NH₄⁺ is enclosed in precipitated HA before calcination. Field scanning electron microscope (FSEM) reveals that there exist many interconnected pores throughout the HA reticular skeleton. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiment exhibits a mesoporous material type IV curve, and pore size distribution calculated from the desorption branch of the isotherms based on Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) model shows that most pores throughout the HA reticular skeleton are sized at about 40 nm, but the pores are not uniform on the whole, owning to decomposition of the “organic” CTAB templating structures and ammonium salt enclosed in the precipitated HA. The specific surface area of irregular meso-HA is calculated to be 37.6 m²/g according to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation. Moreover, after polylactic acid/meso-HA (PLA/meso-HA) composites degraded 12 weeks in normal saline at 37 °C, the interconnected pores throughout the HA skeleton were enlarged and sized in micron degree, which resemble trabecular bone structure very much.     

Zn掺杂CuO/CuAl2O4复合空心球的制备及光催化性能

以葡萄糖为模板, 硝酸锌、硝酸铜和硝酸铝为原料, 采用水热法制备高比表面Zn-CuO/CuAl₂O₄复合空心球。采用XRD、SEM、HRTEM、BET、DRS和PL等手段对样品进行表征, 结果表明: 在600℃下焙烧的Zn-CuO/CuAl₂O₄复合物呈空心球状, 球体直径约为2 μm, 比表面积高达214.97 m²/g。引入Zn有助于提高样品对紫外和可见光的吸收能力, 减少光生电子空穴对的复合, 光催化活性显著提高。在模拟太阳光照下, 以甲基橙溶液为目标降解物, 考察样品的煅烧温度和Zn加入量对光催化活性的影响。当Zn加入量为0.5wt%, 煅烧温度为600℃时, 样品的光催化活性最佳。光照60 min, 0.5 g/L光催化剂用量对25 mg/L甲基橙溶液的脱色率高达97%。     

Hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure and thermal stability of Ba-titanate nanotubes with layered crystal structure

BaTi₃O₇·nH₂O nanotubes have been synthesized through a hydrothermal reaction between Na-rich trititanate nanotubes and Ba(OH)₂ within the pH range 12–8.2. These nanotubes possess the same layered crystal structure of the precursor Na_2−xH_xTi₃O₇·nH₂O. They also keep the morphology of their precursor Na-trititanate nanotubes used in the synthesis, having an external diameter of 20–25 nm. The BaTi₃O₇·nH₂O nanotubes remained fully stable up to 300 °C, while nanotubular form continues to exist up to 600 °C, together with amorphous particles.     

简单的溶胶–凝胶法制备致密的铜锌锡硫硒薄膜

采用溶胶–凝胶后硒化法制备了铜锌锡硫硒薄膜, 其薄膜表面平整、无裂纹。通过简化铜锌锡硫前驱体溶胶的制备以及后退火时避免使用硫化氢气体（H₂S）等方法使铜锌锡硫硒薄膜的制备工艺得到简化。选用低毒有机物乙二醇为溶剂,Cu(CH₃COO)₂、Zn(CH₃COO)₂、SnCl₂•2H₂O和硫脲为原料, 制备铜锌锡硫前驱体溶胶。XRD、Raman、EDX和SEM 分析表明制备的铜锌锡硫硒薄膜为锌黄锡矿结构, 所有薄膜均贫铜富锌, 用0.2 g硒粉、硒化20 min得到的铜锌锡硫硒薄膜其结晶较好, 表面晶粒可达1.0 μm左右。透射光谱分析结果表明, 随硒含量的增加, 铜锌锡硫硒薄膜的光学带隙从1.51 eV减小到1.14 eV。     

溶剂热法制备Cu2ZnSnS4粉末及其表征

采用溶剂热法, 以CuCl₂·2H₂O、Zn(Ac)₂·2H₂O、SnCl₄·5H₂O作金属源, 硫脲作硫源, 乙二醇作溶剂, PVP作表面活性剂, 制备了Cu₂ZnSnS₄(CZTS)粉末。利用XRD、SEM、Raman、TEM、EDS、UV-Vis吸收光谱探讨了反应温度和反应时间对制备CZTS粉末的相结构、成分、形貌以及光学性能的影响。结果表明: 反应温度和反应时间对CZTS粉末的颗粒形貌和光学性能影响较大, 最佳合成温度为230℃, 反应时间24 h。该条件下生成的CZTS粉末相较为纯净、结晶完全, 形貌为表面嵌有薄片的微球, 各元素原子比接近化学计量比, 光学带隙为1.52 eV, 与太阳能电池所需的最佳带隙接近。并对其形成机理进行了初步探讨。     

Rietveld refinement and spectroscopic studies of sodium lead fluoroapatite lacunaire synthesized by hydrothermal method

The structure of NaPb₉(PO₄)₆F(H₂O)_0.33, isostructural with apatite, was determined by X-ray powder diffraction methods and the result of Rietveld refinement is P6₃/m, a = 9.76396(8) Å and c = 7.27520(9) Å. The final refinement led to R_F = 5.4%, R_B = 6.6%. In the tunnel, the water molecule (O_w) and F⁻ ions appear to be located in 2b and 4e sites, with occupancies of 0.028(6) and 0.075(8), respectively. In the M(1) and M(2) sites the occupancies of Pb and Na are 0.282(3)/0.051(3) and 0.467(5)/0.033(5), respectively. The formula assigned to the compound is [Pb_3.38(4)Na_0.62(4)](1)[Pb_5.60(6)Na_0.40(6)](2)(PO₄)₆F_0.90(10)(H₂O)_0.33(7)□_0.77(17), where □ = vacancy. The assignment of the observed frequencies in the Raman and infrared spectra is discussed on the basis of a unit-cell group analysis and by comparison with fluor and chloroapatite analogs. The result of ³¹P and ²³Na magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopies confirmed the structural results.     

微波辅助溶剂热法制备磷酸钙微球和多面体

磷酸钙材料具有良好的生物相容性, 被广泛应用于生物材料领域。本研究以Ca(CH₃COO)2、NaH₂PO₄?2H₂O和双亲嵌段共聚物PLA-mPEG为原料, 通过微波辅助120℃水热反应30 min, 合成了自组装结构磷酸钙微球。以相同的反应原料, 在水和乙二醇混合溶剂中, 通过微波辅助120℃溶剂热反应30 min, 制备了具有多面体结构的磷酸钙。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和热重分析(TG)对所制备样品的物相和形貌进行了表征。研究发现乙二醇的加入对磷酸钙的结构和形貌具有显著的影响。以牛血红蛋白为模型, 研究了所制备的两种不同磷酸钙材料的蛋白吸附效果。磷酸钙材料的牛血红蛋白吸附量随装载溶液中牛血红蛋白浓度的增加而增大, 随样品制备过程中的乙二醇加入量的增加而减小。     

Co3O4纳米线阵列@活性炭纤维复合材料的水热合成及电化学应用

以Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O为钴源, NH₄F和尿素作为添加剂, 通过水热法在粘胶基活性炭纤维(ACF)的表面生长了Co₃O₄纳米线, 制备了Co₃O₄@ACF复合材料并进行了结构形貌表征及电化学性能测试。结果表明: 针状的Co₃O₄纳米线阵列均匀地垂直生长在活性炭纤维表面, 形成了丰富的介孔结构。通过改变Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O的用量, 可以获得不同负载量的Co₃O₄@ACF复合材料。当Co₃O₄负载量为47wt%时, Co₃O₄@ACF复合材料在1 A/g电流密度下的比电容高达566.9 F/g, 几乎是纯Co₃O₄的2倍; 在15 A/g的电流密度下, 其比电容仍可达到393.3 F/g, 表现了较好的倍率特性; 经过5000次循环充放电后, 其比电容仍可保持84.2%, 展现了优良的循环稳定性。     

Cu2ZnSnS4-CdS复合材料的制备及其在光催化制氢中的应用

为了进一步提高Cu₂ZnSnS₄的光催化制氢性能,首先通过水热法制备出Cu₂ZnSnS₄光催化材料,在此基础上加入Cd（CH₃COO）₂·2H₂O和Na₂S进行二次水热反应制备Cu₂ZnSnS₄-CdS复合材料。通过XRD、SEM、TEM、Raman及XPS等分析测试方法对Cu₂ZnSnS₄-CdS复合材料的物相结构、微观形貌和元素价态进行了表征。结果表明:成功制备了结晶性能较好的Cu₂ZnSnS₄-CdS复合材料。Cu₂ZnSnS₄-CdS复合材料是由球状和块状颗粒组成;Cu₂ZnSnS₄-CdS复合材料表面>95%的Cd和S原子（原子比为1:1）的存在说明块状颗粒Cu₂ZnSnS₄表面生长的球形颗粒为CdS;在氙灯下的光催化制氢性能表明,Cu₂ZnSnS₄-CdS复合材料的光催化制氢效果明显优于Cu₂ZnSnS₄和CdS,产氢效率为296.17 μmol（g·h）-1。      

TEM observations of a 30 million year old mountain leather nanofiber mineral composite

An unusual, massive mountain leather from a Llanitos mining district mine in Chihuahua, Mexico has been characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, and SAED analytical techniques and found to be a complex mineral composite composed of intermixed nanofibers of palygorskite ((Mg, Al)_a(SiO_x)_b(OH)_c·nH₂O) and birnessite (Ca_a(MnO₂)_b·nH₂O) and intercalated with cleavage flakes of hematite (Fe₂O₃). This complex nanofiber mass produced an extremely tough material which could not be crushed in the rock crusher. The material is of interest especially in light of the fact that this natural nanocomposite formed from a hydrothermal regime that dates to roughly 30 million years ago.     

在盐湖地区暴露48个月纯锌的腐蚀行为

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、金相显微镜和电化学阻抗等手段研究了锌在青海盐湖大气环境(富盐干旱型大气环境)中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在青海盐湖大气环境中锌的腐蚀规律遵循经验公式m=Atn。锌的向地面比向天面腐蚀严重,向天面暴晒48个月出现锈层脱落现象。两个表面的腐蚀产物均由Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O,Zn5(CO)3(OH)6和Zn4SO4(OH)6·3H2O组成,锈层均富含SiO2。电化学结果表明,随着暴晒时间的延长向地面的极化电阻Rp逐渐增大,而向天面的Rp逐渐增加,而暴晒48个月时减小。锈层有抑制基体腐蚀的作用,对两个表面锈层的保护性随暴晒时间的延长而增大,而向天面暴晒48个月时保护性减弱。     

A methodology for the preparation of nanoporous polyimide films with low dielectric constants

Cuprous oxide and copper thin films were potentiostatically electrodeposited in an acetate bath. Voltammetric curves were used to investigate the growth parameters; deposition potential, pH and temperature of the bath. Deposition potential dependency on the structural, morphological, optical and electronic properties of the films were investigated by the X-ray diffraction measurements, scanning electron micrographs, absorption measurements and dark and light current–voltage characterisations. It was observed that single phase polycrystalline Cu₂O can be deposited from 0 to − 300 mV Vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and co-deposition of Cu and Cu₂O starts at − 400 mV Vs SCE. Further increase in deposition potential from − 700 mV Vs SCE produces single phase Cu thin films. Single phase polycrystalline Cu₂O thin films with cubic grains of 1–2 μm can be possible within the very narrow potential domain around − 200 mV Vs SCE. Enhanced photoresponse in a photoelectrochemical cell is produced by the Cu₂O thin film prepared at − 400 mV Vs SCE, where Cu is co-deposited with Cu₂O with random distribution of Cu spheres on the Cu₂O surface. This study reveals that a single deposition bath can be used to deposit both Cu and Cu₂O separately and an admixture of Cu–Cu₂O by controlling the deposition parameters.     

棕榈醇-棕榈酸-月桂酸@(Ce-La-TiO2)光-热-湿复合材料的制备与表征

以Ce-La-TiO₂空心微球作为载体材料,棕榈醇（H）-棕榈酸（PA）-月桂酸（LA）作为相变材料,采用溶胶-凝胶法与真空吸附法制备H-PA-LA@（Ce-La-TiO₂）光-热-湿复合材料,利用UV-Vis、XRD、DSC、DVS和SEM分析技术测试与表征其光响应性能、热性能、湿性能、组成成分和微观形貌。结果表明：H-PA-LA@（Ce-La-TiO₂）光-热-湿复合材料呈现均匀的球体,粒径较小且分散较好,实现Ce离子与La离子协同作用;当Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O与La（NO₃）₃·6H₂O的质量比为1∶1时,H-PA-LA@（Ce-La-TiO₂）光-热-湿复合材料具有最优的光响应性能;H-PA-LA与（Ce-La-TiO₂）空心微球的质量比为1∶2时,H-PA-LA@（Ce-La-TiO₂）光-热-湿复合材料具有最优热性能;真空干燥箱的真空度为0.07 MPa时,H-PA-LA@（Ce-La-TiO₂）光-热-湿复合材料具有最优湿性能。     

MgCl2对锌在干湿交替环境中腐蚀行为的影响

使用腐蚀失重、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱(SEM-EDS)等手段研究了干湿交替环境中MgCl₂对锌腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,MgCl₂对锌的腐蚀有显著的抑制作用;在沉积NaCl条件下锌表面的腐蚀产物为Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂·H₂O、Zn₄CO₃(OH)₆·H₂O和Zn(OH)₂,而在沉积MgCl₂条件下锌表面的腐蚀产物只有Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂·H₂O。在干湿交替环境中MgCl₂对锌腐蚀行为的影响主要是Mg²⁺与氧还原反应产生的OH^-结合使阴极区的pH值降低造成的。     

Effects of Co and Ni addition on reactive diffusion between Sn–3.5Ag solder and Cu during soldering and annealing

The reactive diffusion between Sn–Ag solders and Cu was experimentally examined during soldering and isothermal annealing. Three sorts of solders with compositions of Sn–3.5Ag, Sn–3.5Ag–0.1Ni and Sn–3.5Ag–0.1Co were used for the experiment. Each solder was soldered on a Cu plate at 523 K (250 °C) for 1–60 s in a pure nitrogen gas, and then the solder/Cu diffusion couple was isothermally annealed at 423 K (150 °C) for 168–1008 h. Due to soldering, only Cu₆Sn₅ is formed at the interface in each diffusion couple. On the other hand, Cu₃Sn is produced between Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu owing to the isothermal annealing. The composition of Cu₆Sn₅ is (Cu_0.8Ni_0.2)₆Sn₅ and (Cu_0.93Ni_0.07)₆Sn₅ on the solder and Cu₃Sn sides, respectively, in the (Sn–3.5Ag–0.1Ni)/Cu diffusion couple, and it is (Cu_0.9Co_0.1)₆Sn₅ and (Cu_0.99Co_0.01)₆Sn₅ on the solder and Cu₃Sn sides, respectively, in the (Sn–3.5Ag–0.1Co)/Cu diffusion couple. Different rate-controlling processes were suggested for the (Sn–3.5Ag)/Cu, (Sn–3.5Ag–0.1Ni)/Cu and (Sn–3.5Ag–0.1Co)/Cu diffusion couples. Finally, thermodynamic models were herein adopted to explore influences of the additives on the thermodynamic interaction of the component elements and the driving force for the growth of intermetallics.