Review on quality assurance along the CFRP value chain – Non-destructive testing of fabrics,preforms and CFRP by HF radio wave techniques

Eddy current testing is well established for non-destructive testing of electrical conductive materials [1]. The development of radio frequency (RF) eddy current technology with frequency ranges up to 100 MHz made it possible to extend the classical fields of application even towards less conductive materials like CFRP [2][3](Table 2). It turns out that RF eddy current technology on CFRP generates a growing number of valuable information for comprehensive material diagnostic. Both permittivity and conductivity of CFRP influence the complex impedance measured with RF eddy current devices. The electrical conductivity contains information about fiber texture like orientations, gaps or undulations in a multilayered material. The permittivity characterization influenced by dielectric properties allows the determination of local curing defects on CFRP e.g. hot spots, thermal impacts or polymer degradation. An explanation for that effect is seen in the measurement frequency range and the capacitive structure of the carbon rovings. Using radio wave frequencies for testing, the effect of displacement currents cannot be neglected anymore. The capacitive structures formed by the carbon rovings is supposed to further strengthen the dielectric influences on eddy current measurement signal [3]. This report gives an overview of several realized applications and should be understood as a general introduction of CFRP testing by HF Radio Wave techniques.     

金属-介质壳核结构复合材料吸波特性的仿真和分析

基于有效媒质理论,采用有限元法计算了二维金属-介质壳核结构复合材料模型的等效介电常数.分析了金属层电导率、金属层厚度、填充比、内核材料及衬底介电常数对复合材料等效介电常数的影响.仿真结果表明,金属-介质复合材料具有2个吸收峰,且通过改变金属层电导率可以在射频至红外频段灵活调整复合材料吸收峰的位置;复合材料的吸收峰与其显微结构密切相关.有效介质理论是研究和分析复合材料吸波特性的有力工具.     

Quantitative prediction of effective material properties of heterogeneous media

Effective electrical conductivity and electrical permittivity of water-saturated natural sandstones are evaluated on the basis of local porosity theory (LPT). In contrast to earlier methods, which characterize the underlying microstructure only through the volume fraction, LPT incorporates geometric information about the stochastic microstructure in terms of local porosity distribution and local percolation probabilities. We compare the prediction of LPT and of traditional effective medium theory with the exact results. The exact results for the conductivity and permittivity are obtained by solving the microscopic mixed boundary value problem for the Maxwell equations in the quasistatic approximation. Contrary to the predictions from effective medium theory, the predictions of LPT are in better quantitative agreement with the exact results.     

异质材料电磁特性及局域场增强效应研究

采用准静电模型仿真了两相异质材料的等效介电常数和局域场分布,结果表明,对于介质一介质型异质材料,三维模型等效介电常数仿真值与Bruggeman公式相符,并位于Hashin-Shtrikman上下界之间;异质材料内两相介电常数差异越大,其内局域场越强.对于由导电相和介质相构成的异质材料,仿真结果表明,异质材料内的电场分布受导电相填充比、形状和电导率等因素的影响;导电相导电性越好,其局域场增强现象越明显.     

Shielded open-circuited sample holder for dielectric measurementsof solids and liquids

This paper presents a technique for permittivity measurements that can be used for either liquids or solid coaxial samples from near dc to gigahertz frequencies. The method uses both a full-mode model of a coaxial open-circuited termination and a capacitive method for permittivity determination. The method requires the use of an impedance bridge and a network analyzer. Measurements indicate good accuracy for the permittivity over a very wide band of frequencies. For high permittivity materials the sample surfaces must be metallized. An uncertainty analysis is also presented     

A variable frequency method for wide-band microwave materialcharacterization

A variable reactance termination method for measurement of the complex permittivity spectra is described. The method uses modern frequency swept sources and is semi-automated. The frequency variable replaces mechanical tuning for improved measurements and optimization of sensitivity. Sources of errors are outlined, and range and limitations on conductivity are discussed. Results of measurements of Teflon and silicon are presented     

Negative permittivity derived from inductive characteristic in the percolating Cu/EP metacomposites

Recently,increasing attention has been concentrated on negative permittivity with the development of the emerging metamaterials composed of periodic array structures.However,taking facile preparation into consideration,it is important to achieve negative permittivity behavior based on materials' intrinsic properties rather than their artificially periodic structures.In this paper,we proposed to fabricate the percolating composites with copper dispersed in epoxy(EP) resin by a polymerization method to realize the negative permittivity behavior.When Cu content in the composites reached to 80 wt%,the conductivity abruptly went up by three orders of magnitudes,suggesting a percolation behavior.Below the percolation threshold,the conductivity spectra conform to Jonscher's power law;when the Cu/EP composites reached to percolating state,the conductivity gradually reduced in high frequency region due to the skin effect.It is indicated that the conductive mechanism changed from hopping conduction to electron conduction.In addition,the permittivity did not increase monotonously with the increase of Cu content in the vicinity of percolation threshold,due to the presence of leakage current.Meanwhile,the negative permittivity conforming to Drude model was observed above the percolation threshold.Further investigation revealed that there was a constitutive relationship between the permittivity and the reactance.When conductive fillers are slightly above the percolation threshold,the inductive characteristic derived from conductive percolating network leads to the negative permittivity.Such epsilon-negative materials can potentially be applied in novel electrical devices,such as high-power microwave filters,stacked capacitors,negative capacitance field effect transistors and coil-free resonators.In addition,the design strategy based on percolating composites provides an approach to epsilon-negative materials.     

Charge transport and luminescent properties of PMMA-dehydrate nanotubed titanic acid nanocomposites

In this paper, we doped p-type conductivity dehydrated nanotubed titanic acid (DNTA) into insulator polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The electric properties of this nanocomposite were investigated. The photoluminescence efficiency of fluorescent dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) in PMMA matrix was enhanced by doping with DNTA. Moreover, screen effect by DNTA with high permittivity caused the emission from DCJTB to be blue-shifted.     

A Multimodal Tomography System Based on ECT Sensors

A new noninvasive system for multimodal electrical tomography based on electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensor hardware is proposed. Quasistatic electromagnetic fields are produced by ECT sensors and used for interrogating the sensing domain. The new system is noninvasive and based on capacitance measurements for permittivity and power balance measurements for conductivity (impedance) imaging. A dual sensitivity map of perturbations in permittivity and conductivity is constructed. The measured data along with the sensitivity matrix are used for the actual image reconstruction. The new multimodal tomography system has the advantage of using already established reconstruction techniques, and the potential for combination with new reconstruction techniques by taking advantage of combined conductivity/permittivity data. Moreover, it does not require direct contact between the sensor and the region of interest. The system performance has been tested on representative data, producing good results     

影响磁性纳米颗粒膜吸波性能的主要因素

基于Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert方程、Bruggeman有效媒质理论及纳米颗粒膜的电输运和介电理论,通过计算磁性纳米颗粒膜的有效磁导率、有效介电常数、计算分析饱和磁化强度、各向异性场、电导率和阻尼系数对纳米颗粒膜吸波性能的影响.结果表明,饱和磁化强度、各向异性场、电导率和阻尼系数均对纳米颗粒膜的微波吸收特性产生显著影响,通过调控纳米颗粒膜的电磁特性可以有效提高其吸波性能,可以应用于薄层吸波材料的设计中.     

多壁碳纳米管复合材料在26.5～40 GHz频段的电磁性能

采用玻璃布作为分散载体制备多壁碳纳米管/玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,研究了在26.5～40 GHz频段,多壁碳纳米管的含量对复合材料的电磁参数及电导率的影响,同时测量了复合材料在该波段的电磁波反射率。研究结果表明:随多壁碳纳米管含量的增加,其介电常数实部和虚部随之增加,介电损耗角正切提高了4倍。复合材料的磁导率随多壁碳纳米管含量的提高变化不明显,呈弱磁性。复合材料的电导率随多壁碳纳米管含量的增加,由原来的绝缘体变为半导体。另外,在26.5～40 GHz频段内多壁碳纳米管复合材料对电磁波的隐身效果不好。      

A MEMS-based gravity gradiometer for future planetary missions

The gradient in the gravity acceleration is of great interest for planetologists when it can be measured with at least 1 E/√Hz. For this purpose several gravity gradiometer designs are considered. A MEMS-based gradiometer made from a single wafer is considered in this article. Using long springs and small attached masses it is possible to reach a sufficiently low Brownian noise level. The proposed readout for this device will be capacitive plates placed in a comb drive configuration. Trapped charges on these plates can cause noticeable errors when there are more than 0.004 electrons/μm². Measurements show that trapped charge mobility goes down with temperature.     

Fabrication and characterization of aluminum nitride polymer matrix composites with high thermal conductivity and low dielectric constant for electronic packaging

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites filled with Aluminum Nitride (AlN) were prepared by powder processing technique. The microstructures of the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy techniques. The effect of AlN filler content (0.1–0.7 volume fraction (vf)) on the thermal conductivity, relative permittivity, and dielectric loss were investigated. As the vf of AlN filler increased, the thermal conductivity of the specimens increased. The thermal conductivity and relative permittivity of AlN/PMMA composites with 0.7 vf AlN filler were improved to 1.87 W/(m K) and 4.4 (at 1 MHz), respectively. The experimental thermal conductivity and relative permittivity were compared with that from simulation model.     

Dielectric properties and thermal conductivity of PVDF reinforced with three types of Zn particles

In this study, three types of Zinc (Zn) particles, i.e., the spherical Zn (s-Zn), flaky Zn (f-Zn), and metal–semiconductor Zn@ZnO core–shell structure, are incorporated in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to obtain high dielectric permittivity polymer. The morphological, dielectric properties and thermal conductivity of the composites are characterized. The results indicate that compared with the s-Zn/PVDF the Zn@ZnO/PVDF at lower filler loading exhibited obviously higher dielectric permittivity due to the duplex interfacial polarizations, and that the f-Zn/PVDF showed larger dielectric permittivity and thermal conductivity owing to f-Zn’s high aspect ratio facilitating the formation of bridges between themselves. Furthermore, the dissipation factors of the s-Zn/PVDF and Zn@ZnO/PVDF were still at low level owing to the presence of self-passivation layer or ZnO shell between Zn core and PVDF, leading to a high critical filler concentration, whereas, a noticeable variation in the dissipation factor for the f-Zn/PVDF is observed up to 12 vol.% f-Zn.     

Nonlocal effective parameters of a coated sphere medium

An analytical theory has been developed to find the general effective parameters of a nonlocal medium. The medium is nonlocal due to presence of spatial dispersion. The proposed theory is based upon the dipolar scattering model of the inclusions comprising the medium. The bianisotropy stemming from the magnetoelectric coupling at the inclusion and lattice level has been discussed. The developed theory is then applied to a medium which consists of coated spheres with realistic materials. Effects of different values of wavevector upon the effective permittivity, effective permeability, and magnetoelectric coefficient stemming from lattice effects have been studied for a coated sphere medium. It is shown that a coated sphere medium with a weak spatial dispersion gives rise to a broader range of frequencies, where real parts of the effective permittivity and permeability are negative. On the other hand, this range of frequencies becomes smaller when the spatial dispersion of the medium is not weak.     

Effect of thermal treatment conditions on the properties of onion-like carbon based polymer composite

Dielectric properties of onion-like carbon (OLC) and polyurethane composite prepared using different procedures were investigated in the frequency range up to 1 MHz. We show that broadband dielectric spectroscopy is powerful tool to determine technological fingerprints in the studied materials. It is demonstrated that cured samples annealed at temperature close to the melting point (450 K) exhibit substantially higher dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity in comparison with untreated samples. With the increase of temperature of an untreated sample, its dielectric permittivity, electric conductivity and critical frequency increase, while Maxwell–Wagner mean relaxation time and aggregate sizes of OLC decreases. Annealing of the composite at temperature close to the melting temperature produce sample with more homogeneous distribution of OLC. The temperature dependence of conductivity of the homogeneous sample is mainly caused by a weak positive temperature coefficient effect.     

室外环境不同照度下手机屏幕亮度最优参数研究

目的 研究环境照度、手机屏幕亮度对视觉搜索绩效的影响,并提出在室外不同的环境照度下手机屏幕亮度的最优值设置参数.方法 采用视觉搜索任务,对16名被试在室外不同环境照度（10 klux、20 klux、30 klux）以及不同手机屏幕亮度条件下的视觉搜索绩效、主观评价以及眼睛疲劳度进行了比较.结果 在室外不同环境照度下手机屏幕亮度最优值设置不同,当环境照度为10 klux时,手机屏幕亮度的最优值是354 cd/m2;环境照度为20 klux时,手机屏幕亮度的最优值是734 cd/m2;环境亮度为30 klux时,手机屏幕亮度的最优值是1 375 cd/m2.结论 环境照度和手机屏幕亮度的最优值是线性变化的,当环境照度较低时屏幕亮度最优值较低,当环境照度为中等水平时屏幕亮度最优值为中等水平,当环境照度为较高水平时屏幕亮度最优值也较高.     

Measurements of the Electromagnetic Properties of Materials with Low UHF Losses by Dielectric Resonator Methods

Two methods for measuring the electromagnetic properties of materials at ultrahigh frequencies based on a dielectric resonator are analyzed. Combination of the methods makes it possible to reduce errors for measurements of material dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. Measurement errors are evaluated.     

Influential Factors on Electromagnetic Properties of Selected 3D Reticulated Ceramics

3D reticulated ceramics (3DRCs) with the composition containing SrFe12O19-SiC-TiO2 were prepared by a replication process with polyurethane sponges as the template in ceramic slurry. The electrical conductivity, dielectric and magnetic parameters of 3D reticulated ceramics (3DRCs) were measured with changes in cell size of the sponges, contents in the slurry and sintering temperature in this paper. Discussions about the influential factors of those parameters were focused on their electrical conductivity. The experimental results indicated that the electrical conductivity of 3DRCs raised with the increase of cell size, SiC/SrO.6Fe2O3 with weight ratio and sintering temperature. X-ray diffractions and SEM were used to investigate the relationship between electrical conductivity and sintering temperature. Deoxidizing reactions of SrO.6Fe2O3 caused the increasing electrical conductivity. The real part of permittivity (ε′) and imaginary part of permeability (μ") raised with the increase of electrical conductivity (σ). The imaginary part of permittivity (ε") has a maximum at 10° S/cm with the increase of σ, and the real part of permeability (μ′)changes slightly with the increase of σ. When σ is at the range of 10-4 S/cm to 100 S/cm (a semi conductive state),both the imagine part of permittivity and permeability raises with increasing σ, therefore, the 3DRCs present their high electromagnetic loss properties.     

Breakup and deformation of a falling droplet under high voltage electric field

In this paper the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed to simulate deformation and breakup of a falling drop under gravity and electric field. First the two-phase LBM is applied to verify the Laplace law for static drops. Then relaxation of a square droplet is conducted. Furthermore a comparison is made with Taylor theoretical results for different electrical capillary number, permittivity and conductivity ratio. It is seen that with permittivity ratio larger than conductivity, droplet takes an oblate and for lower ratio takes prolate shape. It is seen that for relatively low Eotvos number where the surface tension is a dominant factor and for high Ohnesorge number where the viscosity plays an important role shear breakup occurs. On the other hand it is also found that by increasing the Eotvos number and decreasing Ohnesorge number drop distorts more and back breakup happens in addition to shear breakup.