近两年我国高校图学教育现状的调查与研究

2006年初对全国高等院校图学教育的现状进行了问卷调查。这是继1997、1998、2000、2002、2004年5次调查之后的又一次大规模调查。本次调查的内容是在总结了前5次调查内的基础上,由中国工程图学学会图学教育专业委员会会议讨论,根据形势的发展确定的。作者在对本次调查结果汇总、分析研究的基础上,介绍了我国高校图学教育的现状与发展趋势,供广大图学工作者参考。     

我国高校图学教育的现状与发展

2004 年初对全国高等院校图学教育的现状进行了问卷调查。这是继 1997、1998、2000、2002 年 4 次调查之后的又一次大规模调查。本次调查内容非常广泛,并首次涉及到了双语教学、精品课程等当前的热点问题。笔者在对调查结果汇总、分析研究的基础上,介绍了我国高校图学教育的现状与发展趋势,供广大图学工作者参考。     

关于我国图学教育发展的若干思考

分析了建国以后我国图学教育发展的历史与现状。在此基础上，从全局的观点和战略的角度，就图学教育在高等工程教育中的地位与特色、图学教育中的人才培养结构、创新人才培养和质量战略等发展问题进行了论述。提出了准确定位、突出特色、提高地位、结构合理、坚持把提高教育教学质量放在第一位和把创新人才培养作为教学改革的出发点和最终取向的图学教育发展思路。     

产学合作教育培养创新型人才途径探讨

通过产学合作教育加强对创新型人才的培养是解决目前我国人才培养问题的重要途径.文章在对目前我国创新型人才培养的主要困境和产学合作教育的内涵、发展现状等阐述基础上,提出了通过产学合作教育培养创新型人才的途径和方法.     

对工程图学学科和图学学科的若干认识

从＂形＂和＂图＂两方面对图形进行了深入的讨论。总结了＂形＂与＂图＂的三种类型,并由此指出了工程图学学科和图学学科在研究对象上的差别。在文献调查和分析的基础上,对两个学科的定义给出了新表述。探讨了学科体系的组成,给出了图学学科的7个分支及每个分支中的科目,也给出了工程图学学科的5个分支及每个分支中的科目。     

工程图学教育中的若干哲学思想问题

对工程图学科学及其基本问题进行了深入的剖析,在此基础上,得出了工程图学教育的主要任务是图形表达、图形理解和空间思维能力的培养;对工程图学教育中的基本矛盾、教学中的主要矛盾进行了细致的分析,提出了解决方法;最后论述了图学教育中常用的辨证思维方法。     

图学奠基的艺术教育意蕴与旨归

回顾多年从事图学教育及近年从事图学艺术教育的体会,从艺术教育的视角,提出图学的意蕴是彰显着生命意识与生命运动、孕育着工程与艺术的融合、催生着图学的新技巧等观点;还提出图学是以提高学生的艺术修养与创造能力为旨归。并以图学艺术教育中的收获现身说法,只要坚持探索与尝试,就会让学生在以图学为主、艺术教育为辅的教学模式中,有所收益。     

基于数字图学技术的建筑专业教学思考

建筑学与工程图学有着紧密的联系,对制图有着艺术性和精确性的双重要求,建筑学的教学过程中使用数字图学技术来改善教学质量成为非常必要的手段.论文在分析数字图学与建筑学课程相互关系的基础上,深入研究了数字图学技术在建筑学课程教学中的重要原则与授课方式,并对数字图学技术在未来建筑学课程上的结合方式做了展望.图学教育需要在新的数字技术支撑下进行适应性的改革,并与建筑学等其他专业的教学进行整合,才能更好地发挥其图像表现的优势,并具有更好的教学和实践意义.     

美国高校工程图学教育特色分析

现代设计与制造技术、计算机技术的发展,给传统的工程图学教育提出了新的要求和挑战.美国各大学的工程图学教育注重图学内容与设计思维的结合,强调多种视觉表达方式的综合应用,强调学生表达技能的训练,强调实践性教学和学生的自主学习.从教学内容、教学方式、教学手段、教学组织及教材等方面,分析了当前美国工程图学教育的特色以及对我国工程图学教育的借鉴.     

产学合作教育培养创新型人才途径探讨

通过产学合作教育加强对创新型人才的培养是解决目前我国人才培养问题的重要途径。文章在对目前我国创新型人才培养的主要困境和产学合作教育的内涵、发展现状等阐述基础上,提出了通过产学合作教育培养创新型人才的途径和方法。     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

Metrology in Chemistry in Germany

The system for Metrology in Chemistry in Germany is described. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements. A dissemination mechanism employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD). They act as “multipliers” between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. Traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Radiation Protection Dosimetry     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Natural radioactivity in drinking water was determined in population-based random study of 472 private wells. The mean concentrations of (222)Rn, (226)Ra, (234)U, (238)U, (210)Pb and (210)Po in drilled wells were 460, 0.05, 0.35, 0.26, 0.04 and 0.05 Bq l(-1), and in wells dug in the soil were 50, 0.016, 0.02, 0.015, 0.013 and 0.007 Bq l(-1), respectively. Approximately 10% of the drilled wells exceeded a radon concentration of 1000 Bq l(-1) and 18% a uranium concentration of 15 microg l(-1). The mean annual effective dose from natural radionuclides for a drilled well user was 0.4 mSv and 0.05 mSv for a user of a well dug in the soil. The effective dose arising from (222)Rn was 75% of the total of all natural radionuclides for drilled well users. As regards long-lived radionuclides, (210)Po and (210)Pb caused the largest portion of the effective dose. The dose arising from (238)U, (234)U and (226)Ra was only 8% of the total of all natural radionuclides.     

Trends in alcohol-impaired driving in Canada

While a general decreasing trend in the number of persons killed in a traffic crash involving a drinking driver has occurred in Canada since the 1980s, it is evident that much of this decrease occurred in the 1990s. Since 2002, less progress has been made as the number of persons killed in crashes involving drinking drivers remains high. To better understand the current situation, this paper describes trends in drinking and driving in Canada from 1998 to 2011 using multiple indicators based on data collected for the Traffic Injury Research Foundation's (TIRF) Road Safety Monitor (RSM), the National Opinion Poll on Drinking and Driving, and trends in alcohol-related crashes based on data collected for TIRF's national Fatality Database in Canada. There has been a continued and consistent decrease in the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver in Canada. This remains true when looking at the number of fatalities involving a drinking driver per 100,000 population and per 100,000 licensed drivers. This decreasing trend is also still apparent when considering the percentage of persons killed in a traffic crash in Canada involving a drinking driver although less pronounced. Data from the RSM further show that the percentage of those who reported driving after they thought they were over the legal limit has also declined. However, regardless of the apparent decreasing trend in drinking driving fatalities and behaviour, reductions have been relatively modest, and fatalities in crashes involving drivers who have consumed alcohol remain high at unacceptable levels.     

Optische in situ Schichtdickenmessung in Bedampfungsanlagen. Optical in situ film thickness monitoring in coating systems

Optical film thickness monitoring is more precise than crystal monitoring. The optical measurement makes use of the fact that the intensity of a monochromatic light beam which is reflected on a film will change periodically with increasing film thickness. The measurement is performed at an exchangeable test glass that is positioned beside the substrates and is therefore coated in the same way as the substrates. The accuracy of cut‐off is achieved by a “fit” of a theoretical curve shape to the measured values. Order filters are used to ensure that, at a certain wavelength, higher deflection orders do not influence the measurement when a monochromator grating is used.     

Differences in coagulation in clotting of vascular access in hemodialysis patients

Arteriovenous graft (AVG) thrombosis is a frequent cause of graft failure. We evaluated coagulation protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors in 20 hemodialysis (HD) patients with AVGs. The goal was to determine whether significant differences in protein concentrations, platelet function, and viscoelasticity factors exist among dialysis patients requiring frequent AVG declot procedures vs. those who do not. Twenty HD patients were enrolled: 10 frequent clotters (>3 declots in the previous year) and 10 were nonclotters. Patients on antiplatelets or chronic anticoagulation were excluded. Laboratories were drawn pretreatment and heparinase was added to counteract any potential heparin effect. Coagulation protein concentrations including tissue factor (TF), thrombin/antithrombin III complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F₁₊₂) were assayed. The time to clot onset was measured by force onset time (FOT). Platelet contractile force (PCF) measured the force produced by platelets during clot retraction, whereas clot rigidity was measured as clot elastic modulus (CEM). FOT, CEM, and PCF were measured by Hemodyne. Both groups had upregulation of the TF pathway, as TF, TAT, and F₁₊₂ levels were similarly increased over baseline levels. Hemodialysis patients with frequent AVG clotting had higher levels of both PCF and CEM compared with nonclotters. Additionally, the frequent clotters had a lower FOT relative to nonclotters, although both were considered in the normal range. Our study suggests that HD patients with recurrent AVG thrombotic events form clots with higher tensile strength compared with HD patients without recurrent graft thrombosis.