Neuber公式应用于对接接头焊趾应力分析的修正

在平面应力和平面应变状态下,根据不同理论应力集中系数的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数和应变集中系数的弹塑性有限元计算结果,分析了Neuber尖缺口公式、钝缺口公式和钝缺口Sonsino修正公式的适用性,并进一步对Neuber公式进行了修正,修正表达式为Kσ+Kt2·Kε+Kt2=K2t。     

基于不同阻挡层材料的铜互连热应力有限元分析

本文利用ANSYS有限元软件分别对用TaN和ZrN作为扩散阻挡层的Cu/barrier/SiO2/Si结构中铜线的热应力分布进行仿真。研究热载荷350℃到20℃不同阻挡层材料单大马士革和双大马士革两种结构铜互连线的热应力。通过仿真结果得到:单大马士革结构中,在阻挡层材料为ZrN时铜线中等效应力(700MPa)比阻挡层材料为TaN时等效应力(800MPa)小;双大马士革结构中,用ZrN作为阻挡层铜线中各个方向的热应力σx、σy和σz分别比TaN作为阻挡层时小100MPa、300MPa和200MPa。本文还研究阻挡层材料分别为ZrN和TaN时,改变阻挡层的厚度对铜线热应力的影响。结果表明,热应力随着阻挡层厚度的增加而增加。各种厚度ZrN作为扩散阻挡层时的应力都比TaN作为扩散阻挡层的应力小,x、y和z方向的应力SX(ZrN)、SY(ZrN)和SZ(ZrN)分别减少了50MPa、200MPa和50MPa。     

双轴载荷下复合材料十字型试样几何形状对中心测试区系数的影响

基于双轴拉伸载荷下复合材料十字型试样的设计特点,对比分析了不同几何形状的十字型试样在不同厚度比和载荷比条件下中心测试区应力集中系数和承力系数的变化规律,并开展了不同载荷比的双轴拉伸实验进行验证。研究表明:十字型试样中心测试区系数与载荷大小无关,与试样几何形状、厚度比及载荷比有关;等宽加载臂宽度越小、厚度比越大,应力集中系数越小,载荷比不同,应力集中系数也不同;一般而言,中心测试区承力系数随厚度比增加而增大,x向承力系数βx随载荷比增加呈非线性增大,y向承力系数βy随载荷比增加呈线性减小;在双轴拉伸载荷条件下,形状D十字型试样在载荷比f=4/1时中心测试区y向应力分量为负值,表现为压应力状态。     

镶嵌粒子周围应变场的实验和数值模拟研究

采用电子束云纹法对陶瓷粒子嵌入316L不锈钢表面后粒子周围应变场进行了实验测量,分析了镶嵌粒子周围应变场的分布规律;运用LS-DYNA对嵌入粒子周围及内部应变场进行了有限元模拟,并与实验结果进行比较;同时对2个粒子嵌入情况进行了有限元模拟,分析了粒子之间的距离对应变场及残余应力场的影响。结果表明:距嵌入粒子边缘距离越小,塑性应变越大,随着距离的增加,塑性应变逐渐减小,最后趋于零,x方向的最大塑性应变为10.75%,y方向的最大塑性应变为11.33%;实验结果和数值模拟结果吻合较好,最大误差为10.8%;粒子之间的距离越近,对应变场及残余应力场的分布范围影响越大,而对最大残余应力值的影响较小。     

钢结构构件在高应力集中区脆性破坏倾向性

含高应力集中钢结构构件的厚度是影响其发生脆性破坏的一个重要因素，它的影响是和其应力集中区的复杂应力状态相联系的。本文介绍含缺口的受拉钢构件应力应变关系在不同厚度和缺口曲率半径情况下的变化及其对构件发生脆性破坏可能性的影响。     

层合方式和压缩方向对层合瓦楞纸板压缩性能的影响

目的研究层合方式和压缩方向对层合瓦楞纸板压缩性能的影响。方法通过静态压缩对平齐式和交错式等2种层合瓦楞纸板的3个方向进行实验,得到相应的应力-应变曲线,运用能量效率法对其峰应力、平均抗压强度、总吸能和比能量吸收进行对比分析。结果 2种层合方式的瓦楞纸板在x,y,z方向的应力-应变曲线走势大致相似,峰应力、平均抗压强度、总吸能和比能量吸收均为x方向最大,y方向次之,z方向最小。在x,y,z各个方向上,平齐式层合瓦楞纸板的峰应力、平均抗压强度、总吸能和比能量吸收均高于交错式层合瓦楞纸板。结论不同层合方式和压缩方向对层合瓦楞纸板压缩性能的影响较大,设计重型缓冲包装时可以优先选择平齐式层合瓦楞纸板的x方向,可以更好地达到提高缓冲效果和节约材料的目的。     

轻薄型金属反平面撕裂机理研究

#x0201c;轻薄型金属(厚度#x02264;10mm)反平面撕裂机理研究#x0201d;旨在为报废汽车及家用电器的破碎回收处理提供理论依据。通过对轻薄型金属破碎过程分析及试验研究,发现#x02162;型裂纹起到了主要破坏作用;根据拉伸试验应力-应变关系曲线变化趋势与理想弹塑性材料基本一致的现象,将材料简化为理想弹塑性模型;裤形撕裂试验所获得的载荷-位移曲线变化趋势表明试样起裂前后所需载荷较大,扩展过程中载荷逐渐减小;对反平面撕裂过程研究可知,在载荷作用下裂尖塑性区逐渐向外扩展,当其达到最大尺寸后,随着载荷继续增加,裂纹则开始扩展,而塑性区也逐渐向前推移直至试样断裂。裂纹尖端场的解表明起裂前及扩展过程中尖端应力-应变场均存在奇异性,且扩展过程中尖端场奇异性比起裂前弱,即起裂前裂尖的应力-应变集中程度比扩展过程中要大,这表明裂纹在起裂阶段比扩展阶段所需载荷更大。     

含尖缺口受拉平板三维应力场的简化计算及其应用

含尖缺口受位平板三维应力场是力学分析研究中常遇到的问题，在理论上已有多种解析解法但演算复杂，本文从著名的Ｎｅｉｂｅｒ解析法出发导出含尖缺口受拉平板三维应力场的实用简化计算方法，并对其沿厚度方向的应力分布作了研究。最后就该简化方法在钢结构脆性破坏和疲劳损伤研究中的应用进行了有益的探讨。     

不同填胶方式对细间距器件焊点可靠性影响

为了获得一种较好的填胶方式来增加3D PLUS组件焊点的可靠性,采用非线性有限元分析方法和统一型粘塑性Anand本构方程,分析热循环载荷下无胶、端封、底封三种状况焊点的应力、应变分布情况及危险点位置,得到焊点应力和塑性应变周期性累积叠加并逐渐趋于平缓的规律.比较三种状态下焊点的应力、塑性应变的最大值及其变化规律,分析结果表明底封方式能有效的改善焊点的应力、应变状况.改变底封方式胶粘剂的线膨胀系数,找到线膨胀系数对焊点应力、应变影响规律,选出较优线膨胀系数的胶粘剂.     

三维C/C复合材料的压缩性能及破坏机制

采用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜观察和力学性能测定的方法,研究了三维C/C复合材料微观结构形貌,以及材料x向、y向和z 向的压缩性能。结果表明,材料内部缺陷明显,纤维束/基体界面结合较弱,材料z向压缩强度和破坏应变均大于x向和y向,压缩应力-应变曲线开始阶段近似线性,随着载荷的增加,曲线表现出明显的非线性特征。从宏观上考察了材料的压缩破坏机制,材料x向、y向和z向破坏模式均为剪切型破坏,纤维/基体界面结合强度对破坏模式影响明显。     

An Experimental Study on the Elastic–Plastic Fracture in a Ductile Material under Mixed-Mode Loading

Abstract:  Stereo vision was used to measure the crack-tip parameters, such as J integral, plastic mixity and elastic mixity of mixed-mode fracture specimens, and to study the applicability of the Shih's plane strain solution to the mixed-mode crack-tip fields. The fracture specimen used in this study was a compact tension shear (CTS) specimen made of 2024-O aluminum. The in-plane strain and stress fields near the mixed-mode crack tip of the CTS specimen were determined using the deformation field measured by the stereo vision. It is observed that the J integral values computed along rectangular contours surrounding the mixed-mode crack-tip approach constant values after r / h  > 0.5. The in-plane strains determined experimentally at several points near the crack tip and at several radial lines emerging from the crack tip are compared with the values calculated using Shih's plane-strain solution and the HRR slope, named after the investigations of Hutchinson, Rice and Rosengren respectively. It is found that the measured values follow the trends of the Shih's plane-strain solution. The elastic mixity evaluated using the measured crack-tip stress fields is close to that obtained from analytical solution. However, the evaluated plastic mixity deviates from the analytical solution.     

The evolution of the stress–strain fields near a fatigue crack tip and plasticity-induced crack closure revisited

The evolution of the stress–strain fields near a stationary crack tip under cyclic loading at selected R‐ratios has been studied in a detailed elastic–plastic finite element analysis. The material behaviour was described by a full constitutive model of cyclic plasticity with both kinematic and isotropic hardening variables. Whilst the stress/strain range remains mostly constant during the cyclic loading and scales with the external load range, progressive accumulation of tensile strain occurs, particularly at high R‐ratios. These results may be of significance for the characterization of crack growth, particularly near the fatigue threshold. Elastic–plastic finite element simulations of advancing fatigue cracks were carried out under plane‐stress, plane‐strain and generalized plane‐strain conditions in a compact tension specimen. Physical contact of the crack flanks was observed in plane stress but not in the plane‐strain and generalized plane‐strain conditions. The lack of crack closure in plane strain was found to be independent of the material studied. Significant crack closure was observed under plane‐stress conditions, where a displacement method was used to obtain the actual stress intensity variation during a loading cycle in the presence of crack closure. The results reveal no direct correlation between the attenuation in the stress intensity factor range estimated by the conventional compliance method and that determined by the displacement method. This finding seems to cast some doubts on the validity of the current practice in crack‐closure measurement, and indeed on the role of plasticity‐induced crack closure in the reduction of the applied stress intensity factor range.     

Effects of plastic anisotropy on crack-tip behaviour

For a crack in a homogeneous material the effect of plastic anisotropy on crack-tip blunting and on the near-tip stress and strain fields is analyzed numerically. The full finite strain analyses are carried out for plane strain under small scale yielding conditions, with purely symmetric mode I loading remote from the crack-tip. In cases where the principal axes of the anisotropy are inclined to the plane of the crack it is found that the plastic zones as well as the stress and strain fields just around the blunted tip of the crack become non-symmetric. In these cases the peak strain on the blunted tip occurs off the center line of the crack, thus indicating that the crack may want to grow in a different direction. When the anisotropic axes are parallel to the crack symmetry is retained, but the plastic zones and the near-tip fields still differ from those predicted by standard isotropic plasticity.     

Fully plastic analyses of plane strain single-edge-cracked specimens subject to combined tension and bending

Accurate yield surfaces of plane strain single-edge-cracked specimens having shallow as well as deep cracks are developed using finite element limit analyses and monotonic interpolation functions. Fully plastic shallow crack configurations are classified based on certain aspects of the yield surfaces. Relationships between incremental plastic crack tip and crack mouth opening displacements and incremental load point displacement/rotation are obtained for a wide range of relative crack depths and loading ratios. Fully plastic crack-tip fields for a sufficiently deep crack in a single-edge cracked specimen are examined to provide the stress triaxiality and the angular orientation of flow line at the crack tip in terms of the remotely applied tension-to-bending ratio. Evidence for fully plastic crack-tip stress fields consisting of an incomplete Prandtl fan and a crack plane constant state region is discussed.     

Overload effects on fatigue crack‐tip fields under plane stress conditions: surface and bulk analysis

The surface crack opening displacements are characterised by digital image correlation for a (thin) plane stress 316 stainless steel compact tension sample subjected to an overload event. This supports a traditional plasticity‐induced closure interpretation showing a knee in the closure response prior to overload, an absence of closure in the accelerated growth regime followed by accentuated closure in the retardation regime. By contrast, measurement of the mid‐thickness elastic strain field behind and ahead of the crack made by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction shows no evidence of significant crack face contact stresses behind the crack tip on approaching minimum loading. Rather the changes during loading and overloading can mostly be explained by a simple elastic plastic analysis using a value of the yield stress intermediate between the initial yield stress and the UTS. This shows very significant compressive reverse plastic strains ahead of the crack that start to form early during unloading. At the moment it is not clear whether this difference is because of the increasing stress intensity applied as the crack grows, or for some other reason, such as prevention of the crack faces closing mid‐thickness due to the reverse plastic zone.     

Numerical investigation of crack tip strain localization under cyclic loading in FCC single crystals

In this work, the crack tip strain localization in a face centered cubic single crystal subject to both monotonic and cyclic loading was investigated. The effect of constraint was implemented using T-stress and strain accumulation was studied for both isotropic and anisotropic elastic cases with the appropriate application of remote displacement fields in plane strain. Modified boundary layer simulations were performed using the crystal plasticity finite element framework. The consideration of elastic anisotropy amplified the effect of constraint level on stress and plastic strain fields near the crack tip indicating the importance of its use in fracture simulations. In addition, to understand the cyclic stress and strain behavior in the vicinity of the crack tip, combined isotropic and kinematic hardening laws were incorporated, and their effect on the evolution of yield curves and plastic strain accumulation were investigated. With zero-tension cyclic load, the evolution of plastic strain and Kirchhoff stress components showed differences in magnitudes between isotropic and anisotropic elastic cases. Furthermore, under cyclic loading, ratcheting was observed along the localized slip bands, which was shown to be affected by T-stress as well as elastic anisotropy. Negative T-stress increased the accumulation of plastic strain with number of cycles, which was further amplified in the case of elastic anisotropy. Finally, in all the cyclic loading simulations, the plastic strain accumulation was higher near the \(55^0 \) slip band.     

Quasi-statically growing crack-tip fields in elastic perfectly plastic pressure-sensitive materials under plane strain conditions

Quasi-statically growing crack-tip fields in elastic perfectly plastic pressure-sensitive materials under plane strain conditions are investigated in this paper. The materials are assumed to follow the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and the normality flow rule. The asymptotic mode I crack-tip fields are assumed to follow the five-sector assembly of Drugan et al. (1982) for Mises materials. The crack-tip sectors, in turns, from the front of the crack tip are a constant stress sector, a centered fan sector, a non-singular plastic sector, an elastic sector and finally a trailing non-singular plastic sector bordering the crack face. The results of the asymptotic analysis show that as the pressure sensitivity increases, the plastic deformation shifts to the front of the tip, the angular span of the elastic unloading sector increases, and the angular span of the trailing non-singular plastic sector bordering the crack surface decreases. As the pressure sensitivity increases to about 0.6, the angular span of the trailing non-singular plastic sector almost vanishes. The effects of the border conditions between the centered fan sector and the first non-singular plastic sector on the solutions of the crack-tip fields for both Mises and pressure-sensitive materials are investigated in details. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Measuring overload effects during fatigue crack growth in bainitic steel by synchrotron X-ray diffraction

In this work we present the results of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of fatigue crack-tip strain fields following a 100% overload (OL) under plane strain conditions. The study is made on a bainitic steel with a high toughness and fine microstructure. This allowed a very high (60 μm) spatial resolution to be achieved so that fine-scale changes occurring around the crack-tip were captured along the crack plane at the mid-thickness of the specimen. We have followed the crack as it grew through the plastic/residually stressed zone associated with the OL crack location. We observed two effects; one when the enhanced plastic zone is ahead of the crack and one after it has been passed. Regarding the former it was found that the compressive stress at the crack-tip initially falls sharply, presumably due to the increased plastic stretch caused by the OL. This is associated with a concomitant fall in peak tensile stress at K_max, the elastic excursion between K_min and K_max remaining essentially unchanged from before OL. Subsequently discontinuous closure as seen previously for plane stress caused by crack face contact at the OL location limits the elastic strain range experienced by the crack tip and thereby retards crack growth.     

Energy density approach for calculation of three-dimensional inelastic strain and stress at the crack tip in compact tension specimens of polycarbonate

An energy-based method is utilized for calculating elastic-plastic strains and stresses near fatigue crack tip in specimens of Merlon polycarbonate. The stress redistribution caused by the plastic yielding around the crack tip is taken into account so that theoretical crack tip strain is improved. The estimated values of crack tip strain based on an energy density approach are compared with experimental results obtained from an embedded grid moire technique and embedded strain gages. Large-scale yielding seems to dominate near the crack tip. In fact, the measured strain is in agreement with the elastic solution, which means, in reality, only small-scale yielding takes place near the crack tip. The strain in the mid-plane (plane strain) is found to be higher than in the surface plane (plane stress). The experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement.     

Mode I plane stress crack-tip constraint for elastic-plastic materials with different strain hardening

Finite element analyses and simulations have been undertaken to investigate the triaxial constraint in the crack-tip regions of a stationary crack and a steady-state growing crack under mode I plane stress for elastic-plastic materials with different strain hardening. The results show that the triaxial constraint in the crack-tip region is independent of specimen geometry, and material strain hardening, both for a stationary and an extending crack quasi-statically. The triaxial constraints for the various configurations examined are in better accordance with those required by the HRR solution for a stationary crack, which defines the low and similar constraints in crack-tip regions for different material strain hardening in the plane stress case. Along the entire ligament ahead of a crack tip, the constraint level transites gradually from that defined by the HRR solution within the near tip zone to that characterized by the stress intensity factor K _I in the far field.