单相组织TWIP钢的扩孔性研究

超高强钢的扩孔性能是冲压成形的重要性质.为评价980 MPa TWIP钢的扩孔性能,本文以单相铁素体IF钢和980 MPa双相钢作为参考材料,用扫描电镜观察了3个钢种的微观组织,并对3个钢种进行了拉伸实验和扩孔实验,采用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术分析了拉伸后和扩孔实验后TWIP钢的微观组织.实验结果表明:拉伸前TWIP钢呈现类似于IF钢均匀的单相奥氏体组织,而拉伸后TWIP钢呈现类似于DP钢不均匀的硬质变形孪晶奥氏体和软质奥氏体;扩孔后TWIP钢的开裂位置集中在奥氏体和变形孪晶奥氏体界面;虽然TWIP钢显现出更大的均匀伸长率和加工硬化,但扩孔率明显小于IF钢.TWIP钢扩孔率增加源于早期孪晶诱发塑性(TWIP效应)导致的均匀变形.同时,这种变形机制导致组织中的硬质变形孪晶奥氏体,硬质变形孪晶奥氏体与软质奥氏体匹配(类似于双相钢中马氏体铁素体匹配)将恶化局部变形,阻碍扩孔性能进一步提升.     

双相钢断裂特征和精细结构的观察

本文对双相钢的断裂特征和精细结构进行了研究。采用反复腐蚀抛光法制样,用扫描电镜观察了双相钢的解理断裂的开裂相和裂纹扩展途径,并得出了双相钢的断裂模式。用双喷射加离子清洗减薄制膜,在透射电镜下观察了马氏体岛和铁素体的精细结构。结果指出:马氏体岛的精细结构与临界间退火温度有关,较低的临界间退火温度,马氏体岛的亚结构以孪晶马氏体为主,不过这种孪晶马氏体的组态在同样含碳量的淬火钢中比较少见。临界间退火温度升高,板条马氏体量增多;在铁素体中有马氏体相变诱发的高密度位错,有时还形成胞状结构。     

450~780 MPa系列双相钢扩孔性能实验

目的避免双相钢在成形过程中经常出现的翻边或扩孔开裂的问题,提高生产效率。方法以几种强度级别为450~780 MPa的双相钢为实验对象,测试材料的单向拉伸和扩孔性能,并从微观组织上分析影响双相钢强度和扩孔性能的因素。结果 450~780 MPa强度级别双相钢的屈服强度随铁素体晶粒尺寸的减小而增加,抗拉强度随马氏体体积分数的增加呈近似线性增加。双相钢的扩孔性能随着材料强度的提高呈下降的趋势。DP500与DP450和DP600相比,抗拉强度(579 MPa)居中,伸长率最高,但由于其马氏体形态和分布的差异,其扩孔性能反而最低。结论双相钢的扩孔性能会受到马氏体的含量、尺寸、形态和分布的影响,与材料强度和伸长率没有必然的关系,当马氏体呈颗粒状均匀分布时,具有更好的扩孔性能。     

600MPa级冷轧双相钢的试制与研究

在实验室试制了600MPa级低成本C-Mn系冷轧双相钢,比较了热轧态普通组织和退火后双相组织与力学性能的关系,分析了双相组织的强化机理,讨论了热轧卷取温度对最终力学性能的影响,分析并且优化了连续退火工艺参数.采用X衍射和电子背散射EBSD观察了试制双相钢组织的宏观与微观取向.     

双相钢拼焊板温拉伸力学性能及组织分析

为了揭示温变形工艺参数对双相钢拼焊板宏观力学性能及组织演变的影响规律,在不同变形温度和应变速率条件下对DP590双相钢拼焊板进行温拉伸试验和微观组织观察,将变形温度和应变速率对材料温成形过程的综合影响统一为Zener-Hollomon(Z)参数来研究材料宏观力学性能和微观组织演变.实验结果表明,随着Z参数的降低,材料越容易发生动态再结晶,流变应力-应变曲线越低,断后延伸率逐渐提高,平均晶粒尺寸有长大的趋势.本研究对于通过Z参数优化DP590双相钢拼焊板温变形宏观力学性能和微观组织具有一定的参考价值.     

基于临界区加速冷却的(B+F)X80大变形管线钢的组织和性能研究

采用热模拟、力学性能测试和材料显微分析等试验技术,对X80管线钢在临界区加速冷却工艺下的组织性能变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,通过临界区加速冷却,X80管线钢可获得贝氏体+铁素体(B+F)双相组织。随着始冷温度的上升,试验钢的贝氏体含量增加,铁素体含量降低,导致屈服强度增高,塑性降低。当始冷温度为840℃时,显微组织以细小、多位向分布的贝氏体为主,辅以高密度位错的多边形铁素体。这种(B+F)双相组织使得试验钢的屈强比为0.80、均匀伸长率为10.0%、形变强化指数为0.12,满足了大变形管线钢的技术要求。     

连续镀锌DP600双相钢的组织与性能研究

制备了连续镀锌DP600双相钢,利用光学显微镜、SEM、EBSD技术对其显微组织进行了观察和分析;利用X射线衍射和EBSD技术分别对钢板的宏观织构和微观织构进行了测定;并对其力学性能、n值和r值进行了检测.实验结果表明:试样组织为铁素体+马氏体岛的双相组织,该钢板具有良好的综合力学性能和成形性,达到了DP600级别双相钢的性能要求.     

F53双相不锈钢阀体开裂分析

F53双相不锈钢阀体在锻造过程中出现开裂,通过宏观及微观检验对开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:较高的始锻温度降低了工件的锻造加工性能;较低的终锻温度使组织的脆性相增多;较大的一次锻造变形量进一步增加了锻造应力,最终造成阀体产生了锻造开裂。     

Cr12MoV钢表面激光熔覆Ni60合金制备无开裂涂层及摩擦磨损性能研究

为了实现损伤Cr12MoV钢激光再制造,采用激光熔覆Ni60合金制备无开裂涂层。利用着色探伤剂、硬度计、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和摩擦磨损仪对所制备Ni60合金涂层的表面开裂、硬度、金相组织进行分析,并用摩擦磨损试验机对比研究了Ni60合金涂层和Cr12MoV钢的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,当Ni60合金涂层长度L≤9 mm时,涂层表面无开裂;当Ni60合金涂层长度L>9 mm时,开裂区出现在母材邻近区,且随着涂层长度增大,开裂区也出现在涂层表面。要抑制激光熔覆过程中Ni60合金近母材区开裂,关键在于减少热输入对母材区的作用时间。最后,通过优选表面硬度相近的Ni60合金涂层和Cr12MoV钢进行摩擦磨损性能测试,发现两者的摩擦系数与耐磨性能相近,可望为损伤Cr12MoV钢激光再制造提供参考。     

基于裂纹开裂角度的夹层板层间开裂

以聚氨酯弹性体钢夹层板为研究对象,对黏弹性夹芯夹层结构三点弯曲实验卸载后裂纹会沿层间方向继续扩展这一现象进行研究。开展了不同硬度夹芯的双悬臂梁(Double Cantilever Beam,DCB)实验和单悬臂梁(SLB)实验,测得了临界应变能释放率。在假设裂纹张开角度在开裂过程中不变的前提下,推导了临界应变能释放率的计算公式。并计算了软夹芯试件和硬夹芯试件的临界破坏的裂纹长度。结果表明,虽然存有一定的局限性,但是裂纹张开角度能够描述黏弹性夹层结构的层间裂纹扩展,获得的结果能够描述聚氨酯弹性体钢夹层板的层间延迟破坏的特点。     

Microstructural and thermo-mechanical analysis of quench cracking during the production of bainitic–martensitic railway wheels

Quench cracking during the production of newly developed low carbon bainitic–martensitic (LCBM) rail wheels was investigated using a microstructural and thermo-mechanical Finite Element (FE) model. The stresses associated with quench cracking during martensite phase transformation were predicted under various quenching conditions for two different grades of LCBM steels with different kinetics of martensite phase transformation. The FE analyses showed that the likelihood of quench cracking can be reduced by using a low coolant spray intensity since the internal stresses generated during the martensitic phase transformation were found to be below the steel’s flow stress. The internal stresses were predicted to be even lower with a low carbon grade LCBM steel. The microstructural and thermo-mechanical model has been used to determine favourable quenching conditions that have the potential to reduce the propensity of quench cracking during the production of LCBM railway wheels.     

再制造大型热轧支承辊的堆焊层开裂失效分析

针对再制造大型热轧支承辊堆焊层的服役早期开裂现象,通过检测分析堆焊层硬度、显微组织和断口形貌,确定堆焊层开裂失效机制是低周接触疲劳破坏.由于堆焊层内残余奥氏体含量过多,马氏体相含量相对不足,堆焊金属低硬度、低强度,降低了再制造热轧支承辊面堆焊层的抗接触疲劳性能.通过高温回火热处理促使堆焊层残余奥氏体向马氏体转变,调控辊...     

CB30铸钢连接圈脆性开裂失效分析

对CB30铸造铁素体不锈钢连接圈内浇口产生裂纹的原因进行了分析。结果表明:该零件显微组织中存在马氏体脆性相是导致其脆性开裂的根本原因;通过改进连接圈内浇口结构以及浇铸后铸件的脱壳方式,并延长铸件的退火热处理保温时间,可以有效地避免环形类CB30铁素体不锈钢铸件的脆性开裂。     

The effect of new ferrite content on the tensile fracture behaviour of dual phase steels

The effect of new ferrite present with different volume fractions and morphologies of martensite on microvoids formation and tensile fracture behaviour in dual phase steels has been studied for a steel containing 0.065% C, 1.58% Mn and 0.5% Ni. Fine and coarse dual phase microstructures were obtained from two different starting conditions. Martensite contents were kept constant at 18 and 25% and new ferrite content was varied by controlled cooling from intercritical annealing temperature of 740, 750 and 785°C. In both fine and coarse dual phase structures microvoids formed at martensite particles, inclusions and martensite-ferrite interfaces in the necked region. Martensite morphology had an influence in determining martensite cracking. Coarse and interconnected martensite distributed along ferrite grain boundaries cracked easily. Martensite cracking was less frequent and the microvoids were smaller in the fine structure than the coarse ones. Microvoid coalescence was the dominant form of fracture in both structures. The specimens with higher new ferrite contents had higher densities of voids. In these samples, voids initiated mostly by decohesion at the interface, and by some examples of fracture of martensite     

LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE INVESTIGATIONS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS ON DUAL PHASE STEEL WITH DIFFERENT MICROSTRUCTURES

Abstract— Fully reversed low cycle fatigue tests were carried out on 7 mm diameter cylindrical specimens of a dual phase steel treated to give five different microstructures, namely F—ferrite (+ little carbide particles), CF—continuous ferrite + 8.2% martensite, FM—49.1% ferrite + 50.9% martensite mixed structure, CM—continuous martensite + 22.4% ferrite and M—100% martensite. A finite element program was developed based on Eisenberg's cyclic plasticity theory and the low cycle stress-strain response of the steels with duplex phase microstructures was calculated from the low cyclic curves of the single ferrite (steel F) and martensite (steel M) phase. The experimental results show that fatigue performance of dual phase steel improves as martensite content is increased up to about 50%, thereafter it obviously deteriorates. During cyclic loading, the calculated plastic strain accumulated in ferrite is higher than that in martensite. Inhomogeneity of the plastic strain accumulation in steel CF is more pronounced than that in steel CM. In steel FM a relatively uniform strain distribution was found. Controlling the size of particle phase can result in an optimum strain distribution. Thus, the plastic deformation capability of the constituent phases can be enhanced leading to fatigue performance improvement. Crack initiation occurs easily at the ferrite/martensite interface with a coarse particle phase size, regardless of phase continuity. In steel CF, a crack initiates at the interface perpendicular to the stress axis and propagates in the ferrite matrix by deflecting around coarse martensite particles or by cutting fine martensite particles. In steel CM, a crack initiates at the interface along the stress axis and propagates in the martensite matrix through ferrite particles.     

20Cr钢单向器轴破裂原因分析

20Cr钢单向器轴在试车时发生破裂,通过化学成分分析、宏观和微观检验对破裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：单向器轴的渗碳层深度过深,马氏体和碳化物级别严重超标。碳势过高、热处理过热导致淬火时开裂是零件破裂失效的根本原因。     

Failure analysis of girth weld cracking of mechanically lined pipe used in gasfield gathering system

Girth weld cracking of mechanically lined pipe was occurred after 75 days operation in a gasfield gathering system in China. Failure causes were analyzed based on operation histories, field documents, and laboratory tests. Results showed that the girth weld failure was mainly due to two aspects, girth weld martensite microstructure and external stress. The crack was initiated from sealing pass zone and filling pass zone, which is a hard and brittle martensite structure with hardness of HV 350–450. The failed pipe area had undergone the heavy rain for 2 days, pulling stress, bending stress, and shear stress generated by soil movement resulted in high stress concentration at girth weld. The girth weld cracking failure was initiated from outer carbon steel, and propagated along the weld-fusion line in intergranular mode, which is a typical stress corrosion cracking failure.     

飞机桨壳螺帽磨削裂纹分析

采用金相分析方法，对12CrNi3A钢制飞机浆壳螺帽裂纹进行了分析。结果表明，因磨削工艺控制不当，出现局部过热，使工件表面产生二次淬火马氏体，造成组织内应力增大，以至产生磨削裂纹。     

A study on fatigue crack growth in dual phase martensitic steel in air environment

Dual phase (DP) steel was intercritically annealed at different temperatures from fully martensitic state to achieve martensite plus ferrite, microstructures with martensite contents in the range of 32 to 76%. Fatigue crack growth (FCG) and fracture toughness tests were carried out as per ASTM standards E 647 and E 399, respectively to evaluate the potential of DP steels. The crack growth rates (da/dN) at different stress intensity ranges (ΔK) were determined to obtain the threshold value of stress intensity range (ΔK_th). Crack path morphology was studied to determine the influence of microstructure on crack growth characteristics. After the examination of crack tortuosity, the compact tension (CT) specimens were pulled in static mode to determine fracture toughness values. FCG rates decreased and threshold values increased with increase in vol.% martensite in the DP steel. This is attributed to the lower carbon content in the martensite formed at higher intercritical annealing (ICA) temperatures, causing retardation of crack growth rate by crack tip blunting and/or deflection. Roughness induced crack closure was also found to contribute to the improved crack growth resistance at higher levels of martensite content. Scanning electron fractography of DP steel in the near threshold region revealed transgranular cleavage fracture with secondary cracking. Results indicate the possibility that the DP steels may be treated to obtain an excellent combination of strength and fatigue properties.