铣削型钢纤维与超高性能混凝土的界面粘结性能研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)优异的性能主要取决于钢纤维与基体的协同工作，为探讨铣削型钢纤维在UHPC中的适用性，本工作通过钢纤维拉拔试验，研究了铣削型钢纤维与UHPC的界面粘结性能，分析了纤维埋深、纤维有无端勾、基体有无纤维、养护条件四个因素的影响及其机理，并与镀铜微丝钢纤维进行对比。结果表明：四种类型的钢纤维(镀铜平直型S、镀铜端钩型H、铣削平直型MS和铣削型MH)在UHPC中的粘结强度大小顺序为H型>MH型>MS型>S型；随着纤维埋深增加，S型、H型和MS型钢纤维在UHPC中的粘结强度减小，而MH型钢纤维则增大；端勾有助于提升钢纤维在UHPC中的粘结强度和拉拔能，并影响拉拔荷载-位移曲线的形状；基体掺入2%(体积分数)钢纤维亦能略微提高钢纤维在UHPC中的粘结强度和拉拔能；与蒸养条件相比，标养条件下界面粘结强度降低，但也使得铣削型钢纤维的拔出行为更明显，提高了拉拔能。铣削型钢纤维与UHPC界面粘结强度较高，但其较低的纤维抗拉强度影响了粘结性能的发挥，建议开发适用于UHPC的高强铣削型钢纤维。     

水泥基材料中倾斜端钩型钢纤维拔出力学性能计算模型

端钩型钢纤维是结构工程中应用最广泛的钢纤维品类之一,单根钢纤维拔出力学性能对于确定钢纤维混凝土的受拉本构及受拉韧性具有重要意义。为了得到能够有效预测倾斜端钩型钢纤维拔出荷载-端部位移曲线的理论模型,首先将倾斜端钩型钢纤维拔出过程分为完全黏结、脱黏和拔出滑移阶段三种受力状态,考虑不同拔出阶段及基体孔道损伤,建立了钢纤维黏结应力与纤维端部位移之间的关系,同时考虑钢纤维塑性变形、附加摩擦力及纤维拔出角度导致的基体剥落和挤压摩擦效应,建立了一种可以预测倾斜端钩型钢纤维拔出全过程的理论计算模型,在此基础上提出形式简单的简化模型,选取已有试验数据对提出的计算模型进行验证,结果表明:本文提出的两种模型均能够有效预测端钩型钢纤维拔出全过程,具有较高的计算精度且变异系数小,为进一步分析钢纤维对水泥基材料受拉性能的增强作用提供了理论依据。      

钢纤维埋深与类型影响钢纤维-UHPC基体界面粘结性能的试验研究

为研究钢纤维-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)基体界面粘结性能的影响因素，进一步阐明不同纤维类型、埋深下双根钢纤维、UHPC基体粘结性能及界面破坏形式，本工作通过双丝拉拔试验对不同埋深的高强钢纤维在UHPC基体中的拔出行为进行研究，以了解纤维的拉拔性能和UHPC的界面粘结性能。纤维拉拔试验以纤维类型及埋深为变量，对两根钢纤维在不同纤维埋深下的评价参数进行了表征和分析，并观察了纤维拔出后的微观形貌和UHPC基体的隧洞形貌。试验结果表明：端钩型纤维的拉拔性能优于直圆型纤维；利用SEM观察到拔出的直圆型纤维表面粘附有絮状或簇状的微小UHPC基体颗粒，并有不同程度的擦伤或长而宽的刮痕，在UHPC基体隧洞中发现了微裂纹，且在纤维拉拔过程中拔出口附近的基体会发生剥落。同时，钢纤维的拉拔性能与纤维埋深有关，但埋深对端钩型纤维影响更大，拉拔荷载峰值达到402.66 MPa,材料的强度利用率为94.9%;纤维的破坏模式也与纤维类型有关，端钩型纤维比直圆型纤维更易发生断裂。本研究可为进一步改善钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土的力学性能提供参考。     

力、热载荷作用下纤维在复合材料中的界面应力传递行为

采用三维光弹性实验应力分析和有限元计算两种方法,在拉拔载荷和热残余应力联合作用下,对单丝拔出树脂基复合材料三维冻结切片界面剪应力进行了研究。实验结果和计算表明,在单纤维与基体界面的埋入端及埋入末端附近出现界面残余剪应力的极值;力、热载荷作用下纤维界面剪应力呈抛物线分布,单丝埋入端附近是应力的主要传递区域,最先达到危险应力,出现界面脱胶破坏,然后剪应力沿纤维埋入长度由纤维埋入端附近向埋入末端逐渐传递;界面热残余应力对界面剪应力的影响是使纤维埋入末端应力集中程度降低,使界面剪应力最大值增大。      

埋置深度对黄麻纤维束与水泥基体粘结性能的影响

为了探究埋置深度对黄麻纤维束与水泥基体粘结性能的影响,利用C43电子式万能试验机进行了水泥基中黄麻纤维束的拔出试验,获得了拔出刚度、最大拔出力、等效粘结强度和拔出功随埋置深度的变化规律。试验在6 mm/min恒定试验速率下进行,测试了4组不同埋置深度（20 mm、40 mm、60 mm和80 mm）的试件。试验结果表明：随着埋置深度的增大,拔出刚度整体呈减小趋势但局部有波动;最大拔出力持续增大,并在埋置深度为60 mm时趋于稳定;等效粘结强度持续减小;拔出功初始增大,在埋置深度为60 mm处出现转折,而后迅速减小。为了进一步分析这种变化产生的具体作用机制,对不同埋置深度的破坏试件进行了观察,获得了试件破坏模式随埋置深度的变化规律。     

数字图像相关方法在纤维混凝土拉拔试验中的应用

采用数字图像相关方法和单纤维拉拔试验相结合的试验方法,直接测量钢纤维从混凝土基体拔出过程中界面的应变分布及变化规律,并实时观测界面粘结、脱粘、滑移全过程。试验结果表明:微细观尺度上的应变局部化导致了纤维界面剪切破坏的局部化现象,这种界面脱粘破坏逐次发生、发展和转移的应变局部化现象在时间和空间上呈现明显的相互间隔特征。测试及分析结果表明该方法为纤维复合材料界面力学性能的检测研究提供了新的途径。     

纤维—基体脱粘的界面应力分析

本文建立了单纤维拔出时考虑纤维与基体间径向压应力及界面剪应力的简单模型，分析了纤维的轴向脱粘应力与界面剪应力纤维包埋长度的分布规律。     

水灰比对PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料性能和显微结构的影响

对3种不同水灰比(0.2,0.4,0.65)形成的聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维增强水泥基材料,通过三点弯曲试验,结合表观裂缝形状和裂缝处PVA纤维形态,研究了水灰比对材料弯曲性能的影响;通过对断裂面处纤维表面、纤维嵌入端和纤维拉断或拔出端的SEM影像分析,从微观层面研究了水灰比对PVA纤维-基体界面显微结构的影响。弯曲试验结果表明:随着水灰比增加,跨中部位裂缝数量明显增加,裂缝处拔出的纤维数量增多而拉断的数量减少,材料的弯曲韧度和开裂强度到弯曲强度的增强幅度提高。界面显微结构表明:随着水灰比增加,基体结构由致密变疏松,界面粘结力减弱,桥接裂缝的PVA纤维状态由瞬间猝断转变为滑动拔出且表面有轻微刮削,纤维对材料增强增韧的效率显著提高。     

非直纤维的细观动态拔出模型分析

在Chanvillard关于非直纤维静态拔出模型基础上,建立非直纤维的细观动态模型。此模型通过纤维与基体接触界面剪应力的传递考虑纤维的动态拔出过程,并考虑应变率效应。同时,适当选取阈值,建立基于细观损伤演化的纤维脱粘和拔出动态模型。此模型可以很好地模拟Chanvillard关于非直纤维的静态实验结果,并能反映复合材料的应变率影响。      

基体合金对连续M40石墨纤维/Al复合材料纤维损伤及断裂机制的影响

选用M40石墨纤维为增强体,采用真空气压浸渗法制备了纤维体积分数为40%,基体合金分别为ZL102、ZL114A、ZL205A及ZL301合金的连续M40/Al复合材料,并用NaOH溶液萃取出M40纤维,研究了基体合金对连续M40/Al复合材料纤维损伤和断裂机制的影响。结果表明:不同的基体合金对M40纤维造成的损伤差异较大,从M40/ZL301复合材料中萃取的纤维拉伸强度最高,其拉伸强度为1 686 MPa,约为纤维原丝拉伸强度的38.3%;而从M40/ZL102复合材料中萃取的纤维拉伸强度最低,其拉伸强度仅为687 MPa,且纤维表面粗糙程度不一。不同M40/Al复合材料的断裂机制存在明显差别,M40/ZL102和M40/ZL114A复合材料断裂时无纤维拔出及界面脱粘,裂纹横向穿过纤维导致复合材料在低应力下失效;M40/ZL205A复合材料则表现为少量纤维拔出,界面轻微脱粘;同时,M40/ZL301复合材料表现为大量纤维拔出,裂纹沿界面纵向扩展,界面脱粘明显,纤维充分发挥其承载作用,复合材料的拉伸强度最高,达到了670.2 MPa。      

Analysis of interfacial failure in a composite microbundle pull-out experiment

Modeling of the failure of polymer-matrix composites requires substantial information about the mechanisms of failure at the interface, and load redistribution around fiber breaks in the composite. Current interface experiments involving the use of ‘microcomposites’ of single embedded fibers in a matrix generally do not include all the key geometric features of the real composite; in particular, they do not include the effects of fiber volume fraction and the higher matrix shear resulting from closely neighboring fibers. A new experiment was recently devised to assess some of these effects: it is referred to as the single-fiber pull-out from microbundle (SFPOM) experiment. It consists of a hexagonal arrat of seven fibers in a matrix where the outer six fibers are restrained and the center fiber is pulled out. Recent experimental data from tests with this geometry are analyzed here using three mechanical models of the failure process, and parametric studies of the data are performed to assess the appropriateness of each model. Two of the models, based on fracture energy considerations as applied earlier to single embedded fibers in a matrix and adapted to our geometry, were found to model data from the SFPOM experiments poorly. The third model assumes the existence of three zones near a fiber break, including elastic, plastic and frictional debond zones, and was found to provide reasonable fit to the data under realistic assumptions.     

单纤维拔出方法表征CFRP界面强度的研究

提出了单根碳纤维从环氧树脂基体中拔出的一种简易方法，在国内首次实现了用该方法表征碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（ＣＦＲＰ）界面粘合性能的技术。     

Ammonia plasma treatment of ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres for improved adhesion to epoxy resin

A study of the effect of plasma treatments on the mechanical properties and adhesion of ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres to epoxy resin is reported. Fibres were treated with ammonia plasma under various time and power conditions. The fibre/matrix interfacial shear strength was measured using load and fibre pull-out data obtained in a single-fibre pull-out test. The debonding was optically as well as acoustically monitored. Optical birefringence patterns were visible at the fibre debond region. Acoustic emission signals generated from debonding and stick-slip processes were also detected. A more than four-fold increase in the interfacial shear strength was achieved by plasma treating the fibres at the discharging condition of 30 W and 0.5 torr for 1 min. The birefringence patterns showed, qualitatively, that the shear in the matrix around the fibres increased for treated fibres and extended further into the matrix material. Surface topography of the pulled out fibres showed that the failure mode was unchanged by the treatment.     

三维角联锁机织复合材料经纬向剪切性能有限元分析

本文使用三维绘图软件Pro/E 5.0构建出三维浅交弯联机织复合材料在经纬向模型,借助有限元软件ANSYS分别对其施加相同大小的剪切载荷作用,通过数值模拟的方法计算出复合材料及其纤维与树脂组分的剪切应力、应变分布情况。通过对其应力、应变分布情况的分析,探究三维浅交弯联机织复合材料在经纬向剪切载荷作用下的力学行为,并预测其破坏模式。结果表明:复合材料在纬向的剪切性能好于经向;纤维作为主要承载体表现出较大的剪切应力与较小的剪切应变;复合材料在剪切载荷作用下的破坏形式主要为复合材料的倾斜、坍塌及分层、纤维的脆断、树脂的破碎及纤维与树脂间的脱粘。     

冻融作用后超高性能混凝土中钢纤维的拔出行为研究

将超高性能混凝土冻融0~1500次后进行钢纤维的拔出实验和纳米压痕实验，研究了倾斜角度和埋置深度对钢纤维拔出行为的影响。结果表明，不同倾角和埋深的钢纤维其拔出荷载峰值都随着冻融次数的增加而逐渐降低，倾角为50°时拔出荷载峰值达到最大值；钢纤维-水泥浆体界面过渡区中的微孔洞逐渐增多和汇聚，过渡区的厚度由20 μm 增加到65 μm；钢纤维与过渡区组成相的微观力学性能的降低较小。过渡区的宏观有效弹性模量随着冻融次数的增加而降低，冻融600次后降低的幅度增大。过渡区的微观结构和宏观力学性能劣化，是钢纤维粘结性能降低的主要原因。     

Effect of loading rates on pullout behavior of high strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete

In this paper single fiber pull-out performance of high strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is investigated. The research emphasis is placed on the experimental performance at various pullout rates to better understand the dynamic tensile behavior of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC). Based on the knowledge that crack formation is strain rate sensitive, it is hypothesized that the formation of micro-splitting cracks and the damage of cement-based matrix in the fiber tunnel are mainly attributing to the rate sensitivity. Hereby, different pull-out mechanisms of straight and mechanically bonded fibers will be examined more closely. The experimental investigation considers four types of high strength steel fibers as follows: straight smooth brass-coated with a diameter of 0.2 mm and 0.38 mm, half end hooked with a diameter of 0.38 mm and twisted fibers with an equivalent diameter of 0.3 mm. Four different pull out loading rates were applied ranging from 0.025 mm/s to 25 mm/s. The loading rate effects on maximum fiber tensile stress, use of material, pullout energy, equivalent bond strength, and average bond strength are characterized and analyzed. The test results indicate that half-hooked fibers exhibit highest loading rate sensitivity of all fibers used in this research, which might be attributed to potential matrix split cracking. Furthermore, the effect of fiber embedment angles on the loading rate sensitivity of fiber pullout behavior is investigated. Three fiber embedment angles, 0°, 20°, and 45°, are considered. The results reveal that there is a correlation between fiber embedment angle and loading rate sensitivity of fiber pullout behavior.     

玄武岩纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料复合机制

用三种硅烷偶联剂KH550、KH560和KH570分别处理玄武岩纤维(BF), 以未经偶联剂处理的BF为对照组。X射线电子能谱(XPS)分析三种偶联剂对BF的改性, 发现BF表面的Si元素与偶联剂中的Si元素形成了Si—O—Si键, 其含量顺序为KH550>KH570>KH560。测定了不同方法处理后的BF增强环氧树脂(BF/EP)复合材料水浴前后的弯曲性能和层间剪切强度(ILSS), 同时用SEM观察了BF/EP水浴前后的断裂面微观形貌, 结果发现水浴前三种偶联剂处理BF后都能提高BF/EP的界面粘结性能, 提高效果为KH550>KH560>KH570, 试样破坏时界面无脱粘, 主要发生的是基体破坏, 界面力学性能优于基体力学性能; 水浴处理后, 不同BF/EP的力学性能下降程度不同, 耐水性较差, 试样断裂面呈脆性断裂, 界面脱粘, 部分纤维被拔出后在基体中留下空洞。      

Rate-dependent tensile behavior of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (HPFRCC) show strain hardening behavior accompanied with multiple micro-cracks under static tension. The high ductility and load carrying capacity resulting from their strain hardening behavior is expected to increase the resisting capacity of structures subjected to extreme loading situations, e.g., earthquake, impact or blast. However, the promise of HPFRCCs for dynamic loading applications stems from their observed good response under static loading. In fact, very little research has been conducted to investigate if their good static response translates into improved dynamic response and damage tolerance. This experimental study investigates the tensile behavior of HPFRCC using High strength steel fibers (High strength hooked fiber and twisted fiber) under various strain rates ranging from static to seismic rates. The test results indicate that the tensile behavior of HPFRCC using twisted fiber shows rate sensitivity while that using hooked fiber shows no rate sensitivity. The results also show that rate sensitivity in twisted fibers is dependent upon both fiber volume fraction and matrix strength, which influences the interface bond properties.     

Mechanical reinforcement of concrete with bi-component fibers

For some applications the reinforcement of concrete with fibers is an economical alternative to conventional steel bar reinforcement. Steel fibers have been the first choice for many years because of their high tensile strength and high elastic modulus. Low modulus fibers, such as polyolefin based fibers generally are thought to be less suitable for this purpose.However, it is shown that polyolefin fibers with sufficient tensile strength can, applying a novel bi-component approach, successfully enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. The effect of the introduction of nanoparticles into the fiber polymers and of a fiber surface structuring on the fiber pull-out characteristics and the fiber–matrix bond strength is presented.The performance of bi-component fiber reinforced concrete is studied in 4-point bending and square slab tests. Ductile post-peak behavior of such fiber reinforced concrete is achieved, making this new fiber technology interesting for applications in pre-cast elements, industrial floors and earth quake protecting systems.     

Pull-out work of steel fibers from cementitious composites: Analytical investigation

The main objective of this study is to provide a parametric evaluation of the pull-out work of smooth steel fibers embedded in cementitious matrices. The various parameters controlling the behavior of the bond stress versus slip relationship are analyzed; their effects on the entire pull-out load versus slip response and the corresponding pull-out energy up to full debonding and/or up to total pull-out are investigated. Also discussed are the effects of the fiber geometric parameters such as fiber diameter, length, and aspect ratio. Finally, a brief section addresses the relation between pull-out work and the critical strain energy release rate G_c, a fracture mechanics variable, which can be calculated if the P-Δ curve is known.