供应链环境下的性能评价系统研究

在竞争全球化的趋势下，供应链管理越来越受到企业重视，供应链性能评价系统(supply Chain Performance Mea-surement System,SCPMS)是供应链管理的关键组成部分，然而企业却不愿意或没有能力建立有效的性能评价系统。总结了供应链性能评价的定义、发展过程及难点，在此基础上提供了一套供应链性能评价的方法，为企业快速建立集成供应链性能评价系统提供借鉴。     

Threats and benefits of power discrepancies between organisations: a supply chain perspective

The discrepancy of power between organisations has raised concerns over the abuse of power in inter-organisational relationships, especially in the supply chain where parties often have different power positions. In this study, we develop and test a model that explains how the less powerful party may react to different forms of power exercised by the power source. Nowadays, customers are typically more powerful than manufacturers in supply chains. Specifically, based on data from 617 manufacturers representing various organisational sizes and industries, we examine the impact of customer coercive and expert power on the manufacturer’s information sharing behaviours (information systems and content) as well as the performance implications for both the manufacturer and the customer. Structural equation modelling reveals that customer expert power positively predicts the establishment of information systems and the extent to which information is actively shared. In contrast, customer coercive power is negatively associated with the establishment of information systems, while it is positively related to information content. Information systems, in turn, predict the extent to which information is effectively exchanged, which ultimately relates positively to flexibility and delivery performance. Flexibility performance is positively related to financial performance, while delivery performance is not. Taken together, these findings enrich our understanding of inter-organisational power dynamics by offering important insights into differential reactions that the power target may choose to counter power imbalances.     

Processes and measurement of knowledge management in supply chains: an integrative systematic literature review

During the last 10 years, important contributions about knowledge management (KM) issues in supply chain management (SCM) have been published. The current paper aims to build upon previous literature reviews focused on KM in supply chains (SCs) from an integrative perspective, particularly recognising the studies conducted by Bhosale and Kant (2016. “Metadata Analysis of Knowledge Management in Supply Chain: Investigating the Past and Predicting the Future.” Business Process Management Journal 22 (1): 140–172) and Cerchione and Esposito (2016. “A Systematic Review of Supply Chain Knowledge Management Research: State of the Art and Research Opportunities.” International Journal of Production Economics 182: 276–292) as an effort to discuss the evolution of KM in the SC field. To this end, a systematic literature review including 210 papers is conducted over the period 2008–2017 from three positions previously not addressed jointly within the supply chain (SC) context: research methods employed by the authors; KM processes applied in the business processes across the SC; and intra and inter- organisational performance metrics linked with KM initiatives. Results exhibited that: (i) ‘Survey’ and ‘Case study’ are the two research methodologies mostly employed by authors (ii) the knowledge transfer is discussed in the majority of the studies reviewed, (iii) 114 intra and inter-organisational performance metrics are reported within the SC context from an empirical data approach. Findings concerning previous identified gap analysis and future lines of research are described.     

Applying performance measures to support decision-making in supply chain operations: a case of beverage industry

Performance measurement systems (PMS) have commonly been applied to evaluate and reward performances at managerial levels, especially in the context of supply chain management. However, evidence suggests that the effective use of PMS can also positively influence the behaviour and improve performance at an operational level. The motivation is to accomplish organisational goals, namely to increase supply chain flexibility by responding to evermore-varying customer demands in a timely manner. The purpose of the study described in this paper was to develop a conceptual framework that adopts performance measures for ex-ante decision-making at an operational level within the supply chain. To guide the research, five questions were asked and subsequently key gaps have been identified. In an attempt to fill the gaps, a case study at a major global brand beverage company has been carried out, and as a result, a conceptual framework of the PMS has been developed. Overall, the research offers a foundation of the applicability and impact of PMS in the supply chain and provides a framework that attends to some of the potential uses of PMS that so far have not been practically applied. The outcomes from the testing indicate that the initial gaps identified in the literature have been addressed and that the framework is judicious with scope for practical applicability. The framework is deemed worthy of further testing in different operational contexts of the supply chain.     

Preventing failure in IT-enabled systems for supply chain management

Supply chain management (SCM) emphasises the overall and long-term benefit of all parties on the chain through cooperation and information sharing. This signifies the importance of communication and the application of IT-enabled systems in SCM. A supply chain management information system (SCMIS) is usually user-interfaced and designed to provide information and information processing capability to support the strategy, operations, management analysis, and decision-making functions in an organisation's supply network. SCMIS provides high quality, relevant and timely information flow that effectively supports decision-making for inventory replenishment, capacity activation, and for synchronising material flows at all tiers within the supply chain. In recent years, there have been some efforts on designing efficient information systems for supply chain management; but many of them have led to failure. Using a critical failure factor (CFF) approach and based on a perfect study, we investigate this crucial issue in-depth and put forward feasible solutions regarding failure prevention in such systems throughout this article. Three main purposes of this paper are to: (1) identify SCMIS and its characteristics, (2) introduce and categorise the critical failure factors of SCM and SCMIS, and (3) investigate the explanatory power of these CFFs on the performance of supply channel processes performed through SCMIS.     

Designing a performance measurement system to support materials management in engineer-to-order:a case study

There are many different production situations that can be employed to meet demand.In the engineer-toorder(ETO)production situation,products are manufactured to meet specific customer needs by unique engineering or significant customization.In such an environment,failing to supply the required materials in the right quantities and at the right time increases the risk of breaching due date agreements and thereby losing customer satisfaction.As such,materials management is one of the most important and critical processes within production planning and control in ETO.To bring attention and improvement to this area,ETO companies may benefit from a performance measurement system(PMS)that systematically monitors how well materials management is carded out.The design of a company's PMS varies with its production situation.Within the large body of literature on performance management and measurement,limited literature specifically addressing performance measurement in ETO has been identified.After being approached by a Norwegian ETO company requesting a PMS for materials management,the authors therefore set out to design the PMS from scratch,using literature on ETO,materials management and performance management and measurement as a starting point.The paper presents the proposed PMS.It provides a basis for further studies on the topic,and could be used by managers in ETO companies to assess and improve their materials management practice.     

Performance measurement of cross-culture supply chain partnership: a case study in the Chinese automotive industry

This study explores a performance measurement system for a dynamic supply chain partnership in a cross-cultural context. An initial framework is constructed by reviewing the existing literature, followed by an in-depth case study in the Chinese automotive industry, where the framework is refined to address the multi-cultural setting. A performance measurement, system which includes the relationship strategy and operational measurement criteria for a supply chain partnership, has been developed. The relationship strategy contains elements of strategy orientation, management style, interdependence, mutual organisational characteristics and common goals. The operational measurement criteria consist of commitment, trust, communication behaviour, information sharing, participation decision, quality, production performance, delivery, cost, supplier strength, attitude, compromise and loyalty. The last three operational measurement criteria are found to be particularly relevant to the cross-cultural feature. While existing studies tend to focus on either specific measures or individual organisations, this paper for the first time proposes a comprehensive framework to measure the performance of supply chain partnerships. The cross-cultural perspective provides a further unique view on how a performance measurement system can be responsive to the dynamics in practice.     

On measuring company performance within a supply chain

Emerging research strengthens the connection between supply chain performance and a company's financial performance (D’Avanzo, R., Von Lewinski, H. and Van Wassenhove, L. N., 2003. The link between supply chain and financial performance. Supply Chain Management Review, November/December, 40–47). The focus on integrating functional internal processes has expanded to include the need for integrating these with external processes of business partners (Edwards, P., Peters, M. and Sharman, G., 2001. The effectiveness of information systems in supporting the extended supply chain. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(1), 1–27). This need for enterprise efficiency is compelling companies to review, to identify, and to adopt supply chain initiatives. This research investigates the use of common measurement metrics in an attempt to determine which one(s) are most useful for measuring performance as companies implement SCM practices. For firms that were engaged in SCM we found inventory and cycle time to be the most significant metrics.     

WEB SERVICE技术对于供应链管理系统的推动

首先介绍了供应链管理及供应链管理系统在应用中存在的问题，然后，全面地介绍了一种新兴的Web Service技术及其面向服务的体系结构，并且对于Web Service技术对于供应链管理系统的推动作用进行了深入的分析。最后，通过对两份统计报告和国际几大商用软件厂商的产品开发状况，展示了Web Service技术在SCM系统中应用的市场趋势。     

Supply chain relationship quality and performance in technological turbulence: an artificial neural network approach

A well-functioning supply chain management relationship cannot only develop seamless coordination with valuable members, but also improve operational efficiency to secure greater market share, increased profits and reduced costs. An accurate decision-making system considering multifactor relationship quality is highly desired. This study offers an alternative perspective and characterisation of the supply chain relationship quality and performance. A decision-making model is proposed with an artificial neural network approach for supply chain continuous performance improvement. Supply chain performance is analysed via a supervised learning back-propagation neural network. An ‘inverse’ neural network model is proposed to predict the supply chain relationship quality conditions. Optimal performance parameters can be obtained using the proposed neural network scheme, providing significant advantages in terms of improved relationship quality. This study demonstrates a new solution with the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods for performance improvement. The overall accuracy rate of the decision-making model is 88.703%. The results indicated that trust has the greatest influence on the supply chain performance. Relationship quality among supply chain partners impacts performance positively as the pace of technological turbulence increases.     

Determinants of mobile supply chain management system diffusion: a structural equation analysis of manufacturing firms

Mobile supply chain management (SCM) is gaining recognition as a major source of cost reduction and supply chain performance improvement. The current literature related to mobile SCM needs to be extended further in order to provide insights into how manufacturing firms can implement mobile SCM successfully. Specifically, there is a need to provide empirical and systematic analysis of the variables that can explain the various stages of mobile SCM diffusion. A review of recent literature suggests that existing e-supply chain technology adoption literature is not strongly grounded in theory. A theoretical model with six hypotheses was proposed based on the technology–organisation–environment (TOE) framework and innovation diffusion theory (IDT). This study draws its survey responses from a group of manufacturing firms in order to investigate the factors that affect the diffusion of mobile SCM. The results show that the variables derived from TOE and IDT can explain mobile SCM diffusion well. However, interorganisational relationships (IORs) play a crucial role in determining the success of mobile SCM routinisation. This is one of the first known empirical studies on the factors influencing the diffusion of mobile SCM. The results of this study will help decision makers better understand the implementation process of mobile SCM and formulate strategies for successful diffusion of mobile SCM.     

Entrepreneurial SCM competence and performance of manufacturing SMEs

This study reviewed the literature and interviewed managers to discover the dimensions of a new construct called the entrepreneurial supply chain management competence of small and medium-sized enterprises. We measured entrepreneurial SCM competence in terms of five first-order constructs: innovation orientation, proactiveness orientation, risk-taking characteristics, relational capital, and coordination capability. We further proposed that this competence affects SMEs’ performance directly and indirectly via the firm's SCM strategies. A set of survey data collected from automotive OEM suppliers in five ASEAN countries was used to test the research model. Results show that the five constructs are important dimensions of entrepreneurial SCM competence, and that they affect performance indirectly. Our findings provide valuable insights about the enablers of an SME's SCM practices and their effects on firm performance.     

Examination of effect of information sharing on businesses performance in the supply chain process

Nowadays, supply chain management (SCM) has become one of the focal points of competition. The importance of information sharing in SCM is gradually increasing in terms of improving the business performance. In this study, an attempt to determine the effect of information sharing in the supply chain process (SCP) on cost, financial and business performance, in general, was made. The attempt was made by means of a measuring tool which is based on a theoretical approach. For this purpose, the structural equation model (SEM) was established by taking into account the supply chain structure, SCP, supply chain flexibility, environmental uncertainties and information sharing latent structures in businesses and the cost and financial performance indicators. In this study, differently from most other studies, two performance variables were included, and the model was created by defining these variables, which could be measured with more than one indicator, as latent variables. For this purpose, the data obtained from a questionnaire study performed on large firms within the scope of ISO 1000 were used. An attempt to reveal the factors affecting the cost and financial performance of businesses in SCM was made in the study. As a result of the analyses performed, the proposed SEM model was tested by taking into account various compliance criteria, and the validity and reliability of the model were determined.     

Absorptive and desorptive capacity configurations in supply chains: An inverted U-shaped relationship

The extant literature has highlighted the importance of knowledge transfer between a buyer and its supply network for strengthening supply chain competence. This is a bi-directional exchange where the buyer and supply network each act as the sender and receiver of knowledge. Prior research has however largely focused on the knowledge recipient only. We consider both sender and recipient using two key dynamic capabilities related to knowledge transfer: (i) desorptive capacity, which enables the safe transfer of knowledge from the sender; and, (ii) absorptive capacity, which enables the acquisition and assimilation of external knowledge by the recipient. Using the concept of ‘fit’, we investigate whether organisations strengthen supply chain competence when their desorptive capacity exceeds that of their supply network's (positive misfit) and consider the moderating role of the organisation’s and supply network’s absorptive capacity. Multiple regression analysis of survey data from 250 firms identifies an inverted U-shaped relationship between positive desorptive capacity misfit and supply chain competence. Further, this relationship is shown to be moderated by the supply network’s absorptive capacity level. The paper furthers our understanding of supply chain knowledge management enabling buyers and their supply networks to achieve more successful knowledge transfer outcomes.     

宝钢益昌基于电子商务的知识管理体系结构

针对电子商务中知识管理的需求,以上海宝钢益昌薄板有限公司为对象,在分析宝钢益昌实施知识管理现状的基础上,设计了宝钢益昌电子商务集成系统,形成了以ERP为平台支持、连接SCM和CRM的系统结构,并在集成过程中渗透知识管理的思想,以实现对整个供应链的信息集成。依据设计目标,提出了基于电子商务的知识管理体系结构,以有效利用企业知识资源,增强企业的核心竞争力。     

Framework for flexibility in dynamic supply chain management

Effective Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a pivotal issue in the dynamically changing business environment. Dynamic SCM requires integrated decision-making amongst autonomous chain partners with effective decision information synchronization amongst them. By exploiting flexibility in supply chain structures, better performance can be achieved. Similarly, by judiciously employing decision flexibility and the associated dynamic control amongst autonomous supply chain nodes, many improvements are possible. The paper presents a study on the role of different flexibility options (i.e. no flexibility, partial flexibility and full flexibility) in a dynamic supply chain model based on some key parameters and performance measures. Supply chain flexibility has significant potential and needs a greater research attention. The paper attempts to advance the knowledge of dynamic control on effective flexibility exploitation in the context of dynamic supply chains. A simulation model of a dynamic supply chain is used for this purpose. The key results are highlighted along with industry implications. Here each supply chain node involves decision-making. Based on the order and sample information available from the immediate buyers or customers, the supplier selection decisions are dynamically made. A seemingly good decision at a stage based on local information often ends up as detrimental not only to the total chain cost, but also to the total costs of the node itself. These observations are important for the designers and managers of the flexible supply chain systems to arrive at appropriate types and a judicious level of flexibility to attain significant improvements in total cost reduction. The modelling of dynamic supply chains with a focus on flexibility can offer enormous potential to the industry. This paper addresses this interesting and challenging domain.     

Analyzing the effect of inventory policies on the nonstationary performance with transfer functions

In this paper we apply transfer function methods to analyze the performance of supply chains in response to nonstationary demand and, in particular, we investigate how various inventory policies and demand forecasting parameters affect supply chain responsiveness. In a single-echelon inventory system we investigate the performance of a common base stock policy. Specifically, we describe the order and inventory trajectories using discrete transfer functions, and we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the transient behavior in response to a step change in demand. We introduce performance measures commonly used to analyze nonstationary performance and derive closed-form expressions for these measures. Next, we study the performance of a two-echelon supply chain under installation stock and echelon stock policies. We explicate the performance tradeoff in response to stationary versus nonstationary demand, and show that the transient response of orders and inventory levels can be either underdamped or overdamped depending on the exponential smoothing parameter. We show that the echelon stock policy is more responsive than the installation stock policy when both policies have similar stationary performances.     

Dynamic Intelligent Supply-Demand Adaptation Model Towards Intelligent Cloud Manufacturing

As a new mode and means of smart manufacturing, smart cloud manufacturing (SCM) faces great challenges in massive supply and demand, dynamic resource collaboration and intelligent adaptation. To address the problem, this paper proposes an SCM-oriented dynamic supply-demand (S-D) intelligent adaptation model for massive manufacturing services. In this model, a collaborative network model is established based on the properties of both the supply-demand and their relationships; in addition, an algorithm based on deep graph clustering (DGC) and aligned sampling (AS) is used to divide and conquer the large adaptation domain to solve the problem of the slow computational speed caused by the high complexity of spatiotemporal search in the collaborative network model. At the same time, an intelligent supply-demand adaptation method driven by the quality of service (QoS) is established, in which the experiences of adaptation are shared among adaptation subdomains through deep reinforcement learning (DRL) powered by a transfer mechanism to improve the poor adaptation results caused by dynamic uncertainty. The results show that the model and the solution proposed in this paper can perform collaborative and intelligent supply-demand adaptation for the massive and dynamic resources in SCM through autonomous learning and can effectively perform global supply-demand matching and optimal resource allocation.     

Packaging information needed for evaluation in the supply chain: the case of the Swedish grocery retail industry

The proper use and exchange of the right packaging‐related information in a grocery supply chain is critical to achieve an efficient and responsive packaging logistics system. The use of well‐defined packaging‐related information that is available for all actors in the supply chain also facilitates an integrated and supply chain‐orientated packaging development. The objective of this paper is to describe and identify the packaging‐related information used in the grocery retail industry. The paper also describes and analyses how the information is used in the supply chain, with focus on the packaging evaluation process. Case and field studies involving six companies from the Swedish grocery industry were conducted to identify the parameters used and shared among them. The paper discusses what kind of information is required to properly evaluate a packaging concept, what parameters are missing and how the information should be used in the supply chain. Finally, the paper suggests a procedure for packaging logistics performance with required parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.