石墨烯的制备及其对重金属Pb~(2+)离子的吸附性能研究

用乙酰丙酮还原氧化石墨制备得到石墨烯,其可在水、丙酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等极性溶剂中超声分散,其中以水作为溶剂其分散性最好(浓度约为0.7g/L)。通过原子力显微镜(AFM)测定石墨烯的厚度为0.68nm,表明石墨烯是单层。红外光谱(IR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)数据表明乙酰丙酮被化学功能化修饰到石墨烯表面,且红外光谱中羧基峰的消失表明氧化石墨被乙酰丙酮还原。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定吸附后离子浓度,用Langmuir吸附等温式计算得到石墨烯对于Pb2+的最大吸附量为105.4mg/g,相关系数r为0.99958,Langmuir常数b为3.65。研究表明:石墨烯对水溶液中重金属Pb2+离子具有优异的吸附性能,这主要归因于石墨烯的巨大比表面积和乙酰丙酮分子对Pb2+离子的强络合能力。     

氧化石墨烯的制备及其对罗丹明B的吸附性能

采用改进Hummers法以石墨粉为原料制备氧化石墨烯(GO),利用红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对其官能团、物相结构和表面形貌进行表征分析。研究所制备的GO对阳离子染料罗丹明B(RB)的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、GO用量、吸附温度和溶液初始pH对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:GO吸附RB的适宜条件为:吸附时间70min、GO用量0.01g、温度30℃、pH=3,GO对RB的最大吸附量为2002.71mg/g。由吸附动力学及等温吸附模型分析可知,GO对RB的吸附符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/氧化石墨烯复合水凝胶的制备及对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附性能研究

制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)/壳聚糖(CTS)/氧化石墨烯(GO)复合水凝胶球,通过红外光谱(IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合水凝胶进行了表征。研究了pH值、吸附时间及重金属离子初始浓度对吸附Pb(Ⅱ)(二价铅离子)容量的影响,结果表明在pH=5.5、30℃时,复合水凝胶对Pb(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附量达到198.00mg/g,吸附符合二级动力学模型,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,吸附为熵推动的自发吸热过程。与未加氧化石墨烯相比,复合水凝胶的最大吸附容量明显提高。对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附,可再生重复使用6次而吸附量基本保持不变。     

混酸掺杂聚吡咯/凹凸棒石复合材料对甲基橙的吸附性能

采用原位聚合法合成了盐酸(HCl)与对甲苯磺酸(TSA)共掺杂的聚吡咯/凹凸棒石(PPy/ATP)复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对复合材料的结构进行表征,发现聚吡咯微球包覆在凹凸棒石的外面,形成了粗糙的表面,其红外谱图与聚吡咯的基本一致,只是强度略有变化。考察了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、pH值和溶液初始浓度对复合材料吸附甲基橙的影响,结果表明,在45℃,溶液初始浓度为35mg/L,pH值=7,反应时间为4h,0.02g的复合材料对甲基橙的吸附效果最好;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温式,最大吸附量为143.07mg/g。     

氧化石墨烯/海藻酸钠复合膜对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能和机制

海藻酸钠（SA）基的过滤膜是处理含Pb（Ⅱ）废水的理想膜分离材料,将氧化石墨烯（GO）和尿素添加进SA中,以CaCl₂溶液交联,制备出GO/SA复合膜,并考察了其对水溶液中Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附性能。通过静态吸附实验,探讨了Pb（Ⅱ）初始浓度、GO质量分数、初始pH值和吸附时间、吸附-解吸次数等对GO/SA复合膜吸附Pb（Ⅱ）效果的影响;对吸附过程进行了吸附动力学和吸附热力学分析,利用FTIR-ATR、XPS等对GO/SA复合膜吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的机制进行了解析。结果表明,GO/SA复合膜对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附量与Pb（Ⅱ）初始浓度正相关,在pH=5时吸附效果最优,GO质量分数为0.3wt%时为最优配比;吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型;热力学等温吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,温度为318 K时,Langmuir模型拟合得到的GO/SA复合膜吸附量达到320.51 mg·g-1。GO/SA复合膜对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附机制主要为物理吸附。      

复合吸附剂麦饭石-壳聚糖的制备及对Zn~(2+)的吸附性能

含重金属离子的废水对人体和环境有极大的影响,采用吸附法对其进行处理,效果较好,但成本高,不易推广.为此,利用麦饭石负载壳聚糖制备了一种价廉的复合吸附剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其结构进行了表征,研究了不同pH值、不同吸附时间、不同吸附剂投加量对复合壳聚糖吸附Zn2+的影响.结果在pH值为6～8、吸附时间为40 min、复合吸附剂的投加量为4.0 g/L的条件下,复合吸附剂对Zn2+的吸附率达到95%以上,达到国家污水综合排放标准.通过对试验数据运用相关数学模型拟合,复合吸附剂对Zn2+的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,其相关系数R2为0.965 1.因而复合吸附剂麦饭石-壳聚糖可有效地处理含锌废水.     

信息动态

为探究羧甲基壳聚糖对模拟含Nd3+废水的吸附性能,探讨了溶液pH值、吸附温度、吸附时间等因素对羧甲基壳聚糖吸附Nd3+行为的影响.结果表明:在室温(25℃),pH值为6,吸附时间30 min时,羧甲基壳聚糖对Nd3+的吸附量、吸附率达到最大值,分别为14.84和37.1％.羧甲基壳聚糖对Nd3+的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,且是单分子层吸附.     

水浮莲干粉对离子型染料的吸附机理研究

通过研究等温吸附行为、动力学特征和pH值影响以及红外光谱、扫描电镜表征等对水浮莲干粉吸附活性艳红K-2BP、亚甲基蓝两种不同类型的离子型染料的机理进行探讨。结果表明:水浮莲干粉对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合Langmuir等温方程,而Freundlich等温方程更适合活性艳红K-2BP的吸附。Lagergren准二级动力学方程能很好地描述两种染料的吸附动力学行为。pH值是影响染料吸附的重要因素,酸性环境利于阴离子型染料活性艳红K-2BP的吸附,而碱性环境则利于阳离子型染料亚甲基蓝。表征结果显示:吸附前后样品基本没发生变化,可能主要为物理吸附。     

SiO_2气凝胶对罗丹明B的吸附动力学研究

研究SiO2气凝胶对罗丹明B的吸附动力学特征,考察溶液吸附剂用量、吸附时间、吸附温度及罗丹明B初始浓度对SiO2气凝胶吸附效果的影响。结果表明:吸附量随着气凝胶加入量的增大而减小,在吸附时间40min,吸附温度14℃,罗丹明B初始浓度为6mg/L时吸附效果较好。SiO2气凝胶对罗丹明B的吸附行为可用Langmuir和Frenundlich吸附等温式进行描述,相关性均较好,但更符合Frenundlich经验公式。采用一级动力学和二级动力学模型考察吸附过程,吸附过程符合二级动力学方程。     

活性炭对含Zn2+和Cd2+的重金属废水吸附净化效果研究

以椰壳活性炭和煤质柱状活性炭为吸附剂,考察了pH、活性炭投加量、震荡反应时间和反应温度等净化条件对两种活性炭吸附效果的影响。结果表明:(1)随着pH的增加,活性炭对含重金属废水的净化能力都呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当pH=7时,去除率最高;(2)活性炭投加量为4g时,两种吸附材料对Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附能力均达到饱和;(3)振荡反应时间为120min时,活性炭的吸附达到饱和,且活性炭对重金属废水的净化能力为:Zn2+Cd2+;(4)当反应温度达到40℃时,活性炭对Zn2+和Cd2+的去除率均达到最大;(5)椰壳活性炭吸附Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附等温线和动力学都较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温式和准二级反应动力学模型。     

Adsorption of copper and lead in aqueous solution onto bentonite modified by 4'-methylbenzo-15-crown-5

The adsorption of heavy metal ions (Cu2+ and Pb2+) onto organobentonite modified by 4'-methylbenzo-15-crown-5 (MB15C5) from bentonite compared with natural bentonite (N-Bentonite) is described in this paper. The kinetic parameters of the models are calculated and discussed, and closely fitted a pseudo-second-order model in all cases. For bentonite modified with MB15C5 (MB15C5-Bentonite) and N-Bentonite, the equilibrium data closely fitted the Langmuir model and showed the following affinity order: Pb2+ > Cu2+, and the adsorption capacity of MB15C5-Bentonite is higher than that of N-Bentonite for Pb2+ and Cu2+. The effect of pH is examined over the range 1.5-6. The adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ increases with increasing pH and the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ reaches a maximum at pH 3.5-6.     

改性纳米SiO_2/PVA复合纤维的制备及重金属离子吸附性能

通过静电纺丝技术制备酰肟化功能改性的纳米SiO_2/聚乙烯醇(SiO_2/PVA)复合纤维膜。采用SEM、FTIR、DSC和TGA进行表征分析;考察了在水溶液中随pH值和接触时间的变化纤维膜对金属离子吸附效果的影响。研究表明,在pH=6的条件下,纳米纤维对金属离子的吸附最佳,对Cu2+、Ni 2+金属离子的最大吸附量分别为143.7mg/g和125.1mg/g,平衡吸附时间为240min。在纤维膜吸附的前50min内,SiO_2/PVA纤维膜对Cu2+和Ni 2+金属离子的吸附量为126.8mg/g和109.8mg/g,吸附率分别为90.18%和89.92%。通过吸附等温线和吸附方程考察SiO_2/PVA纤维对Cu2+和Ni 2+金属离子的吸附行为。结果显示,复合纤维对两种金属离子的吸附满足拟二级动力学方程,热力学分析表明,吸附过程符合Langmuir单层吸附。使用酸处理纤维膜进行再生吸附试验,发现循环4次试验后,吸附效率达到53%,结果说明复合纤维膜可作为可再生金属离子吸附材料。     

Utilization of barley straws as biosorbents for Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions

The potential to remove Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion from aqueous solutions through biosorption using barley straw (BS) was investigated in batch experiments. The main parameters influencing Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion sorption on BS were: initial metal ion concentration, amount of adsorbent, contact time and pH value of solution. The influences of initial Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion concentration (0.1-1mM), pH (2-9), contact time (10-240 min) and adsorbent amount (0.1-1.0 g) have been reported. Equilibrium isotherms have been measured and modelled. The percent adsorption of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ions increased with an increase in pH and dosage of treated BS. The biosorptive capacity of the BS was dependent on the pH of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion solution. Adsorption of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion was in all cases pH dependent showing a maximum at equilibrium pH value at 6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacities of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) after 2h were 4.64 mg/g and 23.20mg/g for BS, respectively. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the experimental result inferred that complexation on surface, adsorption (chemisorption) and ion exchange is one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) ion to the sorbents.     

Removal of lead ions in aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/polyurethane composite foams

We have prepared hydroxyapatite/polyurehthane (HAp/PU) composite foams with two different HAp contents of 20 and 50 wt.% and investigated their removal capability of Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions with various initial Pb2+ ion concentrations and pH values of 2-6. HAp/PU composite foams synthesized exhibited well-developed open pore structures which provide paths for the aqueous solution and adsorption sites for Pb2+ ions. With increasing the HAp content in the composites, the removal capability of Pb2+ ions by the composite foams increases owing to the higher adsorption capacity, whereas the removal rate is slower due to the less uniform dispersity of HAp in composite foams. The removal rate of Pb2+ ions is also slower with increasing the initial Pb2+ ion concentration in aqueous solutions. The removal mechanism of Pb2+ ion by the composites is varied, depending on the pH value of aqueous solution: the dissolution of HAp and precipitation of hydroypyromorphite is dominant at lower pH 2-3, the adsorption of Pb2+ ions on the HAp/PU composite surface and ion exchange reaction between Ca2+ of HAp and Pb2+ in aqueous solution is dominant at higher pH 5-6, and two removal mechanisms compete at pH 4. The equilibrium removal process of Pb2+ ions by the HAp/PU composite foam at pH 5 was described well with the Langmuir isotherm model, resulting in the maximum adsorption capacity of 150 mg/g for the composite foam with 50 wt.% HAp content.     

Comparative adsorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution on the crosslinked chitosan with epichlorohydrin

The crosslinked chitosans synthesized by the homogeneous reaction of chitosan in aqueous acetic acid solution with epichlorohydrin were used to investigate the adsorptions of three metals of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in an aqueous solution. The crosslinked chitosan characterized by 13CNMR, SEM, and elemental analysis, and the effects of pH and anion on the adsorption capacity were carried out. The dynamical study demonstrated that the adsorption process was followed the second-order kinetic equation. The results obtained from the equilibrium isotherms adsorption studies of three metals of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions by being analyzed in three adsorption models, namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinnin-Radushkevich isotherm equations, indicated to be well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm equation under the concentration range studied, by comparing the linear correlation coefficients. The order of the adsorption capacity (Qm) for three metal ions was as follows: Cu2+>Pb2+>Zn2+. This technique for syntheses of the crosslinked chitosans with epichlorohydrin via the homogeneous reaction in aqueous acetic acid solution showed that the adsorptions of three metal ions in aqueous solution were followed the monolayer coverage of the adsorbents through physical adsorption phenomena.     

Removal of copper(II) and lead(II) from aqueous solution by manganese oxide coated sand II. Equilibrium study and competitive adsorption

The adsorption equilibrium of MOCS and the Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions removal capacity by MOCS in single-(non-competitive) and binary-(competitive) component sorption systems from aqueous solutions were investigated. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm were determined. The Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms provided the best correlation for both Cu(II) and Pb(II) onto MOCS. From the Langmuir isotherms, maximum adsorption capacities of MOCS towards Cu(II) and Pb(II) are determined at different temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) and Pb(II) per gram MOCS in single component sorption systems were from 5.91 and 7.71 micromol to 7.56 and 9.22 micromol for the temperature range of 288-318 K, respectively. The order of affinity based on a weight uptake by MOCS was as follows: Pb(II)>Cu(II). The same behavior was observed during competitive adsorption that is in the case of adsorption from their binary solution. The thermodynamic parameters (DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees , and DeltaS degrees) for Cu(II) and Pb(II) sorption on MOCS were also determined from the temperature dependence. This competitive adsorption showed that the uptake of each metal was considerably reduced with an increasing concentration of the other, the adsorption of Cu(II) being more strongly influenced by Pb(II) than vice versa due to the higher affinity of MOCS for the latter.     

Removal of Cu(II) ions by activated poplar sawdust (Samsun clone) from aqueous solutions

In this work, adsorption of Cu(II) ions on sawdust (SD) and activated sawdust (ASD) has been studied by using batch adsorption techniques. The equilibrium adsorption level was determined to be a function of the pH, initial Cu(II) concentration, and adsorbent dosage. The equilibrium nature of Cu(II) adsorption has been described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The experimental adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption model both sawdust and activated sawdust. The equilibrium capacity of sawdust and activated sawdust were 5.432 and 13.495 mg copper per g adsorbent, respectively at room temperature and natural pH. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at the maximum zeta potential value that -74.5 mV (pH 5) for activated sawdust and at -48.4 mV (pH 4) for sawdust. It was observed that activated sawdust was a suitable adsorbent than sawdust for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions.     

Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution onto Turkish kaolinite clay

The adsorption of Pb(II) onto Turkish (Bandirma region) kaolinite clay was examined in aqueous solution with respect to the pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature. The linear Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe equilibrium isotherms and both models fitted well. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 31.75 mg/g at pH 5 and 20 degrees C. Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm model was also applied to the equilibrium data. The mean free energy of adsorption (13.78 kJ/mol) indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II) onto kaolinite clay may be carried out via chemical ion-exchange mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters, free energy (deltaG degrees ), enthalpy (deltaH degrees ) and entropy (deltaS degrees ) of adsorption were also calculated. These parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) onto kaolinite clay was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic process in nature. Furthermore, the Lagergren-first-order, pseudo-second-order and the intraparticle diffusion models were used to describe the kinetic data. The experimental data fitted well the pseudo-second-order kinetics.     

Equilibrium studies of sorption of lead(II) ions by different pectin compounds

The adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by different pectin compounds was studied in a batch sorption system. Water-soluble low- and high-esterified pectins and insoluble calcium pectate beads were investigated. The lead-binding capacity of all pectin compounds was highest within the pH range from 7 to 8. The binding capacities and rates of Pb(II) ions by pectin compounds were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich and BET sorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Sorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model. These results obtained through the study suggest that pectin compounds are favorable sorbers. The largest amount of Pb(II) ions were bound by pectin with the low degree of esterfication. Therefore, pectin substances may be considered as perspective for sorption and removal of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.