复合喷丸提高等轴状TC4钛合金的疲劳性能

首先对等轴状TC4钛合金疲劳试样表面进行了不同时间的高能喷丸,制备出一定深度的纳米表层,然后采用小尺寸弹丸进行表面损伤修复喷丸,提高纳米表层质量,最后对不同喷丸状态的试样进行了疲劳试验。结果表明:复合喷丸使等轴状TC4钛合金的疲劳强度相比未喷丸状态提高了34%,在单纯高能喷丸纳米化方法的基础上进一步提高了12%;高能喷丸在试样表面形成的损伤阻碍了表层纳米化提高疲劳强度的效果,通过修复喷丸可以修复部分高能喷丸损伤。     

3Cr2W8V钢表面纳米化处理微观组织及力学性能研究

利用旋转加速喷丸工艺(Rotational Assisted Shot Peening,RASP)对3Cr2W8V热作模具钢进行表面纳米化处理,采用光学显微镜、透射电镜、显微硬度计等分析测试手段对表面纳米化处理前后试样的微观组织及力学性能的变化进行研究。研究结果表明,经RASP处理后,3Cr2W8V钢的表面形成了纳米晶层,且自表面向心部呈晶粒尺寸梯度分布。与RASP处理前相比,处理后3Cr2W8V钢的表层硬度有了明显的提高。     

喷丸强化对7050铝合金微观组织和耐磨性的影响

目前,有关增压喷丸对7050铝合金耐磨性能的影响研究鲜见报道。通过增压喷丸方式在7050铝合金表面制备纳米晶层;用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、透射电镜观察并分析了纳米晶层的组织结构,统计了晶粒尺寸大小和变形层的厚度;通过维式硬度计测量了样品喷丸前、后的显微硬度;采用钻盲孔法测试了残余应力的分布;在油润滑条件下对喷丸前、后样品进行了摩擦磨损试验,通过磨损失重和形貌对比分析了耐磨性能。结果表明:增压喷丸使7050铝合表面发生严重的塑性变形,变形层平均厚度约为140μm,表层纳米晶粒平均尺寸约为80 nm,硬度比基体提高了1.38倍,耐磨损性提高了1倍以上。试样表面经增压喷丸撞击产生的塑性变形引起的晶粒细化以及加工硬化现象的共同作用,是其显微硬度和耐磨性能提高的主要原因。     

超音速微粒轰击45钢表面纳米化的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击技术(SFPB)对由铁素体和珠光体组成的45钢进行表面纳米化处理,在材料表面制备了纳米结构表层,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析技术研究了表面纳米结构层不同深度的微观组织结构特征.研究表明:经SFPB处理后,材料表层发生了严重的塑性变形,形成了由铁素体和渗碳体组成的纳米结构层;随着处理时间的增加纳米结构层的厚度由几微米增加到15 μm(晶粒尺寸＜100 nm);在材料的最表层形成了晶粒尺寸约15 nm的具有随机取向的等轴晶,纳米晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离的增加增大;在距表面约为15 μm处,存在平均晶粒尺寸约100 nm的等轴晶和具有相近尺寸的胞状结构;在约30 μm处,大量的高密度位错墙分别将铁素体相和珠光体相分割成尺寸在200～500 nm的胞状结构.分析表明45钢表面纳米化主要是位错运动的结果.     

40Cr钢表面纳米层的微观结构

采用高能表面处理技术在40Cr钢表面制备出具有纳米晶体结构特征的表面层。利用透射电子显微镜和穆斯堡尔谱仪分析研究了表面纳米层的微观结构。结果表明，经过高能表面处理后，样品表面层晶粒细化为纳米晶，平均晶粒尺寸约为11nm。表面纳米层表面处渗碳体发生溶解。     

高能喷丸表层纳米化对纯钛旋转弯曲疲劳性能的影响

采用高能喷丸方法使工业纯钛疲劳试样的表层实现纳米化,并进行了疲劳试验。结果表明,高能喷丸后其表层组织发生严重塑性变形并实现组织纳米化,是提高弯曲疲劳寿命的主要原因。扫描电子显微镜分析发现,疲劳裂纹源的位置主要呈现为表层和次表层两种情况。在相同应力水平下,疲劳裂纹源在次表层时疲劳寿命较长,而疲劳裂纹源在表面时疲劳寿命很短,相应的疲劳试样的表面损伤也比较严重。     

脉冲加压镍原子在纳米晶铁中扩散行为研究

利用高能喷丸技术实现电工纯铁表面自纳米化,通过X射线衍射分析对表面变形层晶粒度进行表征;然后在Gleeble 1500型热模拟试验机上进行Ni的扩渗;利用扫描电子显微镜作能谱分析,对常规粗晶和纳米晶试样的扩散效果进行分析。结果表明,电工纯铁经喷丸处理,表面得到了纳米结构层;Ni在纳米晶中的扩散系数比同等条件下常规粗晶试样高1倍。     

X80管线钢焊接接头表面自身纳米化

采用表面机械研磨(SMAT)技术对X80管线钢的焊接接头进行了表面自身纳米化处理,利用金相显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射技术(XRD)研究了表面自身纳米化处理后试样表面微观结构的变化。结果表明:经SMAT处理后,可以在X80管线钢的焊接接头表面形成一定厚度的等轴、取向随机的纳米晶粒;随距处理表面深度的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;SMAT处理时间的进一步延长对表层晶粒尺寸影响不大;SMAT处理可以实现X80管线钢的焊接接头组织的连续化和均匀化。     

高能喷丸对AZ31镁合金耐腐蚀性及硬度的影响

采用高能喷丸对AZ31镁合金棒材端面进行表面自纳米化处理,利用失重法研究了AZ31镁合金喷丸试样和未喷丸试样在中性5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色谱仪(EDS)对塑性变形层腐蚀后的表面形貌、元素分布进行了表征,利用微观硬度计测试了由喷丸表面到基体的硬度变化。结果表明,喷完后AZ31镁合金试样的腐蚀速率明显大于未喷丸的试样,随着腐蚀时间的延长,喷丸试样的腐蚀率急剧减小,然后缓慢降低,在喷丸表面形成了1层厚度约150μm的塑性变形区,在喷丸表面有裂纹存在。晶粒细化显著提高了母材表面的微观硬度,喷丸表面的微观硬度最高达到135HV,是母材的2倍多。     

高能喷丸处理工业纯钛焊接接头在10%HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用高能喷丸处理技术(HESP)提高了工业纯钛焊接接头在10%HCl溶液中的耐蚀性,利用极化曲线和交流阻抗测试方法对其电化学腐蚀行为进行研究,结合Mott-Schottky曲线研究了工业纯钛焊接接头的腐蚀机理。结果表明,HESP处理工业纯钛焊接接头表层晶粒尺寸细化,从表层到基体晶粒尺寸由小到大呈梯度分布。HESP处理提高了工业纯钛焊接接头在10%HCl溶液中的耐蚀性,0.2 MPa-60min处理工艺是其最优处理参数。HESP处理焊接接头母材区在10%HCl溶液中的钝化膜具有n型半导体特性,材料表面缺陷较少,钝化膜排列致密,且处理后金属表面的钝化膜厚度大于未处理试样的钝化膜厚度,材料的耐腐蚀性能提高。     

Microstructures and adiabatic shear bands formed by ballistic impact in steels and tungsten alloy

Projectiles of sintered tungsten alloy were fired directly at two kinds of steel target plates. The microstructures near the perforation of a medium, 0.45% carbon steel target plate can be identified along the radial direction as: melted and rapidly solidified layer, recrystallized fine‐grained layer, deformed fine‐grained layer, deformed layer and normal matrix. The adiabatic shear bands cannot be found in this intermediate strength steel. The microstructures along the radial direction of perforation of 30CrMnMo steel target plate are different from that of the medium carbon steel. There was a melted and rapidly solidified layer on the surface of the perforation, underneath there was a diffusing layer, and then fine‐grained layer appeared as streamlines. Several kinds of adiabatic shear bands were found in this higher strength steel; they had different directions and widths, which were relative to the shock waves, as well as the complex deformation process of penetration. The deformation of the projectiles was rather different when they impacted on target plates of medium carbon steel and 30CrMnMo steel. The projectile that impacted on the medium carbon steel target plate was tamped and its energy dissipated slowly, while that which impacted on the 30CrMnMo steel target plate was sheared and the energy dissipated quickly.     

Low temperature nitriding of medium carbon steel

The authors present the results of nitriding of medium carbon steel at a low temperature of 573 K by using the surface-alternating current nanocrystalline treatment (SACNT), which is much lower than conventional nitriding temperature (about 773 K). The SACNT induces electrovalent bond to part by means of the iron ion transgressing, and the surface evolves to ultrafine grain layer. The nanostructured surface layer enhances the nitriding kinetics of pre-treated medium carbon steel. The samples were characterized by metallographic testing (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope (OM)), microhardness tester and X-ray diffraction.     

Influence of Surface Nano-structured Treatment on Pack Boriding of H13 Steel

In order to lower the boriding temperature of hot work steel H13, method of surface mechanical attrition treatment （SMAT）, which can make the grain size of the surface reach nano-scale, was used before pack boriding. The growth of the boride layer was studied in a function of boriding temperature and time. By TEM （transmission electron microscopy）, SEM （scanning electron microscopy）, XRD （x-ray diffraction） and microhardness tests, the grain size, thermal stability of the nano-structured （NS） surface and the thickness,appearance, phases of the surface boride layer were studied. Kinetic of boriding was compared between untreated samples and treated samples. Results showed that after SMAT, the boride layer was thicker and the hardness gradient was smoother. Furthermore, after boriding at a low temperature of 700℃ for 8 h, a boride layer of about 5 μm formed on the NS surface. This layer was toothlike and wedged into the substrate, which made the surface layer combine well with the substrate. The phase of the boride layer was Fe2B. Research on boriding kinetics indicated that the activation energy was decreased for the treated samples.     

Characterization and Properties of Nanostructured Surface Layer in a Low Carbon Steel Subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition

A nanostructured surface layer was synthesized on a low carbon steel by using surface mechanical attrition (SMA)technique. The refined microstructure of the surface layer was characterized by means of different techniques,and the hardness variation along the depth was examined. Experimental results show that the microstructure is in homogeneous along the depth. In the region from top surface to about 40 /zm deep, the grain size increases fromabout 10 nm to 100 nm. In the adjacent region of about 40~80 /zm depth, the grain size increases from about 100nm to 1000 nm. The grain refinement can be associated with the activity of dislocations. After the SMA treatment,the hardness of the surface layer is enhanced significantly compared with that of the original sample, which canprimarily be attributed to the grain refinement.     

Grain size effect on high-speed deformation of Hadfield steel

The influence of the microstructure on the tensile properties and fracture behavior of Hadfield steel at high strain rate were studied. Hadfield steel samples with different mean grain sizes and carbon phases were prepared by rolling at medium temperatures and subsequent annealing. A sample with an average grain size larger than 10 μm, and a small number of carbides shows ductility with local elongation (post uniform elongation) at a high-speed tensile deformation rate of 10³ s⁻¹. In addition, the fracture surface changes from brittle to ductile with increasing strain rate. In contrast, a fine-grained sample with carbides undergoes brittle fracture at any strain rate. The grain size dependence is discussed by considering the dynamic strain aging as well as the emission of dislocation from cracks. The accelerated diffusion of carbon due to grain refinement is considered as one of the important reason for brittle fracture in the fine-grained Hadfield steel.     

Characterization and Properties of Nanostructured Surface Layer in a Low Carbon Steel Subjected to Surface Mechnaical Attrition

A nanostructured surface layer was synthesized on a low carbon steel by using surface mechanical attrition (SMA) technique,The refined microstructure of the surface layer was characterized by means of different techniques, and the hardness variation along the depth was examined,Experimental results show that the microstructure is inhomogeneous along the depth ,In the region from top surface to about 40 μm depth,the grain size increases from about 100 nm to 1000 nm ,The grain refinement can be associated with the activity of dislocations After the SMA treatment, the hardness of the surface layer is enhanced significantly compared with that of the original sample ,which cam primarily be attributed to the grain refinement.     

残余碳对取向硅钢初次和二次再结晶的影响

研究了脱碳退火样品中的残余碳对取向硅钢初次和二次再结晶的组织和磁性能的影响。结果表明：随着脱碳退火样品中残余碳含量的提高,初次再结晶的平均晶粒尺寸减小,表层和中心层的晶粒尺寸差增大;初次再结晶的强{111}<110>或{111}<112>织构向强{112}<110>织构转变,部分1/4层的Goss晶粒或{111}<112>晶粒转变为其他取向的晶粒;残余碳含量超过0.0200%后,高温退火样品二次再结晶不完善,磁性能较差。相变是导致上述现象的主要原因。     

Effect of surface nanocrystallization induced by fast multiple rotation rolling on mechanical properties of a low carbon steel

Fast multiple rotation rolling (FMRR), a novel and efficient surface nanocrystallization technique, was used to fabricate a nanostructured layer in the surface of low carbon steel. The microstructure of the surface layer was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were investigated by microhardness measurements, tensile measurements and friction and wear tests. In addition, the fracture and wear scars morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results indicated that a deformation layer with thickness about 200 μm is clearly observed in the FMRR sample surface. A nanostructured layer of 30 μm thick is obtained, with grain size ranging from 8 to 18 nm and average grain size about 14 nm in the top surface layer. The microhardness of the FMRR sample change gradiently along the depth from about 316 HV in the top surface layer to about 160 HV in the matrix, which is nearly twice harder than that of the original sample. The ultimate tensile strength has also been markedly improved. And the friction and wear experiments show that tribological properties of the low carbon steel have been enhanced by FMRR treatment.     

高中低碳钢力学性能的微观揭示

应用扫描电子显微镜及其动态拉伸台对高、中、低碳钢的拉伸形变过程，进行了全程跟踪观察，从微观的角度对碳钢的性能进行了探讨。结果表明，高碳钢的强、硬度主要取决于珠光体的片间距以及渗碳体的大小和分布。珠光体片层间距减小，铁素体、渗碳体变薄，相界面增多，高碳钢的强、硬度提高；中碳钢的强、硬度主要取决于珠光体团的直径、铁素体的大小和分布。较小、较弥散分布的珠光体、铁素体会使中碳钢的强度、硬度提高；低碳钢的力学性能主要取决于铁素体的晶粒大小，珠光体团的大小和分布对材料的力学性能也有一定的影响。铁素体的晶粒越小，珠光体团越小、分布越弥散，钢的强度、塑性越好。