中国先进陶瓷研究及其展望

本文综述了中国在先进陶瓷，包括结构陶闪必功能陶瓷的研究概况及其展望。从本世纪五十年代以来，我国即开展先进陶瓷的基础研究和应用研究。在此基础上，逐步形成了在这一领域听研究趋向，即多相复合陶瓷，纳米陶瓷和陶瓷材料的剪裁与设计。     

国际先进陶瓷材料研究现状

先进陶瓷材料指用精制高纯人工合成的无机化合物为原料，采用精密控制工艺烧结而制成的高性能陶瓷，又称为高性能陶瓷、高技术陶瓷、精细陶瓷或特种陶瓷，是相对于传统陶瓷材料而言的。发达国家非常重视先进陶瓷材料的研发，美国、欧盟对先进陶瓷在军事、航空航天等领域的应用兴趣浓厚；日本在先进陶瓷材料的产业化方面占据世界领先地位。本对重点国家在先进陶瓷领域的研究进展进行介绍，并简单介绍我国在本领域的研究布局，以期对我国陶瓷领域的发展有所裨益。     

新型透明陶瓷材料在洛阳问世

据报道,河南洛阳成功研制出用一种“晶莹剔透、性能优异“的新型透明陶瓷材料生产的产品。新型透明陶瓷材料的研制和成功应用,使我国在透明陶瓷材料领域大大缩短了与国外先进水平的差距,填补了我国     

先进陶瓷材料的共挤压成型制备技术及其应用

共挤压技术是一种新型的制备多成分陶瓷材料的成型方法，可实现陶瓷材料一次性成型和连续性生产。简单阐述了共挤压技术及其在压电陶瓷、氧化物陶瓷、生物陶瓷和活性纤维复合材料等先进陶瓷材料中的应用，并展望了其研究前景和技术发展。     

简述先进陶瓷材料的研究进展及应用领域

发达国家非常重视对先进陶瓷材料的研发,美国、欧盟对先进陶瓷在航空航天、军事等领域的应用投入巨大,日本对功能陶瓷的兴趣更加浓厚,在先进陶瓷产业化方面占据世界领先地位。尽管近几十年我国在先进陶瓷的研究和应用开发上面取得明显进展,但仍与发达国家有着明显的差距。本文简述了先进陶瓷材料的应用领域,对欧美日等国家在先进陶瓷材料领域的研究发展及现状进行介绍,并综述了我国先进陶瓷的发展概况。     

陶瓷科学中的若干重要基础问题

新型陶瓷的发展及剪裁已有陶瓷的能力以满足新的、苛求的应用将是在新世纪内继续对人类社会产生重大影响的源头之一,而陶瓷材料的发展又依赖于对相关基础问题的理解。基于近来的有关报告,综合列举了陶瓷材料中的一些热点基础问题。     

我国新型透明陶瓷材料开辟广阔应用领域

用一种“晶莹剔透、性能优异”的新型透明陶瓷材料生产的产品2008年10月底在河南洛阳研制成功。新型透明陶瓷材料的研制和成功应用，使我国在透明陶瓷材料领域大大缩短了与国外先进水平的差距，填补了我国特种材料领域的空白，打破了国外在这种材料上对我国的封锁和垄断。     

先进陶瓷成形技术现状及发展趋势

先进陶瓷材料因其优异的热、电、力、光学性能,而有着广泛应用。近年来,对先进陶瓷材料性能的要求越来越高,而成形技术则是阻碍陶瓷材料进一步发展的关键问题之一。对先进陶瓷的成形方法进行了一个汇总,包含传统方法以及近年新发展起来的工艺。传统成形方法总体来说有干法成形和湿法成形两大类,干法成形主要是压制成形法;而湿法成形大致可分为塑性成形和浆料成形两类。干法成形起步较早,目前应用最广;湿法成形自动化程度高,可用于更精细的陶瓷成形。近些年,陶瓷成形技术有了较大的发展,特别是陶瓷3D打印成形技术。可以预见,3D打印成形技术将是未来发展的趋势。     

高压电瓷的机遇与未来

高压电瓷的发展与电力工业同步，而屈从于陶瓷材料制造技术的进步。近年来我国先进陶瓷有长足的发展，尤其是氧化铝陶瓷的工艺技术和产品质量已达到国际先进水平，在国际上具有很强的竞争力。[编者按]     

高性能陶瓷的研究进展

随着材料科学的进步和新材料的开发,器件和系统逐步向小型化、集成化、多功能化和轻量化方向发展,推动了陶瓷材料向结构-功能一体化方向发展.这些发展和先进的制备技术、纳米材料和纳米技术的发展密不可分.介绍了几种重要的结构功能一体化材料的研究进展,包括超高温陶瓷和陶瓷基复合材料,新能源陶瓷,透明陶瓷,生物陶瓷和多孔陶瓷,探讨了材料的先进制备技术,并对材料在基础研究和制备科学上今后应予以关注的關鍵問題作了初步探讨.     

透明陶瓷——无机材料研究与发展重要方向之一

透明陶瓷是在纳米材料科学与技术和先进陶瓷制备科学发展的基础上，集结构与功能一体化于一身的重要材料，它将为国民经济各个领域的发展和国防工业中高科技项目的发展提供关键材料.同时陶瓷从传统不透明→半透明→接近完全透明涉及到大量基础科学问题，尤其是材料的微结构（包括气孔、晶界、晶粒尺寸、形貌等等）对光物理的影响还不十分清楚，因此作为无机材料研究与发展的重要方向之一，需要化学、物理、材料、激光等各个学科领域的共同努力.本文着重介绍透明陶瓷的研究进展.     

高强度预应力陶瓷的发展与探索

同步提升陶瓷材料强度及损伤容限是陶瓷发展的核心问题。一百多年前预应力技术大幅提高混凝土和玻璃的弯曲强度, 并在世界上广泛应用以来, 预应力增强陶瓷材料的设计就成为一个百年梦想。本文总结了增强陶瓷的国内外研究进展, 并提出了全新的高强度高损伤容限复合陶瓷的预应力设计及模型, 通过优化表面预应力设计, 在陶瓷构件表面能够形成一层高度压缩应力, 从而阻止裂纹扩展, 并抵消外加拉应力, 达到提高陶瓷的强度及损伤容限的目的。这种预应力设计理论和规程可应用到结构陶瓷、建筑陶瓷和日用陶瓷等不同领域, 具有明显的通用性和广泛性, 且简单、经济, 不受构件尺寸和形状的限制, 因此极具应用前景。     

Advanced ceramic tool materials for machining

Cutting tools made of advanced ceramics have the potential for high-speed finish machining as well as for high-removal-rate machining of difficult-to-machine materials. The raw materials used in these ceramics are abundant, inexpensive, and free from strategic materials. In spite of this, solid or monolithic ceramic tools are currently used only to a limited extent partly due to certain limitations of these materials and partly due to the inadequacy of the machine tools used. The advances in ceramic materials and processing technology, the need to use materials that are increasingly more difficult to machine, increasing competition, and the rapidly rising manufacturing costs, have opened new vistas for ceramics in machining applications. The development of ceramic tool materials can be broadly categorized into three types: monolithic forms, thin coatings, and whisker-reinforced composites. Such a classification provides a totally new perspective on ceramic tool materials and broadens their scope considerably, and is justified on the basis that it is the ceramic addition that makes the tool material more effective. A brief overview of these materials is presented in this paper.     

Prospects of microwave processing: An overview

Microwave processing has been emerging as an innovative sintering method for many traditional ceramics, advanced ceramics, specialty ceramics and ceramic composites as well as polymer and polymer composites. Development of functionally gradient materials, joining, melting, fibre drawing, reaction synthesis of ceramics, synthesis of ceramic powder, phosphor materials, whiskers, microtubes and nanotubes, sintering of zinc oxide varistors, glazing of coating surface and coating development have been performed using microwave heating. In addition, microwave energy is being explored for the sintering of metal powders also. Ceramic and metal nanopowders have been sintered in microwave. Furthermore, initiatives have been taken to process the amorphous materials (e.g. glass) by microwave heating. Besides this, an attempt has been made to study the heating behaviour of materials in the electric and magnetic fields at microwave frequencies. The research is now focused on the use of microwave processing for industrial applications.     

Prospects of microwave processing: An overview

Microwave processing has been emerging as an innovative sintering method for many traditional ceramics, advanced ceramics, specialty ceramics and ceramic composites as well as polymer and polymer composites. Development of functionally gradient materials: joining; melting; fibre drawing; reaction synthesis of ceramics; synthesis of ceramic powder, phosphor materials, whiskers, microtubes and nanotubes; sintering of zinc oxide varistors; glazing of coating surface and coating development have been performed using microwave heating. In addition, microwave energy is being explored for the sintering of metal powders also. Ceramic and metal nanopowders have been sintered in microwave. Furthermore, initiatives have been taken to process the amorphous materials (e.g. glass) by microwave heating. Besides this, attempt has been made to study the heating behaviour of materials in the electric and magnetic fields at microwave frequencies. The research is now focused on the use of microwave processing for industrial applications.     

Werkstoffspezifische Probleme bei der mikrostrukturellen und mikroanalytischen Charakterisierung keramischer Werkstoffe

Material-specific demands for the microstructural and microanalytical characterization of ceramic materials In this paper the need for microstructural and microanalytical charakterization of advanced ceramics is pointed out on examples of high-strength and high-temperature ceramic materials. Based on essential material-specific problems demands for the characterization methods are deduced and specified. Efforts to solve these problems by applying different characterization methods are discussed for typical examples of monolithic ceramics and ceramic composites.     

Single-wall carbon nanotubes as attractive toughening agents in alumina-based nanocomposites

The extraordinary mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes have prompted intense research into a wide range of applications in structural materials, electronics, chemical processing and energy management. Attempts have been made to develop advanced engineering materials with improved or novel properties through the incorporation of carbon nanotubes in selected matrices (polymers, metals and ceramics). But the use of carbon nanotubes to reinforce ceramic composites has not been very successful; for example, in alumina-based systems only a 24% increase in toughness has been obtained so far. Here we demonstrate their potential use in reinforcing nanocrystalline ceramics. We have fabricated fully dense nanocomposites of single-wall carbon nanotubes with nanocrystalline alumina (Al2O3) matrix at sintering temperatures as low as 1,150 degrees C by spark-plasma sintering. A fracture toughness of 9.7 MPa m 1/2, nearly three times that of pure nanocrystalline alumina, can be achieved.     

纳米陶瓷研究进展

20世纪80年代中期发展起来的纳米陶瓷,对陶瓷材料的性能产生了重要的影响,为陶瓷材料的利用开拓了一个新的领域,已成为材料科学研究的热点之一.综述了国内外纳米陶瓷的研究动态,介绍了纳米陶瓷粉末的制备、表征,以及纳米陶瓷的性能和应用.