喷射成形高合金化材料沉积坯内部疏松成因分析与改善

本文主要研究了大尺寸喷射成形高合金化材料高温合金沉积坯内部疏松成因及其改善工艺。研究认为,高温合金沉积坯中最后凝固部位液相金属补缩不足和断裂应变低是产生疏松的必要条件,而沉积坯的局部收缩变形产生的热应力是造成疏松的重要原因。通过有限元计算,提出一种热控喷射成形工艺,并得到试验验证。该工艺有效减少了坯体内部的疏松等冶金缺陷,改善了沉积坯的质量。     

喷射成形工模具钢沉积坯中冶金缺陷计算分析及其消除

用有限元方法计算分析了喷射成形工模具钢沉积坯内部疏松等冶金缺陷的成因,并计算、验证了热等静压或锻轧等热加工消除内部缺陷的过程。研究表明,喷射成形工模具钢沉积坯粥状层补缩不足和冷却收缩产生的热应力是造成坯体中疏松等冶金缺陷的重要原因。热等静压采用的温度为1 170 ℃,锻造加工温度也能达到1 150 ℃,在这样温度下,工模具钢表现出一定的塑性,高温高压的热加工过程,对材料内部的冶金缺陷起到了一定的弥和作用。试验结果表明,经历热加工过程后的工模具钢内部的冶金缺陷明显减少。热等静压或锻轧等热加工可有效减少喷射成形工模具钢坯体内部的疏松等缺陷,热锻、热轧是消除沉积坯内部冶金缺陷的重要方法。另外,与Ar气相比,采用N2做雾化气体的喷射成形工模具钢沉积坯,由于高温下气体和合金元素的反应,沉积坯内部的含气式疏松很少。因此,采用N2喷射成形制备的工模具钢经热加工后,沉积坯密度更接近理论密度。     

快速凝固AlFeX耐热铝合金喷射沉积坯锻造成型工艺试验研究

喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金锭坯需要采用高温（450℃）锻压来实现致密化．通过沿不同取向锻压试验了解了喷射沉积坯及其压实坯的变形能力和锻造损伤情况，采用钢包套锻造工艺制备了完全致密化的喷射沉积Al-9．20Fe-1．37V-2．30Si合金锻件．通过金相、透射电镜、扫描电镜、力学性能检测等研究手段研究了锻造变形对喷射沉积A1FeVSi合金锻坯组织性能的影响．结果表明，喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金坯可以通过锻压变形实现致密化，达到冶金结合状态．喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金压实坯锻造道次压下率可以确定为20—40％，锻造加载方向最好是垂直于喷射沉积原坯沉积面，且需增加可塑性包套来限制侧表面的自由变形．采用钢包套自由锻造工艺可以在累积78％的压缩变形率条件下制备具有良好组织性能的锻造制品．     

喷射成形颗粒增强金属基复合材料研究进展

喷射成形是将熔融金属雾化和沉积过程相结合,直接由熔融金属制备具有快速凝固组织特征坯体的新型金属材料成形工艺。被引入到非连续增强体金属基复合材料制备领域后,先后发展出了预混喷射成形、反应喷射成形和喷射沉积等工艺方法。介绍了上述颗粒增强金属基复合材料喷射成形工艺方法的基本原理、特点及研究现状。通过对比分析发现喷射沉积技术由于其成形条件限制较少,适用范围广等特点得到了更为广泛的发展,最后结合自身研究对传统喷射沉积技术进行了一定的改进,采用气体-增强颗粒两相流作为雾化介质以期获得提高雾化效率和改善增强颗粒分布均匀性的双重效果。     

喷射沉积SiC_P/Al复合材料的塑性变形致密化与冶金缺陷消除研究进展

喷射沉积SiC_P/Al基复合材料具有优异的力学性能,但因孔隙、沉积颗粒边界、沉积颗粒表面的氧化皮等冶金缺陷无法完全消除而使其应用受限,消除冶金缺陷和改进致密化技术对于提高喷射沉积铝基复合材料的性能和扩大其应用尤为重要。本文论述了喷射沉积颗粒增强铝基复合材料的致密化技术,着重介绍了楔形压制工艺、陶粒轧制、旋球同步致密化等新型致密化技术;展望了喷射沉积铝基复合材料的发展趋势,认为热等静压、陶粒轧制的剪切作用小,不能完全消除孔洞和沉积颗粒边界等缺陷;提出颗粒增强铝基复合材料的喷射沉积制备与致密化同步进行有利于减少晶粒与弥散粒子的粗化,提高复合材料的力学性能和成形性能。采用旋球同步致密减少坯料孔隙,降低坯料沉积坯中的氧含量,再通过楔形压制实现沉积颗粒间的完全冶金结合。     

喷射成形过共晶Al-Si合金材料的研究现状

过共晶Al-Si合金具有较高的强度、较低的密度和热膨胀系数、良好的耐磨性和耐蚀性,在汽车、造船、航空航天及其他制造行业广泛应用.但当合金中Si含量太高时,合金组织粗大、偏析严重,同时材料的强度、塑性急剧降低而失去使用价值.喷射成形技术是一种全新的材料制备技术,具有快速凝固技术的基本特征,同时还具有生产工序简单、氧化和污染小等优点,在国外已经在特殊钢、高温合金、铝合金和铜合金等方面进行了产业化应用.但利用喷射成形技术来制备和生产过共晶Al-Si合金材料还很不成熟,有许多问题还没有得到妥善的解决,作者提出两点建议来进一步改善过共晶Al-Si合金材料的性能(1)在喷射成形过共晶Al-Si合金中添加微量稀土元素;(2)利用喷射共沉积技术制备过共晶Al-Si合金为基体的纤维增强复合材料.     

喷射成形技术及其在钢铁材料上的应用

喷射成形是近年来发展非常迅速的一种近终成形先进冶金工艺技术。与传统铸造工艺及粉末冶金工艺相比,喷射成形设备、工艺简单,能生产偏析小、晶粒细、致密度高的材料。喷射成形技术在铝基合金、铁基合金、高温合金、铜合金及复合材料等方面都得到了广泛的应用。主要介绍该技术的原理及其在钢铁材料方面的应用情况,并讨论了它在钢铁领域的发展趋势,指出喷射成形工艺是一种有望替代粉末冶金工艺生产高合金钢材及一些特殊钢材的崭新工艺。     

喷射成形技术及应用开发研究

喷射成形技术是一种快速凝固近终成形材料制备新技术,其最突出的创新点在于,把液态金属的雾化(快速凝固)和雾化熔滴的沉积(熔滴动态致密固化)自然地结合起来,在一步冶金操作中完成,以最少的工序,直接从液态金属制取具有快速凝固组织、整体致密、接近零件实际形状的高性能材料或半成品坯件。利用这项技术,不仅可以制备出许多高性能的新材料,而且可以大幅度提高传统材料的性能,同时又不明显地增加材料的制备成本,容易获得较高的产量,因此,喷射成形技术对于冶金材料制备行业来讲,有着广泛的适应性,是标志着材料制备技术更新换代的一种新型技术手段,在国际上,与半固态加工、薄板坯铸轧     

TiAl合金板材的制备及研究现状

本文综述了铸锭冶金和粉末冶金方法制备TiAl合金板材的工艺和国内外研究现状,介绍了铸轧技术、流延成形以及物理气相沉积等方法制备TiAl合金板材的工艺过程和材料性能,论述了上述方法的特点和发展趋势.     

自反应喷射成形制备TiC—TiB2复合陶瓷

提出了一种新的低成本自反应喷射成形技术,制备出TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷材料坯件,研究了材料的组织结构对性能的影响.结果表明,反应喷射成形坯件的组织具有快速凝固特征,主要由浅灰色连续基体相TiC0.3N0.7、尺寸为100nm-1μm呈柱状分布的黑色颗粒TiB2,少量分布于基体相边界的白色相组织TiO2以及少量黑色的不规则孔洞四部分组成.喷射沉积坯件的孔隙率为2.3%,显微硬度为2029HV0.2,断裂韧性为6.0 MPa·m1/2.向喷射体系中添加20%(质量分数)的Al-Ni合金使材料的孔隙率下降到1.7%,断裂韧性提高到7.7 MPa·m1/2,显微硬度下降到1259HV0.2.由于自反应喷射成形坯件的晶粒细小,其断裂韧性高于反应烧结与自蔓延高温合成方法制备的TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷材料.     

Spray forming

Spray forming is a relatively new manufacturing process for near net shape preforms in a wide variety of alloys. Spray formed materials have a characteristic equiaxed microstructure with small grain sizes, low levels of solute partitioning, and inhibited coarsening of secondary phases. After consolidation to full density, spray formed materials have consistently shown properties superior to conventionally cast materials, and comparable to powder metallurgy equivalents. The reduction of processing steps for spray forming in comparison with powder metallurgy and conventional cast/forge routes offers potential economic advantages. However, serious economic barriers to the widespread commercialisation of spray forming remain. These include the high cost of inert gases for atomization, significant losses from overspray, bounce-off and machining, poor process reproducibility and problems of implementing robust on-line control for metallurgical quality. Extensive model experiments with process monitoring and numerical simulation have been used to understand the underlying process physics and the development of preform shape and microstructure in an effort to enable full process control and so reduce losses. However, despite considerable progress, the cost of spray forming has not yet reduced significantly to compete broadly with existing technologies.     

A hybrid arc spray forming technique for the manufacture of nickel superalloy IN617

Spray forming produces cast microstructures with comparatively low macro‐ and micro‐structural chemical segregation and is thus well‐suited for the manufacture of complex chemistry, multi‐component alloys that otherwise show strong elemental segregation. Although spray formed Ni superalloys have shown properties equivalent or superior to their conventionally cast/wrought counterparts, they have not been adopted commercially because of the difficulties in ensuring a high process yield and the complexity and associated cost of large‐scale Ni superalloy melting. In this paper, we describe a hybrid arc spray forming (HASF) process in which costly, large‐scale alloy melting as pre‐cursor to spray forming is avoided by the use of a consumable wire feedstock. To achieve thermal conditions of melt spray forming – essential to produce a refined, polygonal grain structure – a customised secondary atomisation system has been developed. Fe‐0.8 wt%C and Ni superalloy IN617 microstructures and preliminary mechanical properties suggested that hybrid arc spray forming may offer an attractive combination of convenience, low cost and mechanical performance.     

热模压预成型工艺参数对复合材料帽型长桁质量的影响

本文采用热模压预成装置将碳纤维单向预浸料层板制备成帽型结构长桁预成型体,通过对不同工艺条件下制备的帽型长桁预成型体的表观质量、厚度和纤维偏转角度进行检测,考察和分析了成型温度和速度对预成型体质量的影响规律。当成型温度较低时,由于树脂的黏度较高,预浸料层间摩擦力较大。预成型体表面出现褶皱现象,并且纤维由于受到层间剪切的作用而出现角度偏转。当成型温度较高时,树脂受到压力作用更易流动。这不仅降低了预成型体的厚度,同时也减弱了树脂束缚纤维的能力,使纤维偏转角度增加。而当成型速度增加时,预浸料层间的摩擦力使纤维的偏转角度增大。因此在预成型过程中,为了提高预成型质量,工艺温度和成型速度应控制在一定范围内。      

Microstructures and tensile properties of spray-deposited high-strength aluminium alloys

Spray deposition is a new rapid solidification technique which produces bulk preforms directly from the melt metals. A spray deposition process was used to develop several high-strength aluminium alloys based on their commercial chemical compositions. These alloys include 2024 alloy, 7075 alloy and 7075 alloy modified with 1.0% Fe and 1.0% Ni.The deposits possessed rapid solidification microstructure with grain size of about 20 μm and a relative density of over 94%. The hardening phases of the materials in T4 or T6 conditions consisted of supersatured solid solution, stable and unstable ageing precipitates and disperse phases. The formation of the fine distributed disperse phases was due to the addition of iron and nickel to the 7075 alloy. The spray-deposited materials exhibited substantial improvement in tensile strengths and maintained acceptable ductility when compared to the corresponding ingot metallurgy processed materials. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multipass cold rolling and resultant mechanical properties of a Cr-containing nickel aluminide

The difficulties encountered in fabricating Ni₃Al-based intermetallic alloys into final structural components, due to their limited workability as a result of their inherent high yield strength and low ductility at elevated temperatures, are an important issue that have restricted the commercial applications of these materials. The Osprey spray deposition process is capable of delivering near-net-shape preforms, thereby avoiding the technical problems related to the hot working of these materials, e.g. hot rolling of slabs. The present work concerns an investigation of the cold rollability of a chromium-containing Ni₃Al intermetallic alloy produced with the Osprey process. The sliced preform with a thickness of 7 mm was successfully cold rolled through multipasses into sheets with a thickness of 0.7 mm and a good surface finish. The material has been found to have a high working hardening rate at room temperature. The maximum total reduction permissible without resulting in rolling defects is 30%. Thus, for larger reductions, intermediate annealing between rolling passes is necessary and it has been optimized to be at 1100°C for one hour. The repeated cold rolling and the recrystallization occurring during intermediate annealing change the initial microstructural features and grain size of the Osprey-spray-deposited material. The cold-worked and annealed intermetallic sheets with a thickness of 0.7 mm have a yield strength of 570 and 730 MPa and a elongation value of 33 and 7%, at room temperature and at 700°C, respectively. Fractography shows a transition from the transgranular fracture mode at low temperatures to the intergranular fracture mode at temperatures above 650°C.     

Spray forming of high density sheets

Porosity is one of the most important quality criteria of spray‐formed materials in the as‐sprayed condition. Typically, spray‐formed sheets have a porous rim close to the substrate and depending on the spray conditions cold or hot porosity may also be present in the core of the deposit. This porosity has to be removed or minimized to make further processing steps such as rolling, forging or extrusion possible. In this paper, the influence of both substrate temperature and deposit surface temperature on porosity in spray‐formed sheets is studied. For this purpose spray forming experiments (sheet size 1000 mm × 250 mm) were carried out using three different materials: aluminium‐bronze, tin‐bronze and a nitriding steel. For the copper‐base alloys preheated steel‐substrates with different temperatures were moved through a scanning spray cone. In the case of steel a ceramic substrate at room temperature was used. In addition to the variation of the substrate temperature, the gas to metal mass flow ratio (GMR) was varied to achieve different deposit surface temperatures. During the run the surface temperature in the deposition zone was measured using a scanning, multi‐wavelength pyrometer. Samples of the deposits were polished and rasterized by light microscopy. The local porosity was characterized by digital image analysis. The influence of the substrate temperature and the GMR on the porosity in the vicinity of the substrate is evaluated and discussed in detail. The impact of the deposit surface temperature on the porosity was analyzed and is discussed as well. It was found that the deposit surface temperature has a strong impact on porosity for spray‐formed sheets. Finally, experimental results were used to develop a new approach to predict the porosity in spray‐formed sheets. The results clearly show the dependence on material properties. This approach can be used to identify process parameters to generate high density sheets in the future.     

Droplet velocity and thermal state from hot gas atomization of steel melt: Impact on the quality of the spray-formed tubular deposit

The velocity and thermal behavior (temperature, enthalpy, solid fraction) of atomized droplets in a metal spray play the most important role in the spray forming process. These properties mainly determine the materials yield and the final product quality (e.g., porosity, microstructure) of the as-sprayed materials. Changing the gas temperature in the atomization process directly influences these droplet properties in the spray. To understand the droplet behavior in the spray at various atomization gas temperatures (i.e., room temperature RT 293 K, 573 K, 873 K), numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques have been performed and validated by experiments. A series of atomization runs (powder production and spray-forming with AISI 52100 steel) has been conducted at different atomization gas temperatures and pressures with a close-coupled atomizer (CCA). The in-situ temperature detection of the deposit surface (pyrometer) and in the substrate (thermocouples) has been performed to observe the effect of particle properties on the deposit. The result shows that hot gas atomization provides smaller droplets with faster velocity in the spray, affecting the droplet impact and deformation time in the deposition zone. A higher solid fraction of the smaller droplets by hot gas atomization also reduces the deposit surface temperature. Increasing the substrate diameter further decreases the deposit surface temperature without compromising the deposit quality (i.e., porosity) and also refines the grain size. Pre-heating of the substrate up to 573 K results in lower porosity in the vicinity of the substrate.     

Bulk synthesis of amorphous and nano‐crystalline materials by spray forming

Bulk amorphous and nano‐crystalline metallic materials have been observed to possess excellent mechanical and physical properties. The conventional process routes, to synthesize such materials, are restricted by their ability to achieve rapid solidification, which limits the dimensions of the materials produced. In the last 10–12 years, spray forming has been employed to avoid these limitations by using its capability of layer by layer deposition of undercooled droplets. The current literature indicates that the opportunities provided by this process can be effectively utilized to produce bulk materials in a single step. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bring out the developments in the synthesis of bulk amorphous and/or nano‐crystalline materials by spray forming. The effect of process parameters, droplet size distribution in the atomized spray, the thermal conditions of droplets prior to deposition and the deposition surface conditions have been discussed. It has been demonstrate that a layer by layer deposition of undercooled droplets of glass forming alloys on a relatively cold deposition surface is the suitable condition to achieve bulk amorphous/nano‐crystalline materials.