浅海低频声场的水平纵向相关性

基于一次浅海声学实验数据,研究了浅海低频声场的水平纵向相关特性。利用简正波干涉理论,对实验结果中声场水平纵向相关的振荡结构与强烈起伏现象进行了分析与解释。声场水平纵向相关的振荡结构是由简正波干涉所致,该实验结果进一步验证了该现象在浅海低频条件下的普遍性。当实验中采用的爆炸声源的标称深度位于声场中某号有效简正波的一个波节附近,声源实际爆炸深度的较小变化引起该号与其它号有效简正波幅度比值的较大变化,从而在有效简正波号数较少的情况下引起了声场水平纵向相关的强烈起伏现象,该现象表明在一定条件下声源深度是浅海低频声场水平纵向相关的一个敏感参数。     

浅海倾斜海底声场空间相关性研究

针对浅海倾斜海底海洋环境,对声场的空间相关性进行了研究。利用抛物方程法,对浅海声场的空间相关系数进行数值模拟,并结合2001年东中国海中美联合实验数据,分析了声场空间相关系数与海底倾斜角度、接收阵元与参考阵元的间隔、参考阵元深度及声源深度之间的关系。对于上坡海底,浅海声场空间相关性随着海底倾斜角度、接收阵元与参考阵元间隔的变大而变弱,且垂直相关系数随着接收阵元与参考阵元间隔的增大,先衰减再出现起伏。     

声场计算模型的环境宽容性分析

浅海水声环境容易受到各种因素的影响,导致其环境参数具有很强的不确定性,依据环境宽容性选择快速、精确的声场计算模型是保证后续研究分析正确性的重要前提。以海水声速为例,简述了基于传播损失和声场互相关系数的计算模型环境宽容性分析方法。为定量描述环境和声场计算模型的失配情况,在研究浅海不确定环境对于声场空间相关性影响的基础上,结合水声环境不确定性推理模型,得到声场空间相关半径和传播损失概率分布可信区间,提出利用声场空间相关半径相对值来度量声场计算模型的环境宽容性,同时利用非嵌入式随机多项式展开(NON-Polynomial Chaos Expansion, NPCE)法,结合差值评定方法对得到的环境宽容区间进行验证,结果表明,利用声场相关半径相对值可以定量分析不确定性环境下声场计算模型的宽容性。     

浅海低频声场水声信号时间相关性研究

起伏的声场接收信号是时变的,浅海声场的时间相关性研究有利于目标深度的判别以及水声信号的数据融合。研究浅海低频声场时间相关性以信号的自相关和互相关原理为基础,完成对信号时间相关半径、相关函数值的影响因素分析,得到不同声场条件下信号传播的作用结果。通过仿真比较在不同频率、不同信噪比条件下低频声场信号的相关性曲线,并结合实际海试数据进行验证。研究表明浅海低频声场随机扰动随着低频波长的增加而减弱,且信号时间相关性研究为声场的实际应用提供了一定参考。     

分层浅海海洋环境噪声场的射线预报方法

海洋环境噪声场是一个随地域、时间变化的复杂的场，现场快速预报对于环境匹配的声纳系统有重要意义。文章中利用射线声学模型计算了等声速分布、负梯度声速分布、正梯度声速、及任意声速分布条件下分层浅海海洋环境噪声场的指向性、噪声强度和相关函数随深度变化的规律。研究表明：分层浅海海洋环境噪声场与海底特性及声速分布有很大关系；利用射线预报方法可以快速预报分层浅海海洋环境噪声场。     

用频移补偿方法计算声场的波导不变量

基于提高声场水平纵向相关的频移补偿方法,提出了一种声场波导不变量的计算方法。该方法简单易行,只需处理具有一定纵向间隔的两个水听器接收的信号。该方法通过将波导不变量设定在一定范围内进行搜索,最终选取波导不变量的值为使两个水听器所接收声信号的经频移补偿后的空间相关系数取最大值时对应的数值。浅海声学实验结果表明,利用该方法能实现声场波导不变量的准确估算。实验结果中所得出的波导不变量值随频率的变化特性及相应的理论分析都表明,在频率较低时频率对浅海声场波导不变量的取值有一定影响,因此波导不变量并不是不变的。     

利用声场的水平纵向相关性反演海底参数

1引言 浅海环境中,海底底质的声学特性对浅海声场有决定性影响,进一步影响着海洋声遥感及声纳的作用距离.由于海底参数很难大面积直接测量,而利用声学反演的方法可以大范围的估计海底参数,有海底取样测量无法比拟的优点.近年来,有关海底参数的声学反演方法的探索和研究已成为国内外水声学家研究的热点问题.有多种反演方法相应被提出并应用于某些特定海区,如:匹配场反演、近场脉冲声反演、传播损失反演、简正波过滤技术反演及声场垂直相关性反演等等.但是,基于水平纵向相关来反演海底参数的方法还未见有报道.分析其中的原因,可能是由于在通常海域声场的纵向相关半径远大于实验中用到的水平阵长度.考虑到声场声信息国家重点实验室在2002年8月的一次浅海实验中的海深只有4.5m,而布放于海底的光纤水听器阵列长达100m,水平阵阵长大于20倍的海深.我们在研究其水平相关性时发现:不同频率下的水平纵向相关随水平间距变化呈现出特定的振荡现象,这种振荡现象与海底的声学特性密切相关.基于以上考虑,本文试图通过声场的水平纵向相关性来反演海底参数并给出了初步的研究结果.结果表明该方法有一定的可行性.     

矢量水听器宽带多途信号仿真及俯仰角估计性能研究

以声线理论为基础,建立了发射波形已知的声场振速信号的有限差分数值计算模型。在保证精度的前提下,仿真宽带信号所需的计算量和运算时间都大大减少,可满足实时处理的需要。通过仿真分析了浅海环境下近、远场的多途信号的到达结构及其对矢量水听器俯仰角定向性能的影响。研究结果表明：多途相干信号给矢量水听器的俯仰角估计带来严重误差,应该寻求匹配场处理或者其它信号处理技术提取直达波以改善其性能;使用等声速剖面近似弱负梯度声速剖面,对声压信号和垂直振速信号时域波形影响较小,但对水平振速的时域波形影响很大。     

浅海环境不确定性对声场扰动的影响

探索海洋环境各水声参数的不确定性所引发的声场扰动,对提高水声场预报的准确性与科学性至关重要,极具理论意义与应用价值。基于Workshop’97浅海环境基准模型,以扰动声场与实际声场的相关性函数作为量化指标,通过Kraken波动理论数值模型与马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗随机统计思想,基于单因子变量原则模拟分析了浅海水平不变环境中各水声参数声场扰动敏感性大小及其相关性,结果表明:沉积层声速C_1、水深D_1敏感性最强,沉积层衰减系数αs、沉积层密度ρs、沉积层声速C_2、沉积层厚度D_2、基底声速C_3次之,基底衰减系数αb、基底密度ρb几乎无影响;αs、ρs、C_1、D_1敏感性随距离增加逐渐增强,C_2、D_2、C_3敏感性随距离增加逐渐减弱;D_2、C_2,D_2、C_3,C_1、C_3,C_2、C_3之间存在较强的正相关性,D_2、C_1,C_1、C_2之间为显著的负相关性。     

浅海海底模型对低频声传播的影响

海底参数特性是影响浅海低频水声传播的重要因素。理论上需要知道海底所有深度的参数特性才能确定水声传播,这在实践中很不现实。如果在误差的允许范围内只需要知道某个深度以上的海底参数特性,而这个深度以下的海底参数特性可以忽略,这个深度就定义为海底最大深度。低频声波能够穿透海底更深,最大深度能够达到几十米深,对比较高频率只有几米深。海水声速剖面也能影响声波穿透海底深度,声速剖面为负梯度时海底最大深度比等声速要深。在低频声传播过程中,海底横波对声场影响也很大,尤其是在超低频100Hz以下,2002年5月的南海试验也证实了这一点。     

纤维悬浮剪切湍流中纤维脉动取向张量变化率分析

根据张量运算原理,推导了纤维悬浮剪切湍流中纤维脉动取向张量变化率的表达式,该式由流场脉动速度梯度的二阶关联和由方位角与纤维长径比表示的关联值系数组成.基于不同的流场脉动速度梯度二阶关联值量级相当的考虑,计算了二维流场中不同长径比和方位角情况下关联值系数的值,发现一般情况下纤维脉动取向变化率取决于流场的剪切与拉伸,当纤维长径比为1时,则只取决于流场的剪切.对长径比大于1的纤维而言,不同长径比下关联值系数的变化趋势一致,大长径比情况下,长径比对纤维脉动取向变化率没有影响.纯拉伸项对于纤维脉动取向变化率的作用在θ=45°处最显著.由拉伸项与剪切项乘积构成的速度梯度项,其对应的关联系数的最大值出现在θ=30°或60°的位置.     

Spatial correlations between chromophores in thin films by femtosecond hyper-Rayleigh scattering

Femtosecond hyper-Rayleigh scattering has been used to probe the spatial orientational fluctuations between nonlinear optical chromophores as dopants in spincoated polymer films. The fluctuation in the second-order incoherently scattered light intensity upon translating the sample is indicative of the degree of spatial correlation between the chromophores. The decay of the autocorrelation function of this fluctuating signal is characterized by a spatial correlation length. Electric-field poling of chromophores is shown to increase this length. The temporal characteristics of this correlation length have been studied and compared with relaxation times, obtained with coherent second-harmonic generation. This correlation length decays much faster than the second-harmonic intensity. The difference in relaxation time between the incoherent and the coherent process is explained by translational diffusion of free volume over the wavelength and over the coherence length, respectively.     

基于损伤累积的爆破振动传播规律试验研究

为进一步揭示基于损伤累积的爆破振动波传播与衰减规律,设计混凝土试块进行损伤累积及爆破振动测试试验。结果表明,测点损伤值随爆破次数增加持续增大,中远区测点损伤有初期缓增及后期突增两阶段;测点单次爆破振动速度随距离增大而减小,近区测点振动速度减小较中、远区测点快;测点爆破振动速度随爆破次数增加总体减小,且爆源近区减小较快,中远区呈小幅度缓慢减小;随爆破次数继续增大各测点振动速度存有突增过程,且衰减系数 增加缓慢, 值减小,两者均存在小幅度畸变过程;多次爆破时确定振动安全阈值及爆破振动波传播衰减规律( 、 值)时应充分考虑损伤累积效应。     

深孔台阶爆破近远区振动特征的试验研究

为了探索深孔台阶爆破在近区和远区的振动特征,以现场试验为基础,利用回归分析、随机分析及小波包分解技术,从爆破振动信号的衰减规律、三分量特征、随机特征及能量分布等方面对二者进行了对比研究,结果显示:振速三分量在近区的K、α值均大于远区,远区各分量的α值更为接近。振速三分量在远区的相关系数大于近区,且更接近1,三分量中垂向分量的相关系数最大。近区当比例距离小于5时,径向振速最大,比例距离大于等于5时,垂向振速最大。远区的垂向振速最大。无论在近区还是远区,切向振速一般最小。振速三分量在近区的变异系数大于远区,径向振速的变异系数在近区和远区较为接近。最大段药量或爆心距增加时,近区及远区的能量均向低频带流动,近区的移动速度更快,同时近区及远区能量分布的频带宽度也将趋于集中,近区的频带宽度更宽。     

Mass-velocity correlation in impact induced fragmentation of heterogeneous solids

We study the impact fragmentation of disordered solids by means of a discrete element model focusing on the velocity and mass-velocity correlation of fragments. Simulations are performed with plate-like objects varying the plate thickness and the impact velocity in broad ranges. Depending on the impact velocity the breakup process has two different outcomes: at low velocities the sample gets only damaged, to achieve fragmentation, where no large residues survive, the impact velocity has to surpass a critical value. In the fragmented phase the velocity components of fragments are power law distributed with a stretched exponential cutoff, where the impact velocity and plate thickness mainly control the standard deviation of the distributions. Mass velocity correlation is only pointed out for thin plates, while it disappears for three-dimensional bulk samples. In the damage phase of thin plates the mass and velocity of fragments proved to be strongly correlated, however, in the fragmented phase correlation occurs in the vicinity of the critical velocity and it is limited to the large fragments only. The correlation function decays as a power law with different exponents for small and large fragments in good agreement with recent experimental findings. We show that the mass-velocity correlation originates from the spatial dependence of the mass and velocity of pieces inside the fragmenting body.     

两个宽带噪声矢量场模型的空间相关特性

针对宽带噪声矢量场的空间相关特性问题,文章讨论了各向同性噪声模型和表面噪声模型。在高频近似条件下,根据射线声学理论和简谐平面行波满足的欧拉公式,采用时域建模方法分别建立了宽带各向同性噪声和表面噪声矢量场模型。给出了噪声场相关函数的积分表达式和竖直方向空间相关系数的解析表达式。数值分析结果表明,相较于窄带噪声矢量场,宽带噪声矢量场各分量空间相关系数振荡幅度更小,随空间两点间距的增大更快地趋近于零;噪声源指向性对表面噪声场竖直方向上的空间相关特性的影响显著。相较于已有的宽带噪声空间相关系数计算方法,文中模型无需使用傅里叶合成方法,可通过时域建模直接获得宽带噪声空间相关函数。     

Photon diffusion in a homogeneous medium bounded externally or internally by an infinitely long circular cylindrical applicator. IV. Frequency-domain analysis

Part IV examines frequency-domain photon diffusion in a homogeneous medium enclosed by a "concave" circular cylindrical applicator or enclosing a "convex" circular cylindrical applicator, both geometries being infinite in the longitudinal dimension. The aim is to assess by analogical and finite-element methods the changes of AC amplitude, modulation depth, and phase with respect to the line-of-sight source-detector distance for a source and a detector located along the azimuthal or longitudinal direction on the concave or convex medium-applicator interface. By comparing to their counterparts along a straight line on a semi-infinite medium-applicator interface, for the same line-of-sight source-detector distance, it is found that: (1) the decay-rate of AC photon fluence is smaller along the azimuthal direction and greater along the longitudinal direction on the concave interface, (2) the decay-rate of AC photon fluence is greater along the azimuthal direction and smaller along the longitudinal direction on the convex interface, (3) the modulation depth along both azimuthal and longitudinal directions decays more slowly on the concave interface and faster on the convex interface, and (4) the phase along both azimuthal and longitudinal directions increases more slowly on the concave interface and faster on the convex interface.     

Dispersion in unsteady Couette–Poiseuille flows

The paper presents the longitudinal dispersion of passive contaminant released in an incompressible viscous fluid flowing between two infinite parallel flat walls, in which the flow is driven by the application of both periodic pressure gradient and the oscillation of upper plate in its own plane with a constant velocity. A finite difference implicit scheme has been adopted to solve the unsteady convection-diffusion equation for all time period based on Aris method of moments. The dispersion coefficients are obtained for three different flow situations: steady, periodic and the combined effect of steady and periodic Couette–Poiseuille flows, separately. The results show that oscillation of upper plate produces more dispersion than the pulsation of pressure gradient and their combined action leads to a further increase of dispersion. Also plate oscillation has stronger effect on velocity distribution and on dispersion coefficient than the pressure pulsation. There is a remarkable difference in the behaviour of dispersion coefficient depending on whether the ratio of two frequencies arising from the oscillations of pressure gradient and the upper plate possesses a proper fraction or not.     

Free convection in the laminar boundary layer flow of a thermomicropolar fluid past a vertical flat plate with suction/injection

Summary The effect of suction/injection in the laminar free convection flow of a thermomicropolar fluid past a nonuniformly heated vertical flat plate has been considered. The conditions under which similarity exists have been examined. The resulting system of non-linear ordinary differential equations has been solved numerically after transforming the infinite domain of boundary layer coordinate into a finite domain. The effects of variation of the boundary condition parameter and suction/injection parameter on the velocity, microrotation and temperature fields and the heat transfer coefficient have been studied graphically. The skin-friction parameter and the gradient of microrotation on the wall have been tabulated. It is found that there is significant increase in velocity, skin-friction and the heat transfer coefficient with the decreasing concentration of microelements.With 4 Figures