2.5D机织石英纤维增强树脂复合材料不同方向力学性能测试与模量预测2.5D机织石英纤维增强树脂复合材料不同方向力学性能测试与模量预测

石英纤维增强树脂复合材料常用于多物理场耦合环境下,为保证足够的层间性能,常采用2.5D机织的结构形式。本文对一种浅交弯联2.5D机织石英纤维增强双马树脂复合材料的三维力学性能进行全面测试,对比分析了材料在不同方向的拉伸性能和压缩性能,以及面内、面外剪切性能。测试结果表明,该复合材料的纬向拉伸、压缩模量略高于经向,而拉伸、压缩强度远高于经向,导致经向和纬向拉、压破坏模式差异显著,拉伸时弯曲的经向纤维被拉断,平直的纬向纤维劈裂,压缩时平直的纬向纤维压断,弯曲的经向纤维屈曲。同时,该种材料具有较高的面内、面外剪切变形能力。此外,本文基于混合定律,提出了一个2.5D机织复合材料经、纬向模量估算公式。基于材料微观结构特征,以包含经纱和纬纱的一个单胞作为代表性体积单元,建立有限元模型,预测该2.5D机织复合材料经向模量,预测结果与试验结果吻合很好。本文的研究对2.5D机织石英纤维/双马树脂复合材料的研发具有一定的指导意义。      

Influence of three-dimensional (3D) fabric orientation on flexural properties of cement-based composites

This research studied the flexural behavior of textile reinforced cement-based composites reinforced with 3D fabrics. Three different 3D fabrics were examined, each with a different orientation of the spacer yarns. This work focused on the influences involved in the two plane fabric directions, weft and warp. Plain 2D fabrics (not in cement) and within the cement were also examined for comparison. It was found that the warp direction of the plain fabric has higher tensile strength than the weft direction. On the contrary, when the fabric is in a composite, the weft direction presents improved behavior in flexure due to three mechanisms: the tightening of the warp bundles by the loops, the waviness of the warp yarns, and the angle of the yarns located along the composite thickness to the loading direction. In general, compared with 2D fabrics, 3D fabrics are highly beneficial reinforcements for cement-based composites due to their greater reinforcing efficiency via mechanical anchoring.     

2.5D机织复合材料压缩性能实验与数值模拟

为了研究2.5D机织复合材料的压缩损伤和失效机制,验证双尺度渐进损伤有限元数值模拟方法的有效性,对这类复合材料分别沿经纱方向和纬纱方向进行了准静态压缩实验,获得了其相应的应力-应变曲线,并测定了材料的初始弹性模量和极限强度。在此基础上,利用双尺度渐进损伤有限元数值方法模拟分析了材料的压缩应力-应变响应和损伤演化行为,取得了与实验吻合较好的模拟结果。结果表明:2.5D机织复合材料在纬向压缩下的主要失效模式是纬纱的轴向压溃与断裂,可获得相对较高的压缩强度;但在经向压缩下,经纱因弯曲会承受附加弯矩作用,从而对周围基体造成挤压,故在经纱轴向断裂之前容易出现经纱之间基体的压溃和纱线之间的分层开裂,使强度降低,不利于发挥纤维的承载优势。     

Finite Element Analysis of Warp-Reinforced 2.5D Woven Composites Based on a Meso-Scale Voxel Model under Compression Loading

A study is conducted with the aim of developing meso-scale voxel-based model for evaluating the compressive behaviors of warp-reinforced 2.5D woven composites. The real microstructure of warp-reinforced 2.5D woven composites is established. For the validation of this model, a series of axial (warp direction) and transverse (weft direction) compressive tests are conducted. The results show that under axial and transverse compressive loading, the calculated max stress and the final damage morphology agree well with the experimental results. Moreover, it is found that the axial compressive strength is mainly dependent on the high-crimp blinder warp, while the transverse compressive strength is significantly influenced by the warp/weft interlaced regions. It is expected that such a numerical investigation will provide useful information for understanding the strength and failure characteristic of 2.5D woven composites.     

上浆量对碳纤维的立体织造损伤及其复合材料拉伸性能的影响

结合立体织造技术和树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了不同上浆量国产碳纤维的2.5D经向增强复合材料。使用毛羽测试法、复丝拉伸法及SEM分析了不同上浆量预制织物中经纱、衬经纱和纬纱的织造损伤情况。结果表明:碳纤维织造损伤率随着上浆量的增加而减小;2.5D经向增强复合材料中纱线的损伤率大小依次为纬纱、经纱、衬经纱。复合材料拉伸性能测试结果表明:当国产碳纤维上浆量为2.01%时,2.5D经向增强复合材料的性能最佳。     

结构参数对碳/ 树脂3D 机织复合材料拉伸性能的影响

通过一系列的实验比较和分析研究, 客观评价了4 种不同结构碳/ 树脂3D 机织复合材料沿经向和纬向的拉伸性能。实验结果表明, 4 种3D 机织复合材料沿经向和纬向的负荷-位移曲线具有双线性, 初始模量高于二次模量; 3D 机织复合材料的拉伸曲线无屈服点, 是脆性材料; 3D 机织复合材料的力学性能优良,可同时在经向和纬向获得很高的拉伸性能; 加入衬经纱可以大大提高经向的拉伸强度和模量, 加大纬纱密度可以大大提高纬向的拉伸强度和模量; 4 种不同结构3D 机织复合材料中以带衬经和衬纬的复合材料拉伸性能为最佳。      

Tensile Properties and Failure Mechanism of 3D Woven Hollow Integrated Sandwich Composites

Tensile properties and failure mechanism of 3D woven hollow integrated sandwich composites are investigated experimentally, theoretically and numerically in this paper. Firstly, the tensile properties are obtained by quasi-static tensile tests on the specimens in two principal directions of the sandwich panels, called warp and weft. The experimental results shows that the tensile performances of the warp are better than that of the weft. By observing the broken specimens, it is found that the touch parts between yarns are the main failure regions under tension. Then, a theoretical method is developed to predict the tensile properties. By comparing with the experimental data, the accuracy of the theoretical method is verified. Simultaneously, a finite element model is established to predict the tensile behavior of the composites. The numerical results agree well with the experimental data. Moreover, the simulated progressive damages show that the contact regions in the warp and weft tension are both the initial failure areas.     

碳/环氧3D角联锁结构复合材料压缩性能的实验研究

碳/环氧3D层-层正交角联锁结构复合材料是很有应用潜力的材料,然而,到目前为止,这种材料的力学性能数据较少,影响了其可靠性的评估.本研究通过测试四种不同结构的角联锁结构复合材料的压缩性能,客观地评价了结构与压缩性能的关系.实验结果和分析表明:四种结构的复合材料在相互垂直的经向和纬向均具有较高的压缩强度和压缩模量;经纱密度大的结构其经向压缩强度也大,同样,纬纱密度大的结构其纬向压缩强度也大;呈伸直状态的衬纱对提高其所在方向的压缩模量贡献很大.     

三维机织复合材料预制体经密与弯曲性能的有限元分析

借助绘图软件PRO/E构建出不同经密的三维浅交弯联机织复合材料结构模型。使用有限元分析软件ANSYS对构建出的复合材料三维模型在位移为1mm的弯曲载荷作用下复合材料的弯曲力学性能进行模拟,并分别对纤维、树脂的应力、应变分布进行模拟,分析其弯曲破坏机理。并通过定性实验,得到了与模拟结果相同的结论,验证了模拟结果的准确性。结果表明:在1mm的弯曲载荷作用下经密为4根/cm的复合材料弯曲性能优于经密为3根/cm的复合材料;复合材料与弯曲试样接触的位置更容易发生破坏;该复合材料模型在1mm的弯曲载荷作用下破坏模式主要为树脂的破碎、纤维与树脂间的脱粘。     

三维角联锁机织铝基复合材料面内拉伸力学行为与失效机制

针对真空压力浸渗法制备的三维角联锁机织铝基复合材料,采用细观力学有限元模拟与试验结合的方法研究了其面内拉伸变形损伤与断裂力学行为。结果表明:复合材料拉伸应力-应变曲线的计算与试验结果吻合较好,经(纬)向拉伸初始弹性模量、极限强度和断裂应变的计算误差分别为3.96%(1.11%)、1.40%(6.86%)和?5.49%(3.73%);经向拉伸载荷作用下,经纱界面及其邻近基体合金先后发生损伤,随拉伸应变增加损伤累积和交互作用依次引发界面、基体和纬纱失效,变形后期经纱的断裂最终导致复合材料经向拉伸失效;纬向拉伸变形前期,经纱界面和经纬纱之间薄弱的基体合金相继产生损伤和失效现象,经纱在变形中期即出现横向破坏,起主要承载作用的纬纱轴向断裂是纬向拉伸的主要失效机制,由于三维角联锁机织体中纬纱体分远低于经纱,复合材料纬向拉伸模量和强度分别仅为经向的81.8%和56.5%。      

High performance thermoplastic composite from flat knitted multi-layer textile preform using hybrid yarn

Modern flat knitting machines using high performance yarns are able to knit fabrics including the reinforcement yarns arranged differently into knit structures. Due to their improved mechanical properties, composites made from multi-layer knit fabrics show great potential in lightweight applications. This paper reports on the development of flat knitted multi-layer textile preforms for high performance thermoplastic composites using hybrid yarns made of glass (GF) and polypropylene (PP) filaments. Such textile preforms with different reinforcements were used to consolidate into 2D thermoplastic composites. Moreover, the mechanical properties of these composites were studied. The mechanical properties of 2D composites were found to be greatly affected by different arrangements of reinforcement yarns. The integration of reinforcement yarns as biaxial inlays (warp and weft yarns) is found to be the best solution for knitting, whereas tuck stitch shaped and unidirectional arranged reinforcements offer also promising application possibilities.     

一种改进的基于两单胞模型的三维角联锁机织复合材料弹性性能数值预测方法及实验验证

为准确预测三维角联锁机织复合材料的宏观弹性性能,对基于CT图像几何参数实测数据建立的内单胞和面单胞细观实体模型进行数值分析,其中面单胞模型采用组合面单胞形式,并开展了三维角联锁机织超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维/聚氨酯复合材料的经向拉伸实验。结果表明:基于两单胞模型预测该复合材料的宏观弹性模量与实验结果吻合较好,组合面单胞的经向拉伸模量小于内单胞;经向拉伸时复合材料在经纱间接触面处、纬纱沿宽度方向的端部和经纱与基体的交界面处易出现应力集中现象;当纬纱层数小于30层时,应该考虑表面区域对复合材料整体力学性能的影响。      

Multi-Scaled Modeling the Mechanical Properties of Tubular Composites Reinforced with Innovated 3D Weft Knitted Spacer Fabrics

Textile composites of 3D integrated spacer configurations have been recently focused by several researchers all over the world. In the present study, newly-designed tubular composites reinforced with 3D spacer weft knitted fabrics were considered and the effects of their structural parameters on some applicable mechanical properties were investigated. For this purpose, two different samples of 3D spacer weft knitted textile types in tubular form were produced on an electronic flat knitting machine, using glass/nylon hybrid yarns. Thermoset tubular-shaped composite parts were manufactured via vacuum infusion molding process using epoxy resin. The mechanical properties of the produced knitted composites in term of external static and internal hydrostatic pressures were evaluated. Resistance of the produced composites against the external static and internal hydrostatic pressures was numerically simulated using multi-scale modeling method. The finding revealed that there is acceptable correlation between experimental and theoretical results.     

Interlaminar shear strength of SiC matrix composites reinforced by continuous fibers at 900 °C in air

To reveal the shear properties of SiC matrix composites, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of three kinds of silicon carbide matrix composites was investigated by compression of the double notched shear specimen (DNS) at 900 °C in air. The investigated composites included a woven plain carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite (2D-C/SiC), a two-and-a-half-dimensional carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composite (2.5D-C/SiC) and a woven plain silicon carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite (2D-SiC/SiC). A scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the microstructure and fracture morphologies. It can be found that the fiber type and reinforcement architecture have significant impacts on the ILSS of the SiC matrix composites. Great anisotropy of ILSS can be found for 2.5D-C/SiC because of the different fracture resistance of the warp fibers. Larger ILSS can be obtained when the specimens was loaded along the weft direction. In addition, the SiC fibers could enhance the ILSS, compared with carbon fibers. The improvement is attributed to the higher oxidation resistance of SiC fibers and the similar thermal expansion coefficients between the matrix and the fibers.     

2.5D机织复合材料经向和纬向振动疲劳行为对比

2.5D机织复合材料抗分层、耐冲击,在航空发动机结构上具有巨大的应用前景。本文对一种2.5D机织碳纤维增强双马树脂基复合材料经向和纬向试件,开展了不同名义应力水平下的一阶弯曲共振疲劳试验。试验结果表明：经向试件的振动疲劳性能优于纬向试件,随着应力水平的提高,经向和纬向试件的寿命明显缩短,而固有频率下降百分比增加,试件内部的损伤严重程度和损伤扩展速度都随之提高。2.5D机织复合材料经向和纬向试件在共振疲劳试验过程中的主要失效模式是纱线与基体之间脱粘造成的结构完整性丧失,从而导致试件的刚度持续下降。试件内部损伤的三维电子计算机断层扫描(Computerized tomography,CT)重构图像表明,损伤散布于试件工作段区域,应力水平越高,2.5D机织复合材料经向和纬向试件内部损伤范围越大,损伤程度越高,而且纬向试件内部损伤状态比经向试件严重。利用双对数线性寿命模型,对经向和纬向试件在不同名义应力水平下的共振疲劳试验数据进行拟合,得到2.5D机织复合材料经向和纬向试件共振疲劳应力-寿命(Stress-life,S-N)曲线的数学模型,得到的S-N曲线可用于预测2.5D机织复合材料的寿命。     

基于细观结构的2.5维机织复合材料强度预测模型

采用经纱矩形截面及纬纱六边形截面假设,将经纱的屈曲轨迹简化为折线形式,建立了2.5维机织复合材料单胞几何模型。以单胞为研究对象,引入改进的三维Hashin失效准则和Mises准则作为组分材料的失效判据,采用不同的刚度退化方式来表征不同的失效模式,建立了基于逐渐损伤理论的强度预测模型。利用有限元分析（FEA）技术,开发了相应的参数化2.5维机织复合材料逐渐损伤分析程序,预测了浅交弯联结构不同机织参数2.5维机织复合材料的拉伸强度,并模拟了经向拉伸和纬向拉伸的损伤扩展过程。与静拉伸试验结果相比,拉伸强度的预测误差在10%以内;模拟的失效模式与试验结果吻合较好。     

Pulsed Eddy Current Data Analysis for the Characterization of the Second-Layer Discontinuities

Acoustic emission (AE) was applied for detection of microcrack initiation in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites subjected to shear stresses. Experimental materials were prepared from polyester bonded unidirectional (1D) non-crimp fabric and 2D plain-weave carbon fiber fabrics, using the resin transfer moulding technology. Control of epoxy resin/carbon textile proportions enabled variation of fiber volume content from small (34/35% for 2D/1D), through medium (51%) to high (68%). Rectangular samples (\(45 \times 4 \times 2\)  mm) were cut from 1D plates along [0] and across [90] fibers. Similar size samples from 2D plates were cut along warp/weft axes as well as in two orthogonal bias directions. Selected side surfaces were polished for microscopic (SEM) observations. Short-beam-strength tests were performed in 3-point bending (l/h\(=\)4), with two AE sensors attached for damage monitoring, which allowed to interrupt loading sequence before final failure. The acoustic emission historic index was the most effective AE parameter in damage initiation control. Microcracks developing on polished composite side-surfaces were observed under the SEM and direct microscopic evidence confirmed fiber debonding to be the principal mechanism of crack initiation in these materials and testing conditions before any further damage.     

基于纱线真实形态的三维机织复合材料细观结构及其厚度计算

如何确定预制件的结构参数与复合材料厚度之间的数量关系是设计人员面临的一个难题。对三维机织复合材料横截面图像细观结构进行观察分析。结果表明,决定三维机织复合材料厚度的部位在沿纬纱的中心线横截面处;经纱的横截面呈长方形;纬纱的纵向轨迹呈直线形。基于细观结构导出了用预制件结构设计参数表示的复合材料厚度计算公式,用算例验证了公式的正确性。验证结果表明,复合材料厚度计算公式正确,具有实用性。     

Analytical Formulation of (0°, ± α°) Braided Composites and Its Application In Crashworthiness Simulations

New types of tridimensional composite materials have been developed during the last few years. These new materials consist of braided, weft or warp knitted, and 3D woven composites preforms, and they present excellent out-of-plane mechanical properties. In this article, tubular energy absorbers, constituted of carbon-glass hybrid braided composites, are analyzed by means of the finite-element method, with explicit time integration of the equations of motion. A new material model for (0°, - f °) braided composites is introduced in a commercial finite-element code by means of user-developed subroutines. Braided materials with carbon fiber in the 0° direction and glass fibers in the - f ° directions are studied. Moreover, different fiber orientations and geometry of the triggering devices are analyzed in order to obtain the optimum configuration in terms of specific energy absorption.     

三维角联锁机织复合材料经纬向剪切性能有限元分析

本文使用三维绘图软件Pro/E 5.0构建出三维浅交弯联机织复合材料在经纬向模型,借助有限元软件ANSYS分别对其施加相同大小的剪切载荷作用,通过数值模拟的方法计算出复合材料及其纤维与树脂组分的剪切应力、应变分布情况。通过对其应力、应变分布情况的分析,探究三维浅交弯联机织复合材料在经纬向剪切载荷作用下的力学行为,并预测其破坏模式。结果表明:复合材料在纬向的剪切性能好于经向;纤维作为主要承载体表现出较大的剪切应力与较小的剪切应变;复合材料在剪切载荷作用下的破坏形式主要为复合材料的倾斜、坍塌及分层、纤维的脆断、树脂的破碎及纤维与树脂间的脱粘。