纳米塑料包装材料的开发应用

纳米塑料是无机纳米粒子(硅酸盐、碳酸钙、SiO2、TiO2、SiC、Al2O3、云母、石英粉等)以纳米级尺寸(一般为1～100nm)均匀分散在塑料母体树脂中的复合材料，也被称为聚合物基纳米复合材料。根据母体树脂不同可分类为纳米尼龙、纳米聚烯烃、纳米聚酯、纳米聚甲醛等。由于纳米粒子尺寸和彼此间距离非常近，具有独特的量子尺寸效应、表面效应、界面效应、体积效应、宏观隧道效应、小尺寸效应和超塑性，使纳米塑料具有独特的物理力学性能，已成为复合材料发展的最尖端产品之一。     

纳米塑料包装材料的开发应用

一、纳米塑料有着优异的性能 纳米塑料是无机纳米粒子（硅酸盐、碳酸钙、SiO2,TiO2、SiC、Al2O3云母、石英粉等）以纳米级尺寸（一般为1～100nm）均匀分散在塑料母体树脂中的复合材料，也被称为聚合物基纳米复合材料。根据母体树脂不同可分类为纳米尼龙、纳米聚烯烃、纳米聚酯、纳米聚甲醛等。由于纳米粒子尺寸和彼此间距离非常近，具有独特的量子尺寸效应、表面效应、界面效应、体积效应、宏观隧道效应、小尺寸效应和超塑性，使纳米塑料具有独特的物理力学性能，已成为复合材料发展的最尖端产品之一。     

聚苯乙烯填充丁苯橡胶复合材料的制备与性能表征

利用乳液聚合制备纳米、亚微米聚苯乙烯填料粒子.扫描电镜(SEM)和激光粒度(DLS)测试表明填料粒子为规则球型,粒径分别为30 nm和200 nm.SEM测试表明纳米PS粒子在SBR中有良好的分散性,亚微米PS粒子在SBR中呈现单分散状态.静态力学拉伸(MTS)测试表明纳米复合材料断裂应力为13.2 MPa、断裂伸长率为580％,相比填充同分数的亚微米复合材料提高了7 MPa和300％.复合材料动态力学(DMA)测试表明,纳米复合材料的模量在5～90℃范围内是亚微米复合材料的4倍.Payne效应测试表明,纳米复合材料具有较高初始模量和Payne效应.研究表明,填充30份纳米PS粒子的SBR具有最佳静态和动态力学性能.     

纳米粒子的分散状态对聚丙烯结晶行为的影响

用普通熔融共混与低剪切应力场下聚合物/纳米粒子的分散共混方法制备出聚丙烯/无机纳米粒子复合材料,采用示差扫描量热法(DSC)与偏光显微镜(PFM)对试样的结晶行为进行研究发现:在填充粒子含量相同情况下,均匀分散的纳米粒子可以较大提高聚丙烯的结晶温度,结晶速率,使晶体尺寸减小,而普通熔融共混制备的试样中,纳米粒子虽然也一定程度增加了聚合物的结晶温度,却并不改变晶体的尺寸。结果表明,当制备聚合物/纳米粒子复合材料时,纳米粒子在基体中的分散程度极大地影响聚合物基体的结晶行为。     

纳米石墨/天然橡胶复合材料的应力软化与动态性能

以不同尺寸的纳米石墨为原料,制备了纳米石墨/天然橡胶(NR)复合材料.研究不同尺寸(30、80、150 nm)的纳米石墨对复合材料的应力软化效应(Mullins效应)、Payne效应、动态生热和损耗因子的影响.结果表明:随着纳米石墨尺寸的增大,纳米填料对纳米石墨/NR复合材料体系的补强作用明显,应力软化效应增大、动态损耗因子增加,但Payne效应降低;纳米石墨/NR复合材料动态损耗因子越大,其动态生热越高;动态生热还与填料粒子网络形成紧密相关.SEM观察及Payne效应分析结果表明:采用不同尺寸的纳米石墨材料填充天然橡胶,大尺寸石墨在橡胶基体中易于分散均匀,片层的聚集程度小,而小尺寸纳米片层表现出较明显的团聚.     

纳米二氧化硅粒径对橡胶复合材料力学性能的影响

以不同粒径的纳米二氧化硅为填料加到天然橡胶中制备纳米二氧化硅/天然橡胶(NR)复合材料。研究了不同粒径纳米二氧化硅(15,30和80nm)对复合材料的力学性能、应力软化效应、Payne效应、动态热机械性能、压缩生热和损耗因子等基本特性的影响。结果表明,随着纳米二氧化硅粒径的增大,复合材料的抗拉强度变大,应力软化效应增大;同时,复合材料的Payne效应和损耗因子越低,其动态压缩温升越低。Payne效应分析及扫描电镜观察还表明,大粒径纳米二氧化硅在橡胶基体中易于分散均匀,粒子间聚集程度更小,而小粒径的则表现出较明显的团聚现象,粒子在橡胶基体中的分散性对复合材料力学性能有直接影响。     

纳米材料在航天领域的应用与发展

简要介绍了纳米材料的表面效应、小尺寸效应、量子尺寸效应、宏观量子隧道效应等。从这些特性出发,结合航天产品的发展趋势和特点,综述了纳米材料在固体火箭推进剂、纳米改性聚合物基复合材料、磁性材料、红外隐身材料、耐烧蚀材料等航天领域的应用,并对纳米材料在航天领域的发展前景进行了预测。     

聚合物基纳米复合材料的分类、制备与发展现状

纳米微粒由于尺寸小、比表面积大而出现了许多不同于常规材料的特性,将它与种类繁多的聚合物匹配、复合能制备出一类高性能、高功能的聚合物基纳米复合材料。高分子基体具有易加工、耐腐蚀等优异性能,且能抑制纳米单元的氧化和团聚,使得体系具有较高的长效的稳定性,能充分发展纳米单元的特性异能,因此,这类复合材料的开发应用研究就成为了21世纪的科研热点。本文重点介绍了聚合物基纳米复合材料的分类,并对其制备方法以及发展现状进行了简单阐述。     

纳米工程塑料

所谓“纳米工程塑料”是指无机填充物以纳米尺寸分散在有机聚合物基体中形成的有机/无机纳米复合材料。在纳米复合材料中,分散相的尺寸至少在一维方向小于100nm。由于分散性的纳米尺寸效应、大比表面积和强界面结合,纳米复合材料具有一般工程塑料所不具备的优异性能,因此是一种全新的高技术     

LLDPE/Al_2O_3纳米复合材料的形态、结构及力学性能

在超声作用下利用异丙基十二烷基磺酰钛酸酯改性Al2O3纳米粒子,然后把改性纳米Al2O3粒子及LLDPE颗粒引入密炼机中,以熔融共混方法制备LLDPE/纳米Al2O3复合材料.采用FESEM对复合材料中纳米粒子的分散形态进行表征,结果表明,当纳米Al2O3粒子含量为3%时,绝大多数的纳米粒子以<100nm的尺寸均匀分散在基体中;采用FTIR对纳米复合材料的结构进行表征,结果表明,纳米Al2O3与LLDPE之间形成了化学键合结构;力学分析表明,纳米复合材料的拉伸强度及断裂伸长率均有所增加;采用SEM观察拉伸断裂面的形貌,结果表明,适量的纳米Al2O3粒子可以增强、增韧聚合物基体,而基体和纳米粒子的相容性差时,会逐渐引入缺陷.     

高吸水树脂对混凝土水化及强度的影响

高吸水树脂(Super-absorbent polymer,SAP)作为混凝土内养护材料可有效抑制混凝土自收缩,提高混凝土抗裂性,但其对混凝土是否具有负面影响有待研究。利用XRD和DTA-TG研究了不同SAP掺量净浆在不同养护龄期的水化产物量,并测试其抗压强度,定量分析高吸水树脂对混凝土水化和强度的影响。实验结果表明:掺加SAP会延缓混凝土早期(0~7d)的水化反应,降低混凝土的抗压强度,但对混凝土中后期(7~28d)水化的进行及强度发展的影响不大。当高吸水树脂的掺量为1kg/m~3(占胶凝材料的质量分数为0.2%)和1.5kg/m~3(占胶凝材料的质量分数为0.3%)时,混凝土28d抗压强度可达基准组的100%和96%,56d抗压强度可达基准组的107%和96%。针对C50混凝土,推荐掺量为1kg/m~3。     

Characterization and numerical evaluation of vibration on elastic–viscoelastic sandwich structures

The objective of this paper is to study the vibration characteristic for a sandwich beam with silica/polymer blend as principal material, and pure polymer matrix as surface laminate. It is anticipated that high stiffness and structure damping of viscoelastic layer can be obtained by taking advantage of fascinating network of densely packed between silica and polymer matrix. Spherical particles of size 12–235 nm at various filler fraction (10–50 wt.%) and three different polymer matrices, polyacrylate, polyimide and polypropylene, were selected as the matrix materials. The mechanical damping and stiffness of the sandwich cantilever beam are recorded by using a Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA). The silica’s small particle size feature and strain difference between principal and surface layers could highly enhance the energy dissipation ability of the beam structure. A numerical model is then developed and validated for the vibration of a symmetric elastic–viscoelastic sandwich beam. Experimental results show that the structure deformation for these sandwich beams with contiguous and constraining layers are in reasonable agreement with the prediction of the model. Both higher resonant vibrations are well damped in accordance with the symmetric motion of the elastic layers and relative little motion of the constraining layer.     

Experimental Study on Deicing Performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Conductive Concrete

Carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) is a kind of good electrothermal material. When connected to an external power supply, stable and uniform heat suitable for deicing application is generated in the CFRC slab. Electric heating and deicing experiments of carbon fiber reinforced concrete slab were carried out in laboratory, and the effect of the temperature and thickness of ice, the thermal conductivity of CFRC, and power output on deicing performance and energy consumption were investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is an effective method to utilize the thermal energy produced by CFRC slab to deice. The time to melt the ice completely decreases with increasing power output and ice temperature, and increases with increasing thickness of the ice. The energy consumption to melt 2 mm thickness of ice varies approximately linearly from 0.556 to 0.846 kW·h/m2 as the initial temperature ranges from -3℃ to - 18℃. CFRC with good thermal conduction can reduce temperature difference in CFRC     

细乳液聚合制备纳米二氧化硅-丙烯酸酯复合乳液的研究

采用硅溶胶和丙烯酸酯单体通过细乳液聚合制备纳米二氧化硅/丙烯酸酯复合高分子乳液。考察了聚合过程中硅溶胶量对于单体转化率和聚合物粒子粒径的影响,并用GPC、XPS表征所得的复合乳液。实验结果表明:二氧化硅的引入提高了聚合反应速率,增加聚合物的分子量并使分子量分布变窄;在复合乳液粒子中,二氧化硅主要以分散相分布在连续的丙烯酸酯相内部;复合乳液的力学性能明显优于不含二氧化硅的纯丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液。     

粗骨料对沥青混凝土开裂阻力影响分析

沥青混凝土是典型的非均匀材料,在进行力学分析时通常是将其视为均匀、各向同性体,但是理论分析结果很难与实际相符合。同时均质化假设也很难解释含大粒径骨料的沥青碎石作为防裂层的抗裂性能优于小粒径沥青混凝土的现象。笔者通过在均质的沥青混凝土引入一个粗骨料,应用断裂力学平面有限元程序系统地分析了粗骨料对沥青混凝土抗裂性能的影响,分析结果可以较好地解释大粒径沥青混凝土的抗裂性能优于小粒径沥青混凝土的机理。因此,使用大粒径骨料沥青混泥土能够改善路面的使用寿命。     

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations on size effect of glassy polyethylene particles

The size effect on mechanical properties of glassy polyethylene (PE) nanoscale particles has been investigated by extensive coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The diameter of the PE particles varies in the range of 5-40 nm, we confirm that the particle's behaviour under compressive stress strongly depends on its size-the smaller the particle diameter is, the stiffer the particle behaves. The present mechanical responses of compressed particles are in good agreement with our previous experimental phenomena of micron-sized polymer particles measured by a nanoindentation-based flat punch method. Possible reasons for the size effect are discussed.     

Creep behaviour of FRP-reinforced polymer concrete

Polymer concrete is a kind of concrete where natural aggregates such as silica sand or gravel are binded together with a thermoset resin, such as epoxy. Although polymer concretes are stronger in compression than cementitious concrete, its tension behaviour is still weak. The reinforcement of polymer concrete beams in the tension zone with pultruded profiles made of epoxy resin and glass fibers are a good compromise between stiffness and strength. In this paper it is reported an investigation of the creep behaviour of polymer concrete beams reinforced with fiber-reinforced plastics (pultruded) rebars. Four-point bending creep test were performed. An analytical model was applied to verify the experimental results.     

SiO2/CaCO3纳米复合粒子填充改性聚丙烯

通过简单的工艺条件和步骤制备S iO2包覆C aCO3的核壳结构纳米复合粒子,采用硅烷偶联剂对其和纳米S iO2实心粒子进行表面改性处理,并用处理后的两种粒子分别对聚丙烯进行填充改性,然后比较其对复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,利用纳米S iO2/C aCO3复合粒子填充改性聚丙烯,可同时达到增强、增韧的目的,而且对材料力学性能的改性效果与纳米S iO2实心粒子的改性效果相近。     

Erosion of polymers and polymer composites surfaces by particles

Surface erosion due to solid particle impact is a major concern in engineering applications of handling solid-particulate flow. A semi-empirical model is developed for numerical erosion simulation of polymers and polymer composites. The novelty of the developed model is the correct capturing of the angle of maximum erosion for different erosion modes of polymeric materials and relating it to measurable mechanical properties of the target materials. The model incorporates both the material removal due to elastic–plastic collision of the particles at oblique and normal impact angles. The oblique impact model is derived for ploughing and fracture governed mechanisms of material removal. A simplified correlation is used to consider the relative effect of each mechanism on the total erosion at oblique impact angles. The model indicates the variation in velocity exponent to the mechanism of material removal. The theoretically derived model for single-particle impact is correlated to the available experimental results of multi-particle impacts through the empirical coefficients. The predictions are in good agreement with the extensive literature data for polymers and polymer composites. Further, to propose a single model of erosion for polymer and its composite, the relationship between the empirical coefficients in the developed model and the target material properties is established.     

混凝土杆系结构滞回全过程分析

本文基于非线性有限元原理,采取由材料本构关系直接形成单元M—N—φ关系的方法,推导了混凝土杆系结构的单元刚度矩阵,该矩阵考虑了材料非线性、几何非线性、轴力二次矩、混凝土的裂面效应、预应力的特点、钢筋的粘结滑移以及材料的双切线模量等的影响;编制了相应的分析程序,并对两榀混凝土门架的滞回性能进行了模拟计算,计算值与试验结果吻合较好。本文程序实现了混凝土杆系结构包括下降段在内的滞回全过程分析,从而为该类结构的抗震研究提供了一个准确、实用的工具。