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1.
聂祚仁  王瑛 《新材料产业》2001,(11):22-24,32
在我国自1998年起,国家863计划支持了首项“材料的环境协调性评价研究”,由北京工业大学负责,六所重点大学联合承担,对国内几大类主要基础材料进行了全面的MLCA评估。目前,该项目已经顺利结题,对我国钢铁、水泥、铝、工程塑料、建筑涂料、陶瓷等七类典型量大面广的代表性材料进行了环境协调性评价研究,初步获得了以上代表性材料的环境负荷基础数据。  相似文献   

2.
生态环境材料的研究与发展趋势(下)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
二、生态环境材料研究的主要内容 1、材料的环境协调性评价技术及其应用 国内发展情况 在我国自1998年起,国家863计划支持了首项“材料的环境协调性评价研究”,由北京工业大学负责,六所重点大学联合承担,对国内几大类主要基础材料进行了全面的MLCA评估。目前,该项目已经顺利结题,对我国钢铁、水泥、铝、工程塑料、建筑涂料、陶瓷等七类典型量大面广的代表性材料进行了环境协调性评价研究,初步获得了以上代表性材料的环境负荷基础数据。在大量系统工作的基础上,总结了材料环境负荷分析的方法,创新地提  相似文献   

3.
环境协调性评价(LCA)方法研究进展   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
作为一种系统的环境管理工具,环境协调性评价(LCA)近年来得到了快速的发展。介绍了目前常用LCA的方法,并对我国LCA方法研究提出了建议。  相似文献   

4.
中国材料生命周期分析数据库开发及应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
生命周期分析作为广泛使用的环境管理工具,用于定量化评价产品系统整个生命周期内的潜在环境影响,其具体应用需要大量的不同层次、不同地区和不同技术水平的相关环境负荷数据和评价方法体系数据的支撑。在系列国家科技计划的支撑下,调研了典型材料生产的环境负荷数据,开展了中国材料环境数据库(SinoCenter)的研究,建立了中国材料生命周期分析数据库平台。数据库包含公用系统,典型材料(钢铁、建筑材料、有色金属、高分子材料、联接材料)等70多个数据集,近十万条环境负荷数据,并简要介绍了数据库的主要功能及数据库的技术和商业应用。  相似文献   

5.
环境风险评价(ERA)和安全评价(SA):二者同属风险评价,在开展建设项目环境风险评价工作时可借鉴安全评价工作的成果。结合实例从风险识别、重大危险源辨识两个方面分析、探讨安全评价对环境风险评价的借鉴作用,以便更好地做好环境风险评价工作。  相似文献   

6.
中国城市气溶胶危害评价   总被引:30,自引:4,他引:26  
在环境受到污染的领域,气溶胶对人们生活和人体健康有重要影响。随着城市大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,对中国城市气溶胶危害进行评价十分必要,以便加以控制。本文对如下问题进行了讨论:气溶胶危害评价的领域和问题;空气污染与呼吸道疾病;中国城市空气悬浮颗粒总数(TSP)和疾病,评价我国气溶胶对健康的作用;中国城市空气悬浮颗粒总数的主要化学组分,评价其卫生学作用;从卫生保健的角度进行小结和建议。  相似文献   

7.
环境材料的研究及进展   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
夏阳华  熊惟皓 《材料导报》2002,16(8):33-35,38
综述了一个新的材料科学研究方向-环境材料,简述了环境材料的概念,分类,评价方法以及环境材料学的概念,介绍了几种应用广泛的环境材料,最后对环境材料在我国的研究及发展做了介绍和展望。  相似文献   

8.
本文采用DRASTIC评价方法,对凤城市地下水环境的脆弱性进行了详细的研究。选取地下水位埋深(D)、净补给量(R)、含水层介质(A)、地形(T)、包气带性质(I)、含水层导水系数(C)作为评价因子。详细分析各区各项因子之后,定性的给各区评分,对照DRASTIC评价方法,便得到该市地下水环境的脆弱性分区。  相似文献   

9.
本文采用DRASTIC评价方法,对丹东市地下水黄精的脆弱性进行了详细的研究。选取地下水位埋深(D)、净补给量(R)、含水层介质(A)、地形(T)、包气静f生质(I)、含水层导水系数(C)作为评价因子。详细分析各区各项因子之后,定性的给各区评分,对照DRASTIC评价方法,便得到该市地下水环境的脆弱性分区。  相似文献   

10.
以西安某拟建数据中心为例,开展地铁列车运行对数据中心机房设备的振动影响评价。以“振源-传播途径-受振体”为基线,采用实测与数值计算相结合的研究方法。首先,开展场地自由衰减特性测试,获取地铁列车振动沿场地的传播规律;其次,在拟建建筑物场地边界距离地铁线路最近处布置测点,获取过车时的振动响应;然后,建立拟建建筑物结构有限元模型,获取其主要动力特性;最后,以场地实测加速度作为输入,采用一致激励法进行结构的车致振动响应计算,并对建筑物内精密设备的振动影响进行预测与评价。研究表明:(1)地铁列车运行时该数据中心机房设备振动达标(;2)地铁列车振动主频集中在31.5 Hz~80 Hz;在31.5 Hz以下的中低频段,场地表现出明显的整体振动特点;在31.5 Hz以上的中高频段,地面高频振动分量随距离迅速衰减(;3)会车工况与近轨工况地面监测结果接近,说明近轨列车振动能级显著大于远轨,会车时振动能量较近轨列车增加不明显。研究思路可为此类结构的振动分析和减隔振设计提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
Moulded pulp has been used as an alternative to plastic in certain packaging applications, but some problems in the production system lead to higher costs including energy consumption. Industry tends to operate on the basis of experience rather than through scientific evaluation and systematic design methods. The research aims at detecting the problems in the production system by a multidimensional life cycle assessment (MLCA) with transparent analysis. The MLCA measures the performance of the moulded pulp production system with regard to technical, economic and environmental aspects and produces quantitative results (in monetary units), and finally indicates the overall efficiency of the production system using a sustainability index (SI). A life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modelling (LIME) is mainly adopted in the MLCA. Three existing moulded pulp production systems for industrial packaging in China were assessed in this study. The results show that the main environmental impacts of the three production systems are the atmospheric emissions and landfill waste; the drying stage in the production systems, which is dominated by consumption of resources and environmental impacts, is the key to controlling costs; steam should be the first preferred heat source in the drying process for achieving sustainability in the moulded pulp production system. The optimum for the three cases is identified by calculating the newly developed SI. The MLCA approach can be used to assist in identifying potential improvements and practical new packaging designs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
In a supply chain, scheduling plays a significant role in coordinating and cooperation. This article considers an integration of supplier and vehicle scheduling problems in terms of vehicle routing determination for transporting raw materials from the suppliers to some manufacturing centres. The aim is to minimize the total tardiness of all assigned orders to the suppliers and simultaneously minimize the total travelled distance of the vehicles. Most manufacturing companies, which have to manage their suppliers as an industrial unit, experience this problem. A new metaheuristic algorithm called the multiple league championship algorithm (MLCA), inspired by championship matches, is proposed to solve this problem. To show the efficiency of MLCA, it is compared with two different algorithms used for the problems in the literature that are closest to this problem and a soccer-based algorithm called golden ball. The experimental results prove that the proposed algorithm has better performance than these algorithms.  相似文献   

13.
王姿怡  义艺  孙锲 《包装工程》2019,40(3):143-148
目的 研究我国快递包装材料带来的环境污染、资源浪费以及其隐形能耗问题,并结合当前的法律法规体系提出对策。方法 通过数据收集和实地调研,对快递包装材料进行生命周期评价;基于文献综述和市场调研,梳理关于快递包装的现行法律法规政策。结果 2017年3种快递包装材料(瓦楞纸箱、塑料袋和胶带)的全球变暖潜力相当于燃煤发电系统生产1.58×1010 kW?h电力的排放量,占2017年全国总发电量的0.24%,相当于当年生物质发电量的20%。全球变暖潜力再加上快递包装材料生命周期中的能源消耗,占2017年全国总发电量的1.12%,相当于生物质发电量的92%。在快递包装材料的生命周期中,生产和使用阶段消耗了接近79%的能量。结论 根据当前快递包装产业的法律法规体系研究,我国快递包装产业管理系统尚不完善,基于生命周期评价的数据分析,快递包装材料的能耗和环境污染问题急需得到重视。  相似文献   

14.
生命周期评估(LCA)与生态环境材料开发   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
肖骁  黄可龙  肖松文  马荣骏 《材料导报》2000,14(11):22-24,18
生命周期评估(LCA)已经发展成为系统评价产品整个生命周期过程环境影响的关键工具。详细介绍了生命周期评估及其研究现状,尤其是生态环境材料开发、材料生命周期评估、生命周期评估软件系统开发。最后就我国LCA工作提出了建议。  相似文献   

15.
The diffusion of new energy vehicles (NEVs), such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), is critical to the transportation sector’s deep decarbonization. The cost of energy chains is an important factor in the diffusion of NEVs. Although researchers have addressed the technological learning effect of NEVs and the life cycle emissions associated with the diffusion of NEVs, little work has been conducted to analyze the life cycle costs of different energy chains associated with different NEVs in consideration of technological learning potential. Thus, relevant information on investment remains insufficient to promote the deployment of NEVs. This study proposes a systematic framework that includes various (competing or coordinated) energy chains of NEVs formed with different technologies of power generation and transmission, hydrogen production and transportation, power-to-liquid fuel, and fuel transportation. The levelized costs of three typical carbon-neutral energy chains are investigated using the life cycle cost model and considering the technological learning effect. Results show that the current well-to-pump levelized costs of the energy chains in China for BEVs, FCVs, and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are approximately 3.60, 4.31, and 2.21 yuan/GJ, respectively, and the well-to-wheel levelized costs are 4.50, 6.15, and 7.51 yuan/GJ, respectively. These costs primarily include raw material costs, and they vary greatly for BEVs and FCVs from resource and consumer costs. In consideration of the technological learning effect, the energy chains’ well-to-wheel levelized costs are expected to decrease by 24.82% for BEVs, 27.12% for FCVs, and 19.25% for ICEVs by 2060. This work also summarizes policy recommendations on developing energy chains to promote the diffusion of NEVs in China.  相似文献   

16.
The heart of a normal human being beats about 38 million cycles every year. An artificial heart valve, to perform at this rate in the adverse conditions inside the heart for 20 years or more, should be highly wear-resistant with excellent fatigue strength. Thus, the study of mechanical and physical properties of the materials intended for use in artificial valves becomes an inseparable part of the valve development process itself. The physical and mechanical requirements of the materials used in the Chitra heart valve have been evaluated by studying their water absorption, adhesive wear and abrasive properties. The mechanical durability of the device has been assessed by accelerated life cycle testing. The test systems developed for the above are described here. The results show UHMW-PE to be a highly wear-resistant material suitable for the occluder. The accelerated wear tests show that the valve with Haynes-25 alloy cage and UHMW-PE disc has durability in excess of 50 years.  相似文献   

17.
关于环境材料的一些研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
翁端  余晓军 《材料导报》2000,14(11):19-21
介绍了近两三年来环境材料的研究现状。在理论上,介绍了材料的环境协调性评价研究及一些最新的环境影响评价方法。在应用上,介绍了天然材料、可回收材料、水处理材料、大气治理材料等环境相容性材料和环境工程材料,以及材料生产工艺的环境协调性改造。目的在于丰富环境材料科学理论,推动环境材料科学的研究和发展。  相似文献   

18.
赵祎  章学来  徐笑锋  张时华  刘璐 《包装工程》2020,41(21):117-124
目的 研究化妆品销售包装盒的环境影响,优选包装材料、优化包装设计及其生产系统,达到绿色生产的目的。方法 基于生命周期评价(LCA)方法论,采用eFootprint软件及数据库量化分析由白纸板和聚丙烯2种不同材料设计生产的化妆品销售包装盒。以规定尺寸(长57 mm、宽52 mm、高60 mm)和结构的单个化妆品销售包装盒盒坯为功能单位,设定系统边界包括该包装盒生产加工过程的主要工序和各物料运输环节。分析清单后进行生命周期影响评价。结果 评价对象产生的9类环境影响中,全球变暖潜值(GWP)、初级能源消耗(PED)和水资源消耗(WU)贡献值较大,白纸板化妆品销售包装盒结果分别为17.8 g,185 kJ,57.8 g,聚丙烯化妆品销售包装盒结果分别为45.3 g,1.16 MJ,147 g。聚丙烯化妆品销售包装盒在生产过程中消耗的能量和对环境产生的影响均大于白纸板化妆品销售包装盒,故两者中首选材料是白纸板。结论 材料种类和生产过程能源消耗是影响环境的主要原因,可通过LCA优选包装材料、控制包装印刷设计和改善生产系统等方式,提高包装的环境效益。  相似文献   

19.
Today's demanding distribution challenges require engineers to choose from various types of materials, design and construction methods, to develop containers that can deliver goods with minimal damage. The challenge is even greater when packing and shipping goods which are perishable and sensitive to both physical and climatic changes in environment. In recent years the type of packaging material used to design and construct containers has undergone more scrutiny than ever, due to environmental challenges. This study focuses on two types of containers that have been designed and are being used to pack and ship fresh fruits and vegetables. The study compares the re‐usable plastic containers to single‐use display‐ready paper corrugated trays. Results show that, based on the scope of this study and comparing 10 different produce items, such as apples, carrots, grapes, oranges, onions, tomatoes, strawberries, etc., the re‐usable plastic containers require 39% less total energy, produce 95% less total solid waste and generate 29% less total greenhouse gas emissions. This study focused on the North American market. Major European nations have been using a large number of re‐usable plastic containers for these types of fresh produce for the past three decades. This study was initiated by the Franklin Associates, an independent consulting firm for allowing an in‐depth review of all data and results from a two year study titled: Life Cycle Inventory of Reusable Plastic Containers and Display‐Ready Corrugated Containers Used for Fresh Produce Applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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