Numerical simulation with experimental verification of the fracture behavior in granite under confining pressures based on the tension-softening model

The use of the tension-softening model for analyzing fracture processes of rock is examined with special reference to the effect of confining pressure on the fracture extension. Tension-softening curves are measured by means of the J-based technique from unconfined tests performed on compact tension (CT) specimens of granite. On the basis of the determined tension-softening relation, numerical analyses are executed using a boundary element method (BEM) to simulate fracture of the granite under confining pressures. Numerical results are compared to the experimental results of two series of tests for which CT specimens and thick-walled cylindrical specimens were loaded to failure under confining pressures ranging from 0 to 26.5 MPa. It is shown that the BEM analyses can predict the observed fracture behavior. Based on the results, it is demonstrated that the tension-softening relation provides a suitable model to analyze the fracture process in the rock. The source mechanism for the pressure sensitive fracture is discussed by examining the growth of the fracture process zone.     

大理岩三轴压缩变形破坏与能量特征研究

利用伺服试验机对大理岩进行了常规三轴压缩试验,基于试验结果,研究了岩样三轴压缩变形破坏及其能量特征。结果表明,低围压时岩样内部材料并未均匀化,岩石表现为应变软化特性;而高围压时岩样内部材料强度由低到高逐渐屈服,变形趋于均匀,岩石出现塑性流动特性。岩石峰值应变与围压成正线性关系;岩石残余强度对围压的敏感性显著高于峰值强度。岩石破坏应变能随着围压的增大而增大,且两者成正线性关系;岩石全部断裂能随着围压的增加亦成正线性增加。     

温度和损伤程度对砂岩渗透特性影响的试验研究

岩石的渗透特性与许多地下工程的稳定与安全有关,而深部岩石工程环境所处的温度、应力以及自身损伤情况对渗透特性也有较大的影响。因此,有必要开展损伤岩石在不同温度、应力情况下渗透特性研究。利用GCTS高温高压动态岩石三轴仪、岩石全自动气体渗透率测试系统,对不同损伤程度砂岩进行了不同围压和实时温度的渗透特性试验。试验结果表明:不同损伤程度砂岩的渗透率与围压之间呈现幂函数负增长关系,在低围压向高围压过渡过程中,高损伤试样渗透率出现较大的跌落;不同损伤程度砂岩渗透率与温度关系为负相关,高损伤试样渗透率随着温度增加下降得更加缓慢;随着损伤程度的增加,砂岩渗透率呈现出低围压情况下先略微下降再上升,高围压情况下逐渐上升的特征。低围压状况下,损伤程度较高的试样之间渗透率差异较大。     

Observation of fracture process zone by laser speckle technique and governing mechanism in fracture of concrete

Fracture tests with a wedge-loading device are carried out on mortar and concrete specimens so as to have stable crack growth. Using laser speckle technique the length of macrocrack and the distribution of crack opening displacement are measured. Results are compared with those obtained by the boundary element method (BEM) analysis for a Dugdale-Barenblatt-type model of a fracture process zone. The governing mechanism in fracture of concrete and the mechanism which is represented by the model are discussed with special attention to the microcracking zone. It is deduced that a Dugdale-Barenblatt-type model does not represent the microcracking zone, thus implying that the microcracking zone and the bridging zone correspond to the pre-peak nonlinear part of the stress-strain curve in a uniaxial tension test and the post-peak tension-softening curve, respectively. It is concluded that the effect of microcracking on the maximum load is less significant than that of bridging. Possible models which include the effect of microcracking in addition to that of bridging are proposed.     

被动围压条件下岩石材料冲击压缩试验研究

为研究煤矿岩石材料被动围压条件下动态力学性能和变形破坏规律,利用Ø50mm变截面分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,对45#钢质套筒环向约束状态下煤矿岩石试件进行了不同加载速率冲击压缩试验。试验结果表明：被动围压条件下SHPB试验中,岩石试件的材料延性和抗破坏能力均得到增强,试件轴向应力是采用同种加载条件无围压SHPB试验时的1.2倍,破坏应变比无围压SHPB试验提高2～3倍,且径向应力随轴向应变增大总体呈上升趋势,试件破坏为压剪破坏模式,与无围压SHPB试验有所不同。     

不同升温-降温路径下中空圆柱饱和粉质黏土的热固结

利用自行研制的适用于中空圆柱体试样并可控制试样内、外边界温度的热固结试验装置,进行了一种饱和粉质黏土的热固结试验。温度路径包括试样内、外边界等温单级和多级升温-降温以及内、外边界不等温多级升温-降温,温度荷载的施加范围为25℃~75℃,围压为50 kPa、100 kPa、150 kPa、200 kPa四种情况。论文研究了不同升温-降温路径和不同固结压力条件下饱和粉质黏土的孔隙水压力和固结体应变随时间的演化规律,并对不同温度路径下的试验结果进行了比较。分析表明:同一温度路径下,围压越大,升温或降温所产生的最大归一化孔隙水压力的绝对值越小,固结体应变的大小与围压大小并不成单调关系;同一围压下,升温或降温幅度越大,所产生的最大归一化孔隙水压力的绝对值越大,相应的固结体应变也越大;经过不同温度路径升、降温到同一温度值,设置的温度等级越多,产生的体应变也就越大,并且相同温度等级路径,内、外等温的情况要比不等温情况产生的体应变大。     

Laboratory investigations on the mechanical properties degradation of granite under freeze-thaw cycles

To understand the deteriorate characteristics of granite in cold regions, the influences of freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties need to be investigated. The rock specimens (biotite granite from Tibet in China) were frozen and thawed in a temperature and humidity controlled container where the temperature varied from + 40 to − 40 °C and the humidity was kept at 100% continuously. The freeze-thaw tests were conducted for one cycle including 4 h of freezing and 4 h of thawing, and the number of cycles was from 0 to 150. The deterioration of the specimens was examined by the changes of strength, deformation characteristics, elastic modulus, cohesive strength and internal frictional angle in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The experimental results show that (1) the axial strain corresponding to the peak stress increases with an increasing of confining pressure and freeze-thaw cycles; (2) The compressive strength decayed exponentially with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, as well as elastic modulus and cohesive strength; (3) the internal frictional angle remained constant in the process of freeze-thaw cycles; (4) The interrelation among compressive strength, confining pressure and number of cycles can be described by Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion.     

Laboratory and theoretical investigations on the deformation and strength behaviors of artificial frozen soil

In order to study the mechanical characteristic of artificial frozen soils, such as strength, and stress-strain relationship, a series of triaxial compression tests of frozen sand has been conducted under confining pressures varying from 0.0 to 14.0 MPa with different water contents at − 6 °C. Frozen sand presents strain softening during shearing process under low confining pressures; but with increasing confining pressure, the strain softening decreases, and even presents strain hardening under high confining pressures. The strength of frozen sand is affected by water content and confining pressure. The strength with low water content always increases with increasing confining pressure; however, for frozen sand with a high water content, the strength experiences an increase followed by a decrease with increasing confining pressure. To describe the strength characteristic of frozen sand, the non-linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion, in which the generalized internal friction angle and cohesion under various confining pressures are obtained from experimental results, has been presented. The result shows that the non-linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion can reflect the decrease of strength of frozen sand under high confining pressures. The stress-strain relationships of frozen sand are represented by hyperbolic functions, which can describe both the strain hardening behavior of frozen sand under high confining pressure and the strain softening behavior under a low confining pressure.     

Fracture initiation in elastic brittle materials having non-linear fracture envelopes

A theory is outlined for determining the initiation of fracture and initial fracture propagation in elastic brittle materials having non-linear Mohr fracture envelopes. This theory is applied to a specific boundary value problem, i.e. a truncated quarter plane with arbitrary traction distribution on the truncated boundary and varying confining pressure. This problem simulates the chipping phase of the penetration of a wedge shaped tool into an elastic brittle material. Numerical results are obtained for two rock materials, Blair dolomite and quartzite. Results indicate that for increasing confining pressure, a limit condition is reached for both fracture initiation location and force. This limit location is closer to the boundary than the fracture initiation points at lower confining pressures, indicating smaller chips. It is also found that initial fracture propagation is less clearly defined at higher confining pressures. Both of these results have been observed experimentally.     

砂岩渗透性演化特性的孔隙率分布细观模拟分析

通过不同围压下的三轴渗透试验,获得砂岩全应力-应变过程中渗透率变化数据。基于试验结果,建立砂岩试件离散元颗粒流数值模型,模拟得到砂岩压缩变形过程中体应变、孔隙率分布和黏结断裂特征。考虑围压效应,从细观机制上解释了动态孔隙率分布对渗透性演化特性的影响。研究结果表明,低围压下砂岩出现贯通的剪切带,裂隙易张开,对渗流具有显著的促进作用。围压越高,砂岩试样的黏结断裂数量和范围越大,裂隙数量增多,但裂隙和孔洞也容易被压密,从而对渗流起抑制作用。贯通的张开裂隙会大幅增加渗透性,而曲折间断的张开裂隙只会小幅增加渗透性,周围被闭合裂隙和压密的孔洞包裹的完全孤立的张开裂隙则对渗透性贡献很小。     

渗透压循环加卸载作用下页岩渗透率演化规律研究

为研究页岩在渗透压循环加卸载作用下渗透率演化规律,利用改进的脉冲衰减气体渗透率测量装置对页岩进行不同围压、不同渗透压循环加卸载试验。试验结果表明:初始围压的大小会影响页岩的初始渗透率,初始围压越大初始渗透率越小;在定围压循环加卸载渗透压的过程中,渗透率随着渗透压的加载而增大,随着渗透压的卸载而减小;在同一渗透压加卸载循环中,加载阶段和卸载阶段的渗透率曲线不重合,且卸载阶段渗透率曲线位于加载阶段渗透率曲线的上方;对渗透率随渗透压循环加卸载的变化关系进行拟合,拟合结果符合二次函数关系,相关系数大于95%。     

三轴SHPB加载下砂岩力学特性和破坏模式的试验研究

利用改造的三轴SHPB动静组合加载实验装置,对均质砂岩进行了不同围压和不同应变率下的三轴冲击压缩试验,作为对比利用RMT-150C试验机也进行了部分准静态下的三轴压缩实验。根据实验结果,分析了围压对砂岩动态冲击性能的影响,并重点讨论了冲击过程中岩石的破坏模式。研究结果表明,在围压一定的情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度随应变率的提高而提高;在应变率相同的情况下,岩石的动态压缩强度和弹性模量会随着围压的增大而增大。岩石发生破坏的临界入射能,随着围压的增大而增大。岩石单位体积吸收能与应变率之间呈线性递增关系,而且递增的程度随着围压的增加而增加。三轴冲击加载下,应变率较低时岩石内部形成压剪破裂面但整体不失稳,应变率很大时岩石破碎形成锥形块体形式。     

含显著沉积弱面砂岩加卸荷破坏试验研究

层状岩体加卸荷条件下的各向异性规律对于指导工程设计、施工具有重要意义。对含显著沉积弱面的水平、垂直层理的宜昌砂岩加载、卸载破坏的试验研究表明:1) 水平、垂直层理砂岩回弹值、纵波波速与强度存在一定的相关性,其基本规律是回弹值或者纵波波速越大,岩体强度越大;2) 无论采用加载还是卸载破坏方式,相同围压下,垂直层理岩体的强度一般大于水平层理岩体;3) 无论是水平还是垂直层理岩体,卸荷破坏峰值强度在低围压下高于加载破坏强度,而高围压下低于加载破坏强度;4) 该文试验条件下,加卸载破坏形式主要是剪切破坏,根据Mohr-Coulomb准则预测的破坏角和实测值非常接近,水平和垂直层理岩体加卸载破坏的破裂面并未受到沉积弱面的影响。     

主动围压下岩石爆炸动态响应数值模拟

针对深部岩石在爆破作用下的失效机理和破坏过程,基于ANSYS/LSDYNA软件,在水平方向和竖直方向进行围压约束来模拟岩石受到的地应力作用。选取单向围压、等值双向围压和非等值双向围压对中心孔爆破下岩石动态响应进行研究。将数值模拟结果与模型实验结果对比,分析爆炸应力波的传播过程,并讨论了不同围压约束对爆炸后裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,初始围压作用对爆炸应力波的传播影响较小;初始围压会抑制爆破裂纹扩张;竖直方向围压主要抑制水平方向裂纹扩张,水平方向围压主要抑制竖直方向裂纹扩张。     

围压作用下煤岩材料超声致裂规律研究

当超声波在煤岩固体材料中传播时,受其机械效应,煤岩基质固体颗粒间相互作用。从超声波的机械效应角度结合断裂力学,对围压影响的超声激励破岩机制进行探讨,利用 RFPA2D 岩石破裂过程分析系统对超声激励不同围压下煤岩致裂过程进行了数值试验验证。研究表明：围压降低了煤岩内部裂纹的断裂强度因子,改变裂纹尖端应力场;围压对煤岩破裂具有抑制作用,在相同功率超声作用下,围压越大,超声激励碎岩程度越低;数值实验表明,随着围压增加,超声致裂煤岩影响区域逐渐减小,煤岩破坏形式由低围压下的张拉和剪切破坏共同作用逐渐向高围压下单一剪切破坏过渡。相同有效声压作用下,煤岩破裂过程中主应力随煤岩围压升高而增大。     

Study on energy properties and failure behaviors of heat-treated granite under static and dynamic compression

Abstract

The material testing machine and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were adopted, respectively, to conduct the static and dynamic compression tests on granite specimens heat treated by different temperatures. The effects of strain rate and heat-treatment temperature on the mechanism of energy evolution of the specimen during deformation and failure process were studied. The results show a significant strain rate effect on the granite, with the energy dissipation density increasing with increasing impact velocity (or strain rate), regardless of the treatment temperature. The specimens heat treated at 300?°C and 700?°C have the minimum and maximum energy dissipation densities, respectively. The specimen in the SHPB tests easily broke into pieces or even powder; while under static compression, only macroscopic fracture surfaces and spalling phenomenon on the specimen were detected. The energy dissipation density is inversely proportional to the compressive strength of the specimen. The rate of energy dissipation change is defined, which can be used to identify the stages in the deformation process of rock and to determine the position of the failure point in the stress-strain curve. For both the dynamic and static compression tests, the value of energy utilization ratio is relatively low, with a maximum value of about 35%.     

围压下岩石的冲击力学行为及动态统计损伤本构模型研究

采用改进后具有主动围压加载装置的f100mm 分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,研究了斜长角闪岩在不同围压等级(0MPa~6MPa)和不同应变率(50s-1~170s-1)下的冲击压缩力学性能。试验结果表明:在相同围压下,斜长角闪岩的动态抗压强度随应变率的增加而近似线性增加,动态增长因子与应变率的对数呈近似线性关系,体现了显著的应变率相关性;在同等级应变率范围内,随着围压的增加,岩石的增强效果逐渐增强,显现出较强的围压效应。采用组合建模的方法,将统计损伤模型和粘弹性模型相结合,建立了基于Weibull 分布的动态损伤本构模型。验证发现,修正后的模型曲线和试验曲线吻合较好,表明所构建本构模型是合理的,可为进一步研究和工程应用提供一定的参考。     

主动围压下岩石爆炸动态响应数值模拟

针对深部岩石在爆破作用下的失效机理和破坏过程,基于ANSYS/LSDYNA软件,在水平方向和竖直方向进行围压约束来模拟岩石受到的地应力作用。选取单向围压、等值双向围压和非等值双向围压对中心孔爆破下岩石动态响应进行研究。将数值模拟结果与模型实验结果对比,分析爆炸应力波的传播过程,并讨论了不同围压约束对爆炸后裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,初始围压作用对爆炸应力波的传播影响较小;初始围压会抑制爆破裂纹扩张;竖直方向围压主要抑制水平方向裂纹扩张,水平方向围压主要抑制竖直方向裂纹扩张。     

三向应力状态下混凝土强度和变形特性研究

对设计强度为１０MPa的混凝土立方体试件进行三轴压缩试验,系统研究了等围压条件下混凝土的强 度和变形特性,围压分别为０,４,８,１２,１６MPa５个量级;同时研究了不等围压条件下混凝土强度变化特性, 试验表明,随着围压增加,混凝土的极限抗压强度有明显增强的趋势;随着小主应力的增加,中主应力的影响 有减弱的趋势;峰值应力处应变随围压增加幅度显著。得出了在不同恒定围压下混凝土的应力应变全过程曲线; 通过与当前文献资料的对比分析,指出了在混凝土结构计算中适用的强度及变形表达式,为工程实践提供了 依据。     

冲击荷载下花岗岩残积土的滞回曲线特征与损伤定量评价

为评价冲击荷载下花岗岩残积土的损伤发展规律,基于不同振幅(A=100~400 kPa)、频率(f=3~15 Hz)和围压(σ'3=50~500 kPa)下室内循环冲击试验得到滞回曲线的形态特征,提出4个反映试样在冲击荷载下的能量消耗、损伤程度、刚度衰减和塑性应变发展特性的定量结构损伤参数:累积耗散能量E N、累积损伤度d N、刚度退化度δN和残余塑性应变εN。借助各参数的演化规律和相互关系实现了冲击损伤的定量评价,并提出试样的损伤与破坏机理。结果表明,高振幅(A=400 kPa)、低频及超高频(f=3或15 Hz)的冲击荷载作用下E N增长迅速,试样的d N较大。相同频率和围压下高振幅试样的d N为低振幅试样(A=200 kPa)的9.5倍,同等条件下高频和超高频试样的d N也比中等频率(f=10 Hz)试样的d N高出24%。更高的损伤度引起试样刚度衰减更加严重,发生破坏试样的δN普遍超过0.65。这进一步导致试样εN快速发展,最终产生破坏。高围压(σ'3=500 kPa)下试样能量耗散慢,d N较小,δN仅为低围压(σ'3=50 kPa)的13%,因此抵抗冲击变形的能力也增强。根据试验结果指出,冲击荷载下试样的变形与破坏实质上是冲击能量耗散引起的土体结构损伤,从而导致的刚度衰减进而产生宏观塑形变形累积的综合体现。工程中应尽可能避免采用高振幅与低频率及超高频率荷载冲击土体,必要时可通过挤密加固土体有效防范冲击荷载的危害。研究有助于深化冲击破坏机理的理解,为我国花岗岩残积土地层的施工与设计提供技术指导。