玉米SSR连锁图谱构建及抗纹枯病基因定位

以玉米自交系R15 (抗)×4 78(感)的F2 分离群体(2 2 9个单株)为作图群体,构建了包含14 6个SSR标记位点的遗传连锁图谱,覆盖玉米基因组16 6 6cM ,平均图距11.4cM。通过麦粒嵌入法对2 2 9个F2∶4 家系进行人工接种纹枯病菌,并采用相对病斑高(绝对病斑高除以穗位高)划分病级标准进行玉米纹枯病的抗性鉴定。应用复合区间作图法分析抗病QTL(数量性状基因座位)及遗传效应。结果共检测到6个抗性QTL ,分别位于第2、6、10染色体上,与标记Umc2 110、Bnlg16 0 6、Umc2 110、Bnlg15 38、Umc12 5 7和Phi0 5 4连锁,各自可解释表型变异的10 35 %、4 0 9%、8 33%、5 18%、5 12 %和4 18%。这些抗性QTL与控制株高和穗位高的基因之间表现为独立遗传。     

不同对虾种间共用微卫星DNA引物的研究

采用已发表的斑节对虾的30对微卫星引物,对部分微卫星引物在中国对虾、凡纳对虾、日本对虾中的通用性进行了研究。通过所建立的降温PCR(Touchdown PCR)方法对3种对虾的DNA进行PCR扩增,筛选出3对引物在3种对虾中均能产生清晰谱带。根据上述结果适当调整PCR反应体系中各试剂的量及反应条件,达到了理想的结果。利用这3对引物对3种对虾进行遗传标记分析,结果显示,PCR扩增产物条带清晰,特异性强,每对引物在3种对虾间扩增出的特异性片段大小几乎一致。研究表明,3种对虾基因组间存在一定程度的相似性,引物W15-16、W21-22和W45-46可直接应用于中国对虾、凡纳对虾、日本对虾、斑节对虾分子标记的基因组比较作图,也为图谱克隆法提供了新的思路。     

太空诱变玉米核不育基因的SSR作图

为研究太空诱变玉米核不育材料的不育基因所在位点,以雄性不育材料03SRP9×S37(自交系)的F2代群体作为育性调查和SSR作图群体,用玉米第3染色体3.06位点的37对SSR引物进行差异筛选,结果表明分子标记umc1674,umc2076,umc1644,dupssr17,bnlg197,umc2271,umc1951和bnlg1047与不育基因表现为连锁遗传,进一步将不育基因定位在分子标记umc2076和umc1674之间,遗传距离分别为4.4 cM和3.7 cM,并以此为基础构建了核不育基因区间的遗传连锁图,为下一步克隆该基因奠定了基础.     

中国对虾人工选育快速生长群体不同世代间的AFLP分析

利用7对AFLP引物组合检测了中国对虾连续五代选育群体基因组DNA的遗传结构,根据AFLP分析结果计算了选育世代群体间的遗传相似系数和遗传距离.结果表明,AFLP标记表现出较高的多态检测效率,7对引物共产生500余条带,平均每对引物组合检测到33.7个多态性标记,平均杂合度为0.0854～0.1025,非常适合于遗传多样性分析.结果显示,随着选育世代的增加,选育群体的遗传多样性呈现下降趋势,但随着选育时间的延长,群体之间的分化逐渐降低,群体的遗传结构开始趋于稳定,成为一个品系.     

水产生物技术发展战略研究

本文从水产养殖生物基因组测序、遗传连锁图谱绘制、重要经济性状相关分子标记/基因筛选、基因组编辑、基因组选择以及细胞培养与种质冷冻保存等方面综合介绍了水产生物技术的发展现状,并深入分析了水产生物技术研究中存在的主要问题,诸如基因功能分析平台不完善,抗病与性控育种技术研究滞后,基因组编辑与全基因组选择技术刚刚起步等。同时,围绕上述主要问题,提出了水产生物技术亟待突破的关键技术,并建议"十三五"期间设立重点研究计划专项,深入开展水产动物基因组资源开发与利用、重要经济性状遗传解析以及水产生物信息大数据平台构建等。     

利用AFLP技术分析中国明对虾的韩国南海种群和养殖群体的遗传差异

利用AFLP技术对新发现的中国明对虾的一个地理种群——韩国南海种群（SP）和中国明对虾的养殖群体（CP）进行了遗传分析。每个群体随机取样30个,5对AFLP引物获得326个位点。其中SP多态位点比例（P0.99）46.93％,Shannon多样性指数（Ⅰ）0．1884,Nei（1978）基因多样性指数（h）0．1197,群体差异性位点9个,占检测位点总数的2．7％。CP多态位点比例（R9q）51．84％,Shannon多样性指数（Ⅰ）0．1954,Nei（1978）基因多样性指数（h）0．1229,群体差异性位点19个,占检测位点总数的5．8％。SP种群各项遗传参数都低干CP种群。两个群体的非偏差遗传相似度和遗传距离分别为0．9899和0．0102。利用中国明对虾的韩国南海种群和养殖群体杂交可以获得新的种质资源,这将为获得最大变异数量性状表型和基因多样性的产生提供可能。     

黄渤海中国对虾6个地理群的遗传结构及其遗传分化

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对黄渤海水域6个地理群(包括辽东湾、渤海湾、海州湾、乳山湾、海洋岛渔场及朝鲜半岛西海岸群)的中国对虾共114个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。筛选的13个随机引物共检测到96个位点(200～2500bp),利用Popgene Version 1．31、TFPGA以及ARLEQUIN软件中的AMOVA进行分析。结果表明：中国对虾多态位点为25．00％～34．38％,Shannon信息指数(H0)为0．1476～0．1852,并按朝鲜半岛西海岸-乳山湾-海州湾-渤海湾-辽东湾-海洋岛渔场群顺序呈递减趋势;有超过3／4的遗传变异来自群体内;无论是遗传分化指数Gst、UPGMA聚类分析还是AMOVA群体间遗传分化ФST分析等,均证实中国对虾群体间存在着一定程度的遗传分化,即除RSB和HZB两群间的遗传分化很弱外(Gst=0．032、ФST=0．0255),其余任意两群间的遗传分化达中等(Gst、ФST值均为0．05～0．15)或大的水平(Gst、ФST值均为O．15～O．25)。     

应用微卫星标记研究西藏野生二棱大麦的遗传多样性及地理分化

用来自大麦7个连锁群不同位置的35个SSR标记研究了西藏不同地区的50份野生二棱大麦(H．spontaneum)的遗传多样性及地理分化。结果表明：SSR的多态性高，其多态性DNA片段比例达97．44％；每个SSR位点检测到l～14个等位变异(4．04个／位点)；西藏山南地区的遗传多样性和等位变异数最高，分别为0．4933和3．35。变异的1．08％～37．54％(平均为13．09％)是由于地区的差异引起，表现出一定程度的地理分化。最后，讨论了SSR引物的选择及SSR标记的可靠性和西藏野生大麦的起源问题。推测西藏山南地区可能是西藏野生二棱大麦的起源中心，也是西藏野生大麦和中国栽培大麦的起源中心。     

利用RFLP,AFLP标记构建水稻分子连锁图

用两个籼稻品种Ｈ３５９和Ａｃｃ８５５８杂交衍生的重组自交系（ＲＩ,Ｆ７代,１３１个系）群体,构建了一个密度较高、分子标记分布较均匀的分子连锁图。该图全距１３８０．１ｃＭ,包括１４７个ＲＦＬＰ和７８个ＡＦＬＰ标记,标记间的平均距离为６．１ｃＭ。在ＡＦＬＰ分析中,采用５信ＰｓｔＩ／ＭｓｅＩ的引物组合,总共产生了７８个ＡＦＬＰ标记,分布在所有的１２条染色体上,平均每个引物组合产生１５．６个ＡＦＬＰ标记,     

RAPD标记在中国对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis单对交配亲本及其子一代的分离方式

利用RAPD标记对中国对虾单对交配亲本及其子一代 (全同胞家系 )的分离方式进行了研究。 10 0个RAPD随机引物扩增结果的统计分析表明 ,标记在F1代的分离方式可归为 3类 ,即符合孟德尔遗传比例、偏离孟德尔遗传比例和异常分离。符合孟德尔遗传的情况又包括 :不分离 ,亲本均有而在子代不分离的标记 (代表了亲本基因型的 3种组合 :AA×AA、AA×Aa、Aa×AA)和亲本中呈多态而在子代中不分离的标记 (代表了亲本基因型的 2种组合 :AA×aa、aa×AA) ;亲本中呈多态而在子代中 1∶1分离 (代表了亲本基因型的 2种组合 :Aa×aa、aa×Aa) ;亲本均有而在子代中 3∶1分离 (代表了亲本基因型的 1种组合 :Aa×Aa)。偏分离的标记包括 ,亲本中呈多态而在子代中偏离 1∶1分离的标记和亲本均有而在子代中偏离 3∶1分离的标记。异常分离的标记为在F1代出现双亲均不具备的标记。 3种分离位点出现的频率分别为 89.3% ,7.4 %和 2 .8%。其中呈 1∶1和 3∶1孟德尔分离规律的位点占分离位点总数的 6 9.5 %。母本特有标记和父本特有标记中符合孟德尔分离 (1∶1)分别占分离位点总数的 2 7.8%和 19.5 %。本研究结果证明RAPD标记结合“双假测交构想”构建中国对虾遗传连锁图谱的可行性     

大豆灰斑病1号生理小种抗性基因的RAPD标记

以高抗品种东农９６７４为父本,以高感品种东农８７－１０４为母本,杂交得到Ｆ２代群体。该群体经人工接种灰斑病１号生理小种后,分别从抗、感材料中取１５株的叶片提取ＤＮＡ组成抗,感池,用８２０个１０ｍｅｒ随机引物进行ＲＡＰＤ多态性分析,其中３个引物在抗,感池间出现稳定的多态性标记ＯＰＫ０３８４０,ＯＰＭ１７１７００,ＯＰＯ１０９５０,并在Ｆ２代个体中表现出抗性与多态性标记协同分离的趋势,这三个标记与抗性     

水稻细菌性条斑病抗性基因定位

以高感和高抗细菌性条斑病（细条病）的两个籼稻品种Ｈ３５９和Ａｃｃ８５５８为亲本，建立了一个重且自交系群体。利用该群体构建了一张包含２２５个分子标记的连锁图。１９９６年和１９９７连续两年对该群体进行了细条病抗性鉴定。采用ｔ测验法、复合区间定位法及多性状复合区间定位法对细条病抗性基因（ＱＴＬ）进行了定位分析。共检测出１１个ＱＴＬ，分别位位于第１、２、３、４、５、７、８和１１号染色体上，效应大小彼此接近     

RP2基因的连锁分析定位

为寻找视网膜色素变性相关基因ＲＰ２所在的染色体位点，采用染色体ＸＰ２１．１－Ｐ１１．２区段的８个微卫星ＤＮＡ樯记。，对Ｘ－连锁ＲＰ家系进行连锁分析。     

On generalising scientometric journal mapping beyond ISI's journal and citation databases

This article presents results of a study on the applicability of journal mapping of knowledge domains beyond the databases produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). The utility and validity of this generalisation is discussed with an emphasis on its added value in comparison to traditional ISI-based journal maps, i.e. those restricted to (predominantly English-language) ISI-covered journals, and journal-to-journal citation data retrieved from ISI'sJournal Citation Reports. The mapping methodology was applied to Manufacturing technology and management — a multidisciplinary domain situated on the interface of science and technology. TheInternational Journal of Production Economics was singled out as a special case for the validation study of the maps. Results of this study, involving several subject experts, indicate that a journal content-based map was not only far superior to the journal citation map, but also outperformed the map derived from the combination of both types of data. The selection of periodicals from other databases such as COMPENDEX produced a substantial number of additional titles of which only half were also covered by ISI.     

Mass spectrometry imaging of small molecules using desorption/ionization on silicon

Development of novel tools to image spatial distribution of small molecules in biological samples is essential in disease diagnosis and biomarker discovery. To simplify sample preparation and reduce background noise in the low-mass region, we describe here the use of a matrix-free mass spectrometric imaging method, i.e., desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), for biological surface analysis. The imaging parameters, such as the laser beam diameter and the translation stage movement, were studied and optimized to improve imaging performance. The use of DIOS imaging to map small molecules on mouse liver tissues was demonstrated. In addition, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and propidium iodide (PI) were used as the cell membrane and nucleus markers, respectively, to "visualize" the presence of HEK 293 cells. The reconstructed ion maps of PC and PI were compared with the optical images collected from the same sample using bright-field and fluorescence microscopy. A good correlation of the spatial distribution of cells confirmed the validity of this DIOS imaging approach.     

棉花高强纤维主效QTL的遗传稳定性及它的分子标记辅助选择效果

从1个棉属野生种异常棉（G.anomalum）基因渐渗的优质纤维种质系7235中筛选出1个高强纤维的主效QTL,利用7235做亲本杂交的四个不同世代组合的243个单株为材料,用2个RAPD标记FSR1933和RSF41047和1个SSR标记FSS1130研究这一高强纤维主效QTL的遗传稳定性及分子标记辅助选择的效果。研究证明这3个分子标记标记的QTL在不同遗传背景、不同分离世代遗传稳定,经多代自交或回交后,有／无标记个体平均纤维强度的差数变化不大,QTL的效应稳定;用2个RAPD标记筛选后,有／无标记个体的平均纤维强度分别为25．68cN/tex//24.03/03cN/txe和26．14cN/tex//23.66cN/tex,差异均达极显著水平。1个SSR标记筛选后,纯合有标记个体的平均纤维强度为25．94cN/tex,无标记个体的平均纤维强度24．03cN/tex,差异也达极显著水平;杂合基因型个体的平均纤维强度为24．04cN/tex,与另两类基因型的差异不显著。本研究证明仅利用我们鉴定出的1个主效QTL进行分子标记辅助选择提高棉花纤维强度也是有效的。     

Emission of airborne fibers from mechanically impacted asbestos-cement sheets and concentration of fibrous aerosol in the home environment in Upper Silesia, Poland

The emission rate ((S)) of fibers released from asbestos-cement plates due to mechanical impact was determined experimentally. The emission rate has been defined as a number of fibers (F) emitted from a unit area (m(2)) due to the unit impact energy (J). For fiber longer than 5 microm the obtained surface emission factor for asbestos-cement slabs slightly increased with deteriorating surface, changing from 2.7 x 10(3) F/(m(2)J) for samples with a very good surface to 6.9 x 10(3) F/(m(2)J) for the sample with worn surface (in the SI system the emission rate unit should be (m(-2)J(-1))). The emission rate for short fibers (L < or = 5 microm) was little higher compared with emission of long fibers for all studied asbestos materials. The averaged emission rate for all studied samples was about 5000 and 6000 of long and short fibers, respectively, emitted per square meter (because of the impact energy equal to 1J). The dominating population of emitted fibers ranged from 2 to around 8 microm in length. The second part of this work constitutes the report on the concentration of airborne respirable fibers, and their length distribution in two different groups of homes in Upper Silesia, Poland. Mean concentration level of the respirable fibers, longer than 5 microm, was found to be 850 F/m(3) (according to the SI system the fiber concentration unit is (m(-3))) in the buildings covered with asbestos-cement sheets and 280 F/m(3) in the homes without asbestos-containing facades, located away from other asbestos sources. Although the laboratory and field measurements have been made by using the MIE Laser Fiber Monitor FM-7400 only, the obtained results indicate that the outdoor asbestos-cement building facades are significant sources of airborne fibers inside the dwellings in Upper Silesian towns.     

Two-dimensional correlation analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomics data

Two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis has been used in this study to identify changes in complex nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabonomics spectra of rat urine samples obtained during a study in which vasculitis (vascular injury), an important safety element in preclinical trials, was induced. Two types of correlation analysis were performed, along the variables and along the samples, and both 2D covariance and correlation coefficient maps were calculated. The binned and 'raw' NMR spectra were analyzed (0.04 and 0.001 ppm resolution, respectively). Good correlation was found among the major peaks of the binned spectra, and two groups of samples were identified using sample-sample 2D correlation maps. Much more complex correlation features were obtained from the 'raw' spectra, in which the specific, butterfly-like patterns were obtained in the covariance map but with only a few significant correlation coefficients in the corresponding 2D correlation maps. In terms of classification, the same group of the last nine spectra that indicated the end of the process and clustered in the 2D sample-sample covariance map of the binned data was also found in the 2D sample-sample covariance map of the raw NMR spectra but, again, not in the 2D correlation coefficient map. A discussion is given on the details of the application of the correlation analysis with regard to spectral data resolution, alignment, the effect of actual intensities of the NMR signal, and reference to various results from 2D correlation analysis of vibrational spectra.     

AFLP技术在水生动物遗传学研究中的应用及前景展望

综述了AFLP技术在水生动物遗传多样性、亲子代遗传关系、遗传图谱构建及功能基因相关分子标记、主效基因筛选等方面的应用，并简要介绍了AFLP技术发展及其在水生动物遗传学研究中的应用前景。     

Investigation of the elastic/crystallographic anisotropy of welds for improved ultrasonic inspections

Ultrasonic inspection is an effective way of ensuring the initial and continued integrity of welded joints non-destructively. The accuracy of the technique can be compromised due to spatial variations in the anisotropy of the material stiffness in the weld region. Predicted in-plane weld stiffness maps can be used to correct the ultrasound paths for improved results, but these are based on several assumptions about the weld material. This study has examined the validity of these assumptions and provided detailed weld metal grain orientation maps from which a stiffness map has been calculated for an Inconel 600 weld. Good agreement was found except near the boundaries of the weld. Further it was found that the crystal growth (most compliant) direction was typically oriented around 14.5° out of plane towards the welding direction. Having validated the model, a comparison of predicted and calculated stiffness maps was made. The predicted map was found to be satisfactory over the majority of the weld area.