环形孔径高斯光束的远场特征

讨论环形孔径高斯光束的远场光斑能量分布，并给出拟合表达式。首先推导光束没有拌动时远场光斑的光能分布表达式，然后研究各种不同中心遮拦和不同光束截断比。在有以及没有激光束拌动的情况下，对高斯光束的远场环围能量分布变化的影响。     

复宗量双曲正弦高斯光束的传输特性

对复宗量双曲正弦高斯(EshG)光束的一些基本特性进行了研究。由Collins公式出发推导出了光束通过近轴ABCD光学系统传输的场分布函数,根据二阶矩的定义和光束在近轴ABCD光学系统中的传输公式推导出了光束通过近轴ABCD光学系统光斑尺寸的解析表达式。得到了复宗量双曲正弦高斯光束在自由空间传输时束腰宽度和位置的解析表达式以及M2因子的表达式。对光强分布、光斑尺寸、束腰宽度及其位置和M2因子进行了数值计算,并对计算结果作了分析。本文所得结果具有广泛的意义,因为正弦高斯光束、双曲正弦高斯光束和复宗量正弦高斯光束均可视为其特例。     

激光通道传输热效应仿真

采用数值计算方法分析了高能激光在光束控制器内部传输所产生的热效应及其对激光远场光斑的影响。结果表明,对于较高激光能量,光速控制传输通道中的激光热效应不容忽视,它会明显影响光束控制系统的发射性能,降低远场目标处的激光能量集中度,并使光斑产生较严重的畸变。     

H-S波前传感器在测量光束质量因子M 2中的应用

仿真研究了H－S测量M^2因子等光束质量指标的全过程和可行性。结果表明，由H－S测量的圆形光束的M^2因子值与原始光束的M^2因子值基本相当，有很好的一致性。由此认为，H-2S除了可以评价远场测量系统探测得到的光斑的各种量，比如PSF，OTF，衍射极限，环围能量等远场特性，而且还可以从M^2因子来说明光束质量的特性。     

一种新型的激光远场光斑直接测量技术

激光远场光斑测量对描述激光束的远场性能,评价激光器以及系统的实际工作性能具有重要意义。通过比较激光光斑远场直接测量与间接测量的优缺点,提出使用单片机控制的探测器阵列进行远场光斑直接测量。分析了数据传输、光电转换单元等关键技术,给出了主要程序的框图。该系统采用由上位计算机、主单片机和下位单片机构成的分布式结构,能够测量激光光斑大小、形状、总能量、能量分布等参数,可适用于单脉冲至几百赫兹、中高能量以下的激光器,并且测量精度高。     

激光光斑能量分布的三维伪彩色可视化方法

人眼对不同灰度级的分辨能力非常有限,但对色彩却相当敏感,能区分有不同亮度、色度和饱和度的成千上万种颜色。根据人眼视觉的这个特点,提出了一种激光光斑能量分布的三维伪彩色可视化方法。该方法利用伪彩色技术将激光光斑的256级灰度图像变换为连续变化的伪彩色图像,通过空间灰度插值运算将离散的图像数据生成光斑的彩色三维模型,实现激光光斑能量分布结构的三维可视化,以反映光斑不同区域能量分布的相对大小和位置,并可以通过3D坐标变换进一步方便人们从各个角度观察激光的能量分布。这为光束质量的评判提供了重要依据。     

焦区附近球形粒子对高斯光束的弹性散射

本文应用复源球面波理论,将高斯光束场按矢量球波函数展开,对高斯光束入射到单个球形粒子上时的弹性散射问题进行了理论分折。并对球形粒子在波束传播轴上时的远场散射光强角分布进行了数值计算,同时还与平面波散射的结果进行了比较。     

激光光束平行漂移对聚焦光斑位置影响的理论分析

本文引入象差函数分析聚焦激光光学系统焦点附近的光强分布。推导出了激光光束平行漂移对聚焦光斑位置影响的公式。分析表明,平行漂移将使聚焦光斑产生纵向焦移和横向焦移,其大小取决于光束平移量ρ_0,球差系数S_1,出瞳半径a以及高斯参考球的半球R_0。     

涡旋光束轨道角动量在大气湍流传输下的特性分析

从拉盖尔-高斯涡旋光束表达式出发,基于瑞利衍射理论,通过研究涡旋光束在大气湍流中传输时的旋转相干函数的变化规律,总结了涡旋光束在大气湍流中传输时各轨道角动量之间的串扰情况,使用了拓扑荷数探测概率描述串扰规律,并推导了拓扑荷数探测概率的解析表达式。研究了涡旋光束通过湍流后的拓扑荷数的分布情况,并将结果与涡旋光束通过大气随机相位屏的数值仿真结果进行了对比,给出了理论与仿真的拓扑荷数的探测概率随湍流强度以及初始涡旋光束拓扑荷数大小的关系图对比,验证了推导的拓扑荷数探测概率解析表达式的正确性。通过该表达式可进一步研究大气湍流与涡旋光束相互作用从而影响涡旋光束轨道角动量散射的本质,为涡旋光束的空间光通信中选择合适的拓扑荷数间隔,以及在不同湍流强度下选择合适束腰大小以减少串扰带来的误码率提供了理论依据。     

提高随机位相板能量利用率的研究

首次提出了菱形形位相元结构的随机位相板，用衍射理论分析了经这种随机位相板变换后的激光在远场的光斑特性。结果表明其能量利用率高于其它随机位相板用面阵ＣＣＤ记录的远场光斑，经计算机处理后得到的光斑包络与数值计算结果一致。     

Aberration limits for annular Gaussian beams for optical storage

Annularly apodized beams have been suggested for use in optical storage because of their potential to go beyond the conventional spot size and depth-of-focus limits. One concern for such applications is the effects of small aberrations on beams in which the energy is concentrated in a small annular ring. We present calculations and experimental results that show that annular apodization of a Gaussian beam reduces the sensitivity to defocus as well as balanced spherical and coma aberrations. The sensitivity to astigmatism is increased by a small amount.     

Near- and far-field properties of annular CO(2) waveguide lasers

The theoretical and experimental investigation of field properties of annular waveguide lasers with a Fabry-Perot resonator is presented. Oscillation with high azimuthal mode order leads to an annular intensity distribution in the far field with almost linear dependence of the annular diameter on the mode order. Low-order fields form a distinct focal spot in the far field. A laser device with a discharge area of 6-cm diameter and 53-cm length yields an output power of 600 W.     

Analysis of dark spot formation in absorbing liquid media

Abstract

A theoretical analysis based on coupled field-matter equations is given to describe the recently observed phenomenon of a central dark spot formation of a Gaussian beam transmitted through an absorbing defocusing liquid medium. We find that such a pattern formation, which is accompanied by normal defocusing rings in the far field, originates from interplay between the wave-front curvature of the Gaussian beam and strong spatial self-phase medulation arising from thermally induced refractive index change in the medium. Results of numerical analysis for a thin medium are shown to be in a good quantitative agreement with our experimental findings. Further, the dark spot formation is also predicted by using a focused Gaussian beam and self-focusing medium.     

Analytical investigation into the powder distribution and laser beam-powder flow interaction in laser direct energy deposition with a continuous coaxial nozzle

The powder distribution and interaction between the laser beam and powder flow affect the deposition quality during the process of laser direct energy deposition with a continuous coaxial nozzle. In this paper, some key analytical formulae related to the laser beam-powder flow interaction are comprehensively deduced and validated. The powder distribution formulae for different regions are first established considering the divergence angles of powder jet. The energy attenuation formulae of laser beam passing through the powder flow are derived considering the change of powder distribution from annular to circular Gaussian modes. The temperature formulae of powder particles passing through the laser beam are derived based on a proposed temperature formula with the solid-liquid phase transition, and the powder temperature is also further analyzed. These formulae are validated by published deposition examples and used to analyze the laser beam-powder flow interaction.     

Near-field anomalous spectral behavior in diffraction of a Gaussian pulsed beam from an annular aperture

Based on the Fresnel diffraction integral and by introducing a hard-aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, the approximate analytical expression for the near-field spectral intensity distribution of a space-time-dependent Gaussian pulsed beam passing through an annular aperture is derived, which permits us to study the on- and off-axis spectral anomalies that are near phase singularities of the diffracted Gaussian pulsed beam in the near-field. The expressions for a circular black screen and a circular aperture are given as special cases of the general results. The relative spectral shift of a space-time-dependent Gaussian pulsed beam versus the different values of the truncation parameters and the position parameters of observation points are also studied and illustrated with numerical calculations. It is shown that the spectral switch appears near phase singularities in the near-field, and the near-field spectral behavior depends on the truncation parameters, the pulse duration tau, and the position parameter. The results of this work have potential applications in free-space information encoding and transmission.     

Log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of higher-order annular laser beams in a turbulent medium

Log-amplitude and phase-correlation and structure functions of higher-order annular laser beams in a turbulent atmosphere are derived. A higher-order annular beam source is defined as the superposition of two different higher-order Hermite-Gaussian beams. A special case of such an excitation is the annular Gaussian beam in which two beams operate at fundamental modes of different Gaussian beam sizes, yielding a doughnut-shaped (annular) beam when the second beam is subtracted from the first beam. Our formulation utilizes Rytov approximation, which makes it applicable in the weak-turbulence regime, especially for log-amplitude fluctuations. Limiting cases of our formulations correctly match with known higher-order-mode solutions that in turn reduce to the Gaussian-beam-wave (TEM00-mode) results. Our results can be applied to determine the scintillation index and the phase fluctuations in free-space optics links under higher-order annular laser beam excitation. Except for the numerical evaluation of a specific example covering an annular Gaussian beam, the results in general are left in integral form and need to be numerically evaluated in detail to obtain quantitative results.     

Coherence effects in Mie scattering

The scattering of a partially coherent beam by a deterministic, spherical scatterer is studied. In particular, the Mie scattering by a Gaussian Schell-model beam is analyzed. Expressions are derived for (a) the extinguished power, (b) the radiant intensity of the scattered field, and (c) the encircled energy in the far field. It is found that the radiant intensity and the encircled energy in the far field depend on the degree of coherence of the incident beam, whereas the extinguished power does not.     

Fading statistics for intersatellite optical communication

The narrow beam widths associated with intersatellite optical communication links make such links susceptible to signal fading because of pointing jitter. Such fading can be aggravated by stationary offsets in pointing. We calculated the fade rates for the case of two spaceborne telescopes having Gaussian beam profiles, a pointing offset, and pointing jitter that can be described by Gaussian statistics. An integral solution is derived for the general case of a nonsymmetrical system, with and without pointing bias, and closed-form solutions are presented for the case of a symmetrical system (identical platforms and optics). These results show that, for a system with 3-dB margin, the rms pointing jitter must be held to less than 7% of the full beam width to keep the fade rate below once per year.     

Spectral shifts and spectral switches of a pulsed Gaussian beam from a rectangular aperture in the far field

The far-field anomalous spectral behaviours of a space–time-dependent Gaussian pulsed beam passing through a rectangular aperture are studied. By expanding a hard aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions and starting from the Fresnel diffraction integral, the approximate analytical expression for the spectral intensity of a space–time-dependent Gaussian pulsed beam passing through a rectangular aperture is derived. Meanwhile, the corresponding closed-forms for the slit and the unapertured cases are also given as special cases of the general results. The red and blue shifts and the spectral intensity distribution are studied and illustrated with numerical calculations. Specifically, it is shown that the spectral switch takes place when the truncation parameter is equal to particular values or the observation position is at the critical diffraction angle. The possibility of tunable spectral switching in the far field with an apertured pulsed beam by varying the size of the rectangular aperture is highlighted.