原料以及制备条件对水性中间相产率和性能的影响

以煤沥青和石油生焦为原料,以浓硝酸和浓硫酸混合物为氧化剂,对炭原原料性能与水性中间相的产率之间的关系以及工艺地水性中间相产率的影响进行了研究,利用ＦＴ－ＩＲ光谱对不同工艺下制的水性中间柏进行了表征。结果表明原料和工艺条件对水性中间相的性能有较大影响。     

由沥青制备炭基凝胶的研究

以煤焦油沥青为原料,经过氧化、碱溶制备出水性中间相沥青,着重考察了制备条件对水性中间相沥青在水相中凝胶化的影响。结果表明：氧化温度、浓度和溶胶的pH值对水性中间相沥青的凝胶化有影响;水性中间相沥青（AMP）可以在较宽的pH值范围内形成凝胶。在碱性条件下,氧化温度降低、pH值升高和AMP浓度提高均可缩短炭基凝胶的凝胶时间;以强酸为絮凝剂在酸性条件下水性中间相沥青絮凝为炭基凝胶;在中性条件下,给溶胶中加入乙醇可形成炭基凝胶。     

水相炭基溶胶—凝胶法制备纳米炭粉的研究

以高温煤焦油沥青为炭源,经浓硝酸和浓硫酸混合物在30℃氧化制备出较高收率的水性中间相沥青。将水怀中间相沥青溶于氨水溶液得到水相炭基凝胶,经过乙醇与水直接交换后超临界干燥和热处理制备出颗粒分布均匀、平均尺寸在10nm左右的无定型碳纳米粉。并采用透射电子显微镜、傅立叶红外光谱、热重、物理吸附、X－射线衍射等分析手段对纳米炭原粉在热处理过程中的物理化学变化规律进行了表征。     

工艺条件对硼取代聚芳烃中间相沥青性能的影响

以煤焦油沥青和吡啶硼烷为原料采用加压热缩聚工艺制备硼取代聚芳烃中间相沥青,考察了硼添加量,反应温度和反应时间对中国间相沥青的收率、软化点、残炭值、四氢呋喃的的含量以及硼含量的影响。发现在同一热缩聚条件下随硼添加量的增加,中间相沥青的收率降低,但其软化点、残炭值及四氢呋喃不溶物却相应提高,８０％～９０％的硼被保留在反应产物中,对于相同的硼添加量,反应温度的提高及反应时间的延长对中间相沥青的收率和性能     

热缩聚工艺条件对中间相微球形成的影响

以煤焦油沥青为原料采用常压热缩聚工艺制备中间相沥青微球。考察了热缩聚温度和停留时间对中间相沥青收率、微球收率及形态的影响。发现在同一热缩聚温度下停留时间的延长，虽使中间相沥青的收率降低，但微球收率却相应提高，小球直径逐渐增大；提高热缩聚反应温度使微球更易长大，直到最终融并。通过控制热缩聚条件可以得到尺寸各异的中间相沥青微球。采用两步热溶抽提法可很好地将沥青微球从母液中提取出来     

Fe/C复合纳米炭粉的制备及其磁学性能研究

以高温煤焦油沥青为原料,以体积比7∶3的浓硫酸和浓硝酸混合酸为氧化剂,制备水性中间相沥青;采用溶胶-凝胶法先形成碳基溶胶,加入FeCl3后进一步形成复合Fe/C凝胶;凝胶经醇水交换、常温干燥和900℃炭化制备出Fe/C复合磁性纳米炭粉。利用FT-IR、XRD、TG和TEM等对水性中间相沥青、磁性纳米炭原粉以及磁性纳米炭粉进行表征。结果表明:采用溶胶-凝胶和常温干燥的方法可以制备出粒度均匀、形状近似于椭圆形的Fe/C复合磁性纳米炭;其磁性纳米炭粉的平均粒径约5 nm,以聚集成粒度为20 nm～30 nm的团聚体形式存在。磁性纳米炭粉中的碳以无定型结构的形式存在,Fe元素以α-Fe、Fe2O3和Fe3C的形式存在,Fe/C复合磁性纳米炭粉具有软磁性和较高的磁响应性。     

催化裂化渣油中间相形成的控制因素

本研究以天津催化裂化渣油为原料，采用Ｎ２吹扫法和减压法进行中间相沥青的调制，通过对中间相沥青的收率，软化点与显微形态结构的研究，考究了中间相沥青形成过程中的几个控制因素。     

煤沥青中间相的研究进展

煤沥青在炭化过程中会出现各向异性的中间相,主要论述了国内外关于煤沥青中间相研究的现状与进展.描述了煤沥青中间相的形成机理和形成条件,阐述了煤沥青中间相转化的热力学和动力学模型的发展动态,总结了中间相的分离与表征技术,并探讨了煤沥青的化学组成、热处理条件和添加剂对煤沥青中间相形成和结构的影响,最后提出未来可能发展的方向.     

中间相沥青不熔化纤维自烧结制备高传导性炭材料研究

以中间相沥青为原料,通过带形截面喷丝板进行熔融纺丝,对所获中间相沥青纤维进行适度氧化处理,而后通过热压工艺将氧化中间相沥青纤维进行无黏结自烧结成型,并借助红外分析和扫描电镜等手段研究了不同最终氧化温度对带状沥青纤维的官能团变化与由其自烧结制备高导热炭材料的成型性及性能影响。结果表明:经260℃不熔化处理的中间相沥青纤维热压成型,能获得具有高密度、高抗弯强度和高传导性的新型炭材料,所制备材料的密度高达2.16 g/cm3,抗弯强度达到125.9MPa,电阻率和热导率分别达到0.56μΩm和830W/(m.K)。     

水性环氧乳化沥青固化条件和最佳配方研究

受品种繁杂的影响,目前对水性环氧乳化沥青的研究尚不够深入,应用也不多。以针入度和延度为指标,以室内试验为基础,系统地研究了水性环氧乳化沥青固化条件以及水性环氧树脂和固化剂掺量对乳化沥青性能的影响,以此确定水性环氧乳化沥青的固化条件和最佳配方。结果表明:在120℃的温度条件下,水性环氧乳化沥青的固化时间为6h;水性环氧乳化沥青的最佳配方为乳化沥青85%、水性环氧树脂11.1%~11.5%、固化剂3.5%~3.9%,在此条件下,水性环氧乳化沥青蒸发残留物的针入度(25℃)为88.0(0.1mm)、延度(5℃)为96mm、软化点为49.8℃。     

硝酸表面氧化改性木质活性碳纤维

采用2~14mol/L的硝酸,在23~83℃下,对木质活性碳纤维(WACF)浸渍氧化改性1~8h后,通过Raman、XPS、水吸附和汞吸附等表征表面官能团的结构性能。结果表明,硝酸氧化能力强,可以增加氧原子浓度。酚基、醇基、羟基、羧基官能团随着硝酸浓度增大而增多,酚基和醇基随着浸渍时间的延长而减少,羟基随着浸渍时间的延长而显著增多。WACF表面的石墨化程度随硝酸浓度增大而提高,芯部石墨化程度整体提高但不随浓度梯度的变化而变化。硝酸改性后WACF的水吸附孔容降低,水吸附比表面积显著增加。WACF对HgCl2的吸附量随着硝酸浓度的增大、温度的升高和浸渍时间的延长而增大。以WACF的吸附能力为研究目标,通过对其形貌、晶体结构、表面官能团等进行表征,揭示影响水吸附、汞吸附性能的表面结构特性和化学特性的内在规律,研究结果对WACF功能化利用有指导意义。     

羰基、羧基和羟基表面官能团对碳纳米管电容量的影响

分别采用混酸、空气、硝酸和高锰酸钾对碳纳米管进行氧化处理,以在其表面引入官能团,进而研究了表面官能团对碳纳米管电化学性能的影响.X-射线光电子谱分析表明:混酸氧化处理引入的官能团主要为羰基和羧基;空气氧化使碳纳米管表面链接较多的羟基,但羰基和羧基的含量最少;而硝酸处理和高锰酸钾处理引入了中等数量的羰基和羧基.经四种处理方法所得碳纳米管具有相近的比表面积和孔结构.通过比较它们的比电容发现:羰基和羧基贡献了最多的准电容,尤其羰基含量与碳纳米管的电容量呈正比关系;而羟基主要增强了双层电容,并未引入明显的准法拉第容量.由于羰基和羧基比羟基具有更低的电荷传递电阻,有利于快速的法拉第反应,从而引入准电容.     

Wet oxidation of lignin model compounds and acetic acid production

To investigate the wet oxidation (WO) pathways of acetic acid production from lignin, 2-methoxyphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and phenol, as lignin model compounds were oxidized in a batch reactor at a temperature of 300°C, residence times of 10–60 seconds and oxygen supplies of 50–100%. Oxidation experiments using major intermediate products in WO of lignin model compounds, as reactants were also performed.Based on the intermediate products identified by GC/MS and HPLC, WO pathways of lignin model compounds are discussed. Acetic acid production by WO of lignin model compounds is also discussed. It was found that the yield of acetic acid for lignin model compounds was lower, at about 9%. The reason that lignin model compounds cannot produce a large amount of acetic acid may be contributed to the fact that the oxidation of phenols easily forms unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with 4 carbon atoms, which cannot produce a large amount of acetic acid. However, saturated dicarboxylic acids and glutaconic acid can produce a higher yield of acetic acid. Therefore, it is possible to increase the yield of acetic acid from lignin by controlling reaction pathways to increase the formation of saturated dicarboxylic acids and glutaconic acid.     

Electrochemical degradation of 4-chloroguaiacol for wastewater treatment using PbO2 anodes

Electrochemical oxidation of 4-chloroguaiacol (4-CG) at Nb/PbO(2) anodes was studied under different experimental conditions such as initial concentration of substrate, electrolysis time, temperature and pH. We measured the concentrations of 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC), 2-methoxyhydroquinone (2-MHQ), maleic acid (MA) and carbon dioxide as the main products. Black solid particles consisting mainly of polymers were formed during electrolysis. A mechanism of electrochemical oxidation of 4-CG was investigated. The oxidation of 4-CG can generally be described by simple pseudo first-order kinetics. The degradation of 4-CG was favoured at high temperature and lower initial concentration of 4-CG and low solution pH. However, the increase of temperature has not a significant effect on the mineralization of carboxylic acids. Moreover, these products required long electrolysis time.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of Np(IV) in nitric acid solutions

Oxidation of Np(IV) with nitric acid in the presence of Ru/SiO₂ catalysts was studied by spectrophotometry. The catalytic oxidation of Np(IV) in nitric acid solutions occurs even in the presence of hydrazine. The mechanism of Ru-catalyzed oxidation of Np(IV) with nitric acid was suggested on the basis of the kinetic data. The effect of the Ru nanoparticle size on the activation energy of the catalytic oxidation of Np(IV) was revealed. It shows that the heterogeneous-catalytic reaction is structure-sensitive (positive size effect).     

Open tubular capillary electrochromatography: technique for oxidation and interaction studies on human low-density lipoproteins

A novel, open tubular capillary electrochromatographic method was developed for the in vitro oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Low-density lipoprotein particles with molar mass of approximately 2.5 MDa yielded a stable stationary phase at temperatures 25 and 37 degrees C and at pH values from 3.2 to 7.4. The quality of the coatings was not influenced by variations in the LDL concentration in the coating solutions (within the range of 2-0.015 mg/mL) with the coating procedure used in the study. Radiolabeled LDL stationary phases and scanning electron microscopy, employed to shed light on the location and coating density of LDL particles on the inner surface of the capillary wall, confirmed the presence of an LDL monolayer and almost 100% coating efficiency (99 +/- 8%). In addition, the radioactivity measurements allowed estimation of the amount of LDL present in a single capillary coating. Capillaries coated with human LDL particles were submitted to different oxidative conditions by changing the concentration of the oxidant (CuSO4), oxidation time, pH value, and temperature. The oxidation procedure was followed with electroosmotic flow mobility, which served as an indicator of the increase in total negative charges of LDL coatings, and by asymmetrical field flow fractionation, which measured the changes in size of the lipoprotein particles. The results indicated that oxidation of LDL was progressing with increasing time, temperature, and concentration of the oxidant as expected. The oxidation process was faster around neutral pH values (pH 6.5-7.4) and inhibited at acidic pH values (pH 5.5 and lower).     

氧化海藻酸钠/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的制备与表征

通过水-乙醇和水-正丙醇两种不同的溶剂体系制备高分子量和不同氧化度的氧化海藻酸钠(OSA),然后引入聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)交联网络结构,通过二步法获得OSA/PAM复合水凝胶。探讨了不同反应体系下,HCl体积分数对OSA分子量的影响以及氧化剂(高碘酸钠NaIO_4)添加量、反应时间对OSA氧化度的影响规律。结果表明:在水-正丙醇体系下,HCl体积分数为24vol%时,氧化海藻酸钠的分子量达到170 000;调节NaIO_4的添加量和反应时间可以控制OSA的氧化度在10%~85%范围内变化。在此基础上对OSA/PAM复合水凝胶的溶胀率和力学性能进行了探讨,发现氧化度10%的复合水凝胶48h后的溶胀率达1 777%,断裂强度为0.11MPa,随着OSA氧化度的增大,OSA/PAM复合水凝胶的溶胀率增大,而拉伸强度逐渐减小。