聚乙烯粉尘爆炸研究进展

以聚乙烯生产工艺爆炸风险评价、聚乙烯粉尘爆炸特征参数、聚乙烯粉尘爆炸灾害动力学传播规律、聚乙烯粉尘与可燃气体杂混物爆炸机理、聚乙烯粉尘防爆控爆技术为主线,综述了国内外聚乙烯粉尘爆炸的研究现状,归纳各方面研究所存在的不足之处;指出未来聚乙烯粉尘爆炸研究发展的5个方向:1)对不同种类聚乙烯粉尘爆炸特性开展比较研究;2)建立可定量预测爆炸特征参数的工程模型;3)深入剖析可燃气体对粉尘爆炸的影响机制及规律;4)运用系统安全分析等方法进一步深入、定量地研究粉尘爆炸风险;5)加强对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸灾害衍化动力学规律及其有效控制技术的研究,为聚乙烯生产工艺安全的深入研究和事故防控提供理论依据和实际指导。     

防爆基本原理与技术措施

在生产活动中,违背人们意愿造成巨大国家财产损失和人员伤亡的爆炸称为事故性爆炸,如矿井瓦斯爆炸、粮食粉尘爆炸、锅炉及压力容器爆炸等。爆炸事故的发生,往往造成严重的事故后果,本文以事故性爆炸为分析对象,简要阐述爆炸事故分类、特点、发生条件以及防爆基本原理和技术措施,阐明了学习和掌握爆炸预防和防护基本原理及技术措施的意义及重要性。     

探究粉尘爆炸的原因及其防治措施

对近年来我国发生的几次重大粉尘爆炸事故做了初步的统计,分析粉尘爆炸的原因及特点,总结为加强安全生产、防治粉尘爆炸事故的措施。     

爆炸焊接危害机理分析

该文通过测试指出了爆炸噪声是爆炸焊接作业中最主要的危害因素，并且分析研究了这种爆炸危害产生的机理，从而对爆炸噪声和爆炸冲击波的防护技术和措施提供了实验和理论基础。这对爆炸焊接金属复合材料行业超大规模化发展将起到很大的推动作用。     

基于以太网与OPC技术的多功能粉尘爆炸测试系统

为了确定粉尘爆炸的危险程度以及采取相应有效的防护措施,开发了多功能粉尘爆炸特性参数测试系统。系统包括20L球形爆炸测试装置、最小点燃能量(MIE)测试装置、粉尘层最低着火温度(MIT-L)测试装置和粉尘云最低着火温度(MIE-C)测试装置,可测试粉尘最大爆炸压力(Pmax)、爆炸指数(Kst)、爆炸下限(LEL)、极限氧浓度(LOC)、MIE、MIT-L和MIT-C。系统采用分布式测控技术,各个测试装置有独立的可编程控制器,并与测控计算机通过以太网互联,采用OPC技术进行通讯。通过计算机可监控各测试装置的运行状态,并统一管理测试数据。     

基于虚拟仪器的瞬态爆炸参数测试系统

瞬态爆炸参数测试系统是研究粉尘、气体爆炸机理的主要测试系统,其中传感器的可靠性、测试系统的灵活性是爆炸参数系统研究的热点和难点.本文开发了基于虚拟仪器的爆炸参数测试系统,并自制了K型热电偶作为温度测试传感器,压力测试采用Kistler 211M0160型传感器.构建了瞬态爆炸参数测试系统,同时编写了爆炸测试系统程序框图.使用5 L爆炸罐测试了甲烷气体爆炸参数,通过试验验证了构建的瞬态爆炸参数测试系统能够满足爆炸参数的测试要求,为研究粉尘、气体爆炸参数提供了仪器设备.     

港口散粮设备粉尘爆炸危险性分析及其防护

对我国天津港口接卸粮食主要品种伴生粉尘的爆炸性进行了测试和分析,在此基础上对港口散粮系统主要设备发生粉尘爆炸的危险性进行了分析,并提出了相应的预防和防护措施。     

石松子粉粉尘爆炸试验研究

该论文采用20 L球形爆炸测试装置对粒径在75μm以下的石松子粉的粉尘爆炸下限浓度、爆炸压力和爆炸指数随粉尘浓度的变化规律等进行了研究。研究结果表明:石松子粉粉尘爆炸下限浓度在20～40 g/m3之间,在粉尘浓度相对较低的60～500 g/m3时,粉尘的爆炸压力和爆炸指数随着粉尘浓度的提高而急速上升,在浓度为500 g/m3时达到最大,此时最大爆炸压力为0.69 MPa,爆炸指数为17.20 MPa.m/s;继续增加粉尘浓度,爆炸压力和爆炸指数略有下降,但仍维持在较高值;并判定石松子粉粉尘爆炸危险性分级为Ⅰ级。     

初始湍流对粉尘爆炸影响的实验研究

采用大型实验装置对管道相连的粉尘操作设备中粉尘爆炸的火焰和压力传播过程及其影响因素进行实验研究。实验装置由两个通过管道连接的不同体积容器构成,爆炸从一个容器中通过管道传播到另一个容器中。在不同的初始湍流度条件下进行粉尘爆炸实验,测试不同位置的火焰和压力信号。结果表明:随着初始湍流度的增大,爆炸的猛烈程度增强,火焰和冲击波的传播速度加快,初始湍流作为影响粉尘爆炸发展过程的重要因素之一,在进行粉尘爆炸的安全防护和设计时必须考虑其作用。     

预防煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故发生的技术措施探讨

煤矿水灾、火灾、瓦斯爆炸、粉尘污染、顶板坍塌事故这五大灾害无时不刻地威胁着煤矿工作者的生命安全,其中,瓦斯爆炸是煤矿灾害中最危险的事故。文章汲取以往防止煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故的经验,提出了加强安全培训、强化通风措施、落实瓦斯检放和检测、加强火源监控等有效措施,从而保障煤矿企业与人员的安全性,使煤矿企业得到稳步发展。     

Dust explosion modeling: Status and prospects

Accidental dust explosions pose a threat to people and property in industries that produce, process, handle or transport combustible dusts. Over the last century, the international research community has made significant progress towards better understanding of the dust explosion phenomenon. These efforts have contributed to the development of improved standards and best practice guidelines for safe design and operation of process facilities. Results obtained with advanced consequence models demonstrate the potential for applying such tools to the design and optimization of process facilities and equipment for explosion protection. It is foreseen that further development of numerical methods will include improved representation of particle-laden flows and combustion. It is essential that safety engineers acknowledge the inherent limitations and uncertainties associated with the collection of dust samples from industrial facilities, parameters determined in standardized tests, and the extrapolation of results from laboratory experiments to accidental explosion scenarios in industry. This paper reviews some of the practical aspects associated with risk assessments and risk management for dust explosions in the process industries, with emphasis on consequence modeling. The discussion outlines prospects for further development of test methods and simulation tools for industrial dust explosions, and provides recommendations for safety engineers and researchers.     

密闭空间煤粉爆炸特性的实验研究

为了探明煤粉在密闭空间中的爆炸特性参数,利用20 L球形爆炸装置进行实验测试,实验研究了不同点火能量对煤粉爆炸行为的影响,对比CaCO_3和Al(OH)_3两种惰性介质的抑爆效果及惰性介质的抑爆效力随点火能量的变化规律进行了重点探讨。结果表明:随着点火能量的增加,爆炸压力随着煤粉浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在同一浓度下,粉尘最大爆炸压力和最大升压速率呈线性上升,在高浓度下,粉尘爆炸压力受点火能量的影响更显著;添加CaCO_3和Al(OH)_3能够降低煤粉的爆炸压力,相对于CaCO_3的物理抑爆而言,Al(OH)_3的物理-化学抑爆效果更佳;惰性介质抑爆效力随点火能量增加而下降,建议采用5~10 k J点火能量考察惰性介质对煤粉爆炸的抑制效力。     

乳化器和螺杆泵爆炸事故原因分析及其防范对策

通过对近年来乳化炸药生产线由于设备原因而发生爆炸事故的统计,分析乳化器、螺杆泵在运行中发生爆炸的原因,提出乳化器的安全防范措施和乳化炸药生产安全性的技术发展方向.     

Determination of parameters used to prevent ignition of stored materials and to protect against explosions in food industries

There are always risks associated with silos when the stored material has been characterized as prone to self-ignition or explosion. Further research focused on the characterization of agricultural materials stored in silos is needed due to the lack of data found in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the ignitability and explosive parameters of several agricultural products commonly stored in silos in order to assess the risk of ignition and dust explosion. Minimum Ignition Temperature, with dust forming a cloud and deposited in a layer, Lower Explosive Limit, Minimum Ignition Energy, Maximum Explosion Pressure and Maximum Explosion Pressure Rise were determined for seven agricultural materials: icing sugar, maize, wheat and barley grain dust, alfalfa, bread-making wheat and soybean dust. Following characterization, these were found to be prone to producing self-ignition when stored in silos under certain conditions.     

Research on law and mechanism of dust explosion in bag type dust collector

The bag type dust collector will accumulate dust during long-term operation, and the high temperature during operation will cause dust explosion. In this paper, with the dust removal system involved in the “8·2” Kunshan dust explosion accident taken as the research background, the minimum ignition temperature and lower explosion limit experiments are carried out on aluminum powder with different particle sizes (10–60 μm) by using the lowest ignition temperature test device and the 20 L near-spherical explosive device. The dust concentration distribution and temperature field in the bag type dust collector are analyzed through the CFD-FLUENT software. Through the analysis of the experimental results, it is found that when the particle size of aluminum powder is 19 μm, the minimum ignition temperature is 585 °C, and the lower explosion limit of concentration is 0.04 kg/m³. The simulation results indicate that the dust particles gather in the dust collecting bucket, and the aluminothermic reaction occurs in the dust collecting bucket. The temperature of the upper and right parts in the dust collecting bucket is above 600 °C, which exceeds the minimum ignition temperature. At the interface between the dust hopper and the dust collecting bucket, the concentration of aluminum powder reaches 0.126 kg/m³, which exceeds the lower explosion limit of aluminum powder.     

泄压与隔爆联用的粉尘爆炸压力特性

作为目前市场上运用最广泛的隔爆产品,隔爆翻板阀一般与泄压板联用,以防止粉尘爆炸传播。为了探究粉尘爆炸时泄压与隔爆联用对容器内压力及隔爆效果的影响,进行了工业规模的粉尘爆炸实验。实验结果表明:由于隔爆翻板阀的影响,容器内部出现了二次峰值压力;随着隔爆翻板阀安装距离的增加,容器内两个峰值压力的时间间隔从28.2 ms增加到62.3 ms,且到达隔爆翻板阀前的峰值压力从0.067 MPa上升至0.101 MPa;泄压面积的增大会导致容器内部和隔爆翻板阀前端峰值压力降低,并可能导致隔爆失败。     

电石脱硫剂生产工艺的防爆方法

对两种电石脱硫剂的生产工艺进行了爆炸危险性评估 ,介绍了电石粉生产中乙炔的防爆方法 ,如通风、惰化、使用防爆电器和爆炸泄压等。控制乙炔气体浓度是爆炸预防的关键 ,爆炸泄压方法成本低、维护方便 ,是重要的防护方法     

膨化硝铵炸药粉尘爆炸性的初步实验研究

膨化硝铵炸药是一种常见的工业炸药,该文通过20L爆炸球对其粉尘爆炸的危险性进行了试验研究,并和玉米淀粉粉尘进行了比较。研究结果表明,膨化硝铵炸药发生粉尘爆炸的可能性很小,在50～1100g／m^3的浓度范围均未发生粉尘爆炸;玉米淀粉有着粉尘爆炸的危险。所得结果为它们的生产及使用安全提供了必要的参考。     

Reducing aluminum dust explosion hazards: case study of dust inerting in an aluminum buffing operation

Metal powders or dusts can represent significant dust explosion hazards in industry, due to their relatively low ignition energy and high explosivity. The hazard is well known in industries that produce or use aluminum powders, but is sometimes not recognized by facilities that produce aluminum dust as a byproduct of bulk aluminum processing. As demonstrated by the 2003 dust explosion at aluminum wheel manufacturer Hayes Lemmerz, facilities that process bulk metals are at risk due to dust generated during machining and finishing operations [U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Investigation Report, Aluminum Dust Explosion Hayes Lemmerz International, Inc., Huntington, Indiana, Report No. 2004-01-I-IN, September 2005]. Previous studies have shown that aluminum dust explosions are more difficult to suppress with flame retardants or inerting agents than dust explosions fueled by other materials such as coal [A.G. Dastidar, P.R. Amyotte, J. Going, K. Chatrathi, Flammability limits of dust-minimum inerting concentrations, Proc. Saf. Progr., 18-1 (1999) 56-63]. In this paper, an inerting method is discussed to reduce the dust explosion hazard of residue created in an aluminum buffing operation as the residue is generated. This technique reduces the dust explosion hazard throughout the buffing process and within the dust collector systems making the process inherently safer. Dust explosion testing results are presented for process dusts produced during trials with varying amounts of flame retardant additives.