室内扩散声场的Monte Carlo模拟方法

本文介绍了ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟室内扩散声场的原理，模拟计算了混响室声场中的能量密度衰减曲线、能量脉冲响应、平均自由程及吸声系数等。该方法原理简单，占用内存少，适应于模拟室内声场分布。     

房间的最佳混响时间

当房间的声场达到稳态后,声源停止发生,声能被界面反射、吸收,声能不断衰减。当声能衰减100万倍时,声音已基本听不见,我们称这个时间为混响时间。在界面平均吸声较大时,混响时间用艾林公式表示:     

矩形混响室中吸声系数测量结果的检验

１瞬态扩散的定义众所周知，混响公式（Ｅｙｒｉｎｇ公式或Ｓａｂｉｎｅ公式）成立的条件是室内声场为一扩散声场。有关扩散声场的表述有许多种，总括起来，扩散声场具有如下一些特点：一是各点的声能密度是均匀的；二是各方向的能流密度概率相等，三是相位是无规的。上述定义实质上描述了这样一种情况：封闭空间界面的吸声系数趋于０，室内声场或无衰减，或衰减很少，即稳态声场的扩散。对于混响室中的衰变声场，以上定义，既不能反映声衰变过程的客观实在；也不能作为判别混响公式是否成立的标准（因为按扩散的定义，所有衰变声场都是不扩…     

音响工程中的计算机辅助设计软件——CADP2(连载3)——声学模拟

笔者在2002年本刊第6期向大家讲述了CADP2的声学模拟部分的RT60和直达声场计算。下面我们接着进行声学模拟部分的学习。 反射(声场)计算(Reflected Field) 应该说研究反射声场是声学课题中极其重要的一项。它的计算远比直达声场复杂得多,特别是二次以上的反射声场更是如此。反射声场对我们来讲有时带来益处,比如在音乐厅中,近次反射声能增加     

消声水池声场的仿真计算

消声水池的声场计算对消声水池尺寸的确定和所敷设的吸声材料参数的选择十分重要。利用虚源方法建立了消声水池声场计算的声场模型,该模型考虑了二次反射、吸声系数随入射角变化、有指向性声源等多种情况。利用声场模型对水池的声场进行了计算,分别考虑了点声源、吸声系数随入射角变化、二次反射和指向性声源等情况。通过对不同条件下消声水池声场的计算仿真,分析了不同因素对水池自由场的影响,得到了具有一定应用价值的结论。     

平板型有源吸声结构物理机制研究

有源吸声结构是近年来提出的吸收低频反射声的有效方案,对其物理机制的分析将为系统优化设计、次级源和误差传感器布放及控制目标选取等关键问题提供理论支持.在最小反射声功率条件下,从控制前后初、次级结构的反射声功率和净声强的变化,以及反射声场中声强的分布来阐述吸声降噪中的物理机制.结果表明,吸声降噪中的能量转换分为能量抑制、能量吸收以及能量抵消3种机制.从近场声强的角度看,有源吸声主要是通过声强幅度抑制和声强方向调整两种机制体现,控制前大部分区域反射声波的法向声强为负值,控制后则变为正值,即声能量在控制前向远场传递,控制后则流向吸声结构.     

矿棉吸声体吸声特性的研究

矿棉吸声体吸声特性的研究陆风华，李竹园，郑渝（太原工业大学）一、引言随着噪声控制技术的迅速发展，空间吸声体已得到日益广泛的应用。空间吸声体是一种悬挂于室内的高效吸声结构，由于它各界面全部暴露在声场空间，增大了与声波的接触机率，所以有较明显的吸声效果。...     

平面结构有源声吸收理论研究

构建了平面结构的有源吸声结构,以吸收空间任意方向入射的声波,使结构对入射声波的反射最小,实现有源吸声降噪,考虑初、次级结构间耦合声场对结构反射声功率的影响,并利用声功率近场计算方法推导了在斜入射平面波作用下,有源控制前后结构的反射声功率计算公式;并以反射声功率最小准则,得出结构最优吸声效果.通过计算机仿真分析,研究了不同情况下结构的吸声效果.     

强吸声录音室的声学特点及对音乐录音的影响

文中介绍了强吸声录音室混响时间短、混响时间的频率特性要平坦、声场扩散要均匀的特点及其在音乐录音中处理好响度与力度的矛盾,适合多传声器、多轨录音的要求,便于后期加工等应用。     

基于压电智能材料的自适应吸声实验研究

提出了用压电材料进行水下主动宽带低频吸声的方法,用PVDF复合智能材料作为主动吸声系统中的吸声材料,在滤波-X LMS算法基础上,研究了一种在工程中实现简便的次级通道建模方法——通道时延估计法。构建了数字时延控制系统,直接从实际声场中分离入射声波与反射声波作为控制系统的参考信号和误差信号,在脉冲声管中进行了管道声有源吸声控制实验。实验结果表明,在施加控制的情况下PVDF压电智能材料能有效地对低频入射声进行吸收。     

混响室法测量吸声系数的不确定度评价

通过对材料吸声系数混响室法测量分析,确定了该类方法测量结果不确定度的来源。对不确定度构成分量进一步分析,结果表明吸声系数的测量不确定度主要由混响时间测量的不确定度所决定,混响室体积、试件尺寸和声速测量的不确定度对吸声系数测量结果的不确定度贡献很小。混响时间测量结果的不确定度主要取决于混响室声场扩散程度,而测量装置本身引入的不确定度贡献较小。     

Defect characterization using an ultrasonic array to measure the scattering coefficient matrix

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation is used for detection, characterization, and sizing of defects. The accurate sizing of defects that are of similar or less size than the ultrasonic wavelength is of particular importance in assessing structural integrity. In this paper, we demonstrate how measurement of the scattering coefficient matrix of a cracklike defect can be used to obtain its size, shape, and orientation. The scattering coefficient matrix describes the far field amplitude of scattered signals from a scatterer as a function of incident and scattering angles. A finite element (FE) modeling procedure is described that predicts the scattering coefficient matrix of various cracklike defects. Experimental results are presented using a commercial 64-element, 5 MHz array on 2 aluminum test samples that contain several machined slots and through thickness circular holes. To minimize the interference from the reflections of neighboring defects, a subarray approach is used to focus ultrasound on each target defect in turn and extract its scattering coefficient matrices. A circular hole and a fine slot can be clearly distinguished by their different scattering coefficient matrices over a specific range of incident angles and scattering angles. The orientation angles of slots directly below the array are deduced from the measured scattering coefficient matrix to an accuracy of a few degrees, and their lengths are determined with an error of 10%.     

Optical properties of normal and carcinomatous bronchial tissue

To understand better the optical characteristics and autofluorescence properties of normal and carcinomatous bronchial tissue, we measured the absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and anisotropy factor from 400 to 700 nm. We made the measurements by using an integrating sphere with a collimated white-light beam to measure total reflectance and transmittance of samples. The unscattered transmittance of the samples was measured through polarized on-axis light detection. The inverse adding-doubling solution was utilized to solve the equation of radiative transfer and to determine the absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient. The scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor were derived from the unscattered transmittance of the sample and the reduced scattering coefficient. The measured parameters allow us to simulate photon propagation in normal bronchial and tumoral tissue by using Monte Carlo modeling.     

Practical and adequate approach to modeling light propagation in an adult head with low-scattering regions by use of diffusion theory

A practical and adequate approach to modeling light propagation in an adult head with a low-scattering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) region by use of diffusion theory was investigated. The diffusion approximation does not hold in a nonscattering or low-scattering regions. The hybrid radiosity-diffusion method was adopted to model the light propagation in the head with a nonscattering region. In the hybrid method the geometry of the nonscattering region is acquired as a priori information. In reality, low-level scattering occurs in the CSF region and may reduce the error caused by the diffusion approximation. The partial optical path length and the spatial sensitivity profile calculated by the finite-element method agree well with those calculated by the Monte Carlo method in the case in which the transport scattering coefficient of the CSF layer is greater than 0.3 mm(-1). Because it is feasible to assume that the transport scattering coefficient of a CSF layer is 0.3 mm(-1), it is practical to adopt diffusion theory to the modeling of light propagation in an adult head as an alternative to the hybrid method.     

Elastic scattering and light transport in three-dimensional collagen gel constructs: a mathematical model and computer simulation approach

A mathematical modeling approach for elastic scattering and light propagation is presented, which can be used to obtain the scattering coefficient, the index of refraction, and the distribution of the collagen fibrils in a gel. Collagen fibrils can be realistically represented by small cylindrical particles. The analysis of the scattering of light by such particles provides the scattering coefficient. Light transport in multilayered tissues has been modeled and the collagen fibrils scattering coefficient has been considered as main input parameters. Assuming that a gel is composed of fibrils with the same diameter, it is possible to obtain all the input parameters of the model and, therefore, a simulated spectrum. This can be repeated for several diameters. Considering a gel composed of fibrils with different diameters, it is possible to obtain a best-fitting simulated spectrum as a weighted sum (least-square-error based) of the spectra corresponding to several fibril diameters, and, therefore, obtain an estimate of the percentages of fibrils of each diameter in the gel. Moreover, the scattering coefficient and refractive index, which are also provided by the model, are relevant parameters as they relate to tissue properties in their own right.     

Least-squares support vector machines modelization for time-resolved spectroscopy

By use of time-resolved spectroscopy it is possible to separate light scattering effects from chemical absorption effects in samples. In the study of propagation of short light pulses in turbid samples the reduced scattering coefficient and the absorption coefficient are usually obtained by fitting diffusion or Monte Carlo models to the measured data by use of numerical optimization techniques. In this study we propose a prediction model obtained with a semiparametric modeling technique: the least-squares support vector machines. The main advantage of this technique is that it uses theoretical time dispersion curves during the calibration step. Predictions can then be performed by use of data measured on different kinds of sample, such as apples.     

Scattering of light from quasi-homogeneous sources by quasi-homogeneous media

The field generated by scattering of light from a quasi-homogeneous source on a quasi-homogeneous, random medium is investigated. It is found that, within the accuracy of the first-order Born approximation, the far field satisfies two reciprocity relations (sometimes called uncertainty relations). One of them implies that the spectral density (or spectral intensity) is proportional to the convolution of the spectral density of the source and the spatial Fourier transform of the correlation coefficient of the scattering potential. The other implies that the spectral degree of coherence of the far field is proportional to the convolution of the correlation coefficient of the source and the spatial Fourier transform of the strength of the scattering potential. While the case we consider might seem restrictive, it is actually quite general. For instance, the quasi-homogeneous source model can be used to describe the generation of beams with different coherence properties and different angular spreads. In addition, the quasi-homogeneous scattering model adequately describes a wide class of turbulent media, including a stratified, turbulent atmosphere and confined plasmas.     

区间算法在结构健康检查中的应用

在线健康检查中,当应用实测振动数据时,如何处理由实测数据引起的不确定性则成为关键问题之一。文中建议和发展了结构健康检查的区间理论,并用实例介绍了健康检查的具体过程。由测试数据得到健康特征量,并以区间量或区间向量形式给出,是健康特征量的非概率建模。健康特征量的估计过程是区间估计问题,估计过程遵循区间算法,它适合于处理非线性问题。以一栋新建5层楼房的抗震性能评估为实例,介绍了评估过程中区间量的表示方法及区间评估准则。用第一层层间刚度系数为健康特征量,用地脉动的测试数据估计第一阶模态频率和振型的区间上限和下限,由于测点的限制,完整的振型与健康特征量一起被估计,并用层间刚度系数的区间值进行抗震评估。     

Scatter correction of transmission near-infrared spectra by photon migration data: quantitative analysis of solids

The scope of this work is a new methodology to correct conventional near-infrared (NIR) data for scattering effects. The technique aims at measuring the absorption coefficient of the samples rather than the total attenuation measured in conventional NIR spectroscopy. The main advantage of this is that the absorption coefficient is independent of the path length of the light inside the sample and therefore independent of the scattering effects. The method is based on time-resolved spectroscopy and modeling of light transport by diffusion theory. This provides an independent measure of the scattering properties of the samples and therefore of the path length of light. This yields a clear advantage over other preprocessing techniques, where scattering effects are estimated and corrected for by using the shape of the measured spectrum only. Partial least squares (PLS) calibration models show that, by using the proposed evaluation scheme, the predictive ability is improved by 50% as compared to a model based on conventional NIR data alone. The method also makes it possible to predict the concentration of active substance in samples with other physical properties than the samples included in the calibration model.     

Direct-detection Doppler wind measurements with a Cabannes-Mie lidar: a. Comparison between iodine vapor filter and Fabry-Perot interferometer methods

Atmospheric line-of-sight (LOS) wind measurement by means of incoherent Cabannes-Mie lidar with three frequency analyzers with nearly the same maximum transmission of ~80% that could be fielded at different wavelengths is analytically considered. These frequency analyzers are (a) a double-edge Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) at 1064 nm (IR-FPI), (b) a double-edge Fabry-Perot interferometer at 355 nm (UV-FPI), and (c) an iodine vapor filter (IVF) at 532 nm with two different methods, using either one absorption edge, single edge (se-IVF), or both absorption edges, double edge (de-IVF). The effect of the backscattered aerosol mixing ratio, R(b), defined as the ratio of the aerosol volume backscatter coefficient to molecular volume backscatter coefficient, on LOS wind uncertainty is discussed. Assuming a known aerosol mixing ratio, R(b), and 100,000 photons owing to Cabannes scattering to the receiver, in shot-noise-limited detection without sky background, the LOS wind uncertainty of the UV-FPI in the aerosol-free air (R(b)=0), is lower by ~16% than that of de-IVF, which has the lowest uncertainty for R(b) between 0.02 and 0.08; for R(b)>0.08, the IR-FPI yielded the lowest wind uncertainty. The wind uncertainty for se-IVF is always higher than that of de-IVF, but by less than a factor of 2 under all aerosol conditions, if the split between the reference and measurement channels is optimized. The design flexibility, which allows the desensitization of either aerosol or molecular scattering, exists only with the FPI system, leading to the common practice of using IR-FPI for the planetary boundary layer and using UV-FPI for higher altitudes. Without this design flexibility, there is little choice but to use a single wavelength IVF system at 532 nm for all atmospheric altitudes.