Influence of heat-resistant coatings on the state of thermal stress of model of gas turbine engine blades in nonsteady heat exchange

The finite-element method was applied to calculate the thermal state and the state of stress and strain of a wedge-shaped model with a heat-resistant coating (heat shield) subjected to heat cycling by a gas stream. We analyzed the influence of the method of discretization of the section of the model and of the method of specifying the characteristics of the materials of the base and of the coating on the accuracy of the solution of the problem of thermoelasticity. We obtained data on the influence of the technological factors and of the thickness of the heat shield on the kinetics of the state of thermal stress of the material of the models. It was established that a ceramic layer changes the asymmetry of the cycle to the side of tensile stresses and shifts the maximum of the stresses into the range of lower temperatures.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 6, pp. 24–30, June, 1994.     

R290/R600a混合工质制冷系统泄漏点对系统性能的影响

混合工质在不同位置的泄漏所引起的系统中工质对组分比例发生变化会对制冷系统的性能产生很大影响。根据混合法则,从理论上研究R290/R600a工质对泄漏率在5%~40%范围内8种泄漏率条件下,系统工质对组分变化的规律。按照理论计算的要求建立制冷系统工质泄漏实验台,对实验台在4种泄漏率条件下的蒸发压力、冷凝压力、制冷量和COP进行研究。计算和实验结果表明,在蒸发器出口和冷凝器入口处的泄漏使低沸点组分R290在工质对中的比例增大,系统制冷量增加且COP下降;在蒸发器入口和冷凝器出口处的泄漏使高沸点组分R600a在工质对中的比例增大,系统制冷量下降且COP上升。     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

元代肖形印的图文融合策略与设计启示

目的 通过对元代肖形印图文融合特征的分析归纳,总结其图文组织关系与印面经营策略,在完成元代肖形印图形传统文化价值挖掘与保护的基础上,尝试为传统视觉经典的当代设计转化继承带来有益思考。方法 从元代肖形印图文融合的历史文化背景入手,分析其出现的缘由与特征,并在此基础上梳理探讨元代肖形印的图文融合策略,及其对当代设计的关联启示。结论 与先秦及汉代肖形印不同,图文融合是元代肖形印的显著特征,其具有多样化的适形、多层次意指和多元素碰撞的核心构建逻辑。文字的图形化、雅文化的大众普适及符号凝练的求同存异,则分别是元代肖形印对图文融合需求、市民文化需求和形式法则需求的具体回应,这便成为现代设计对元代肖形印图形继承转化的有效切入点。     

Interaction of Verapamil Hydrochloride with Carbopol 934P and Its Effect on the Release Rate of the Drug and the Water Uptake of the Polymer Matrix

In the present study, investigation of the possibility of interaction of verapamil hydrochloride with Carbopol 934P using differential scanning calorimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis was performed. The effect of the drug-to-polymer ratio, the electrolyte concentration, and the pH of the medium on the extent of interaction of the drug with the polymer using 2³ factorial design was investigated. The study also investigated the effect of this interaction on the rate of water uptake of the matrix or the rate of release of verapamil hydrochloride from the swelling polymer matrix. Results revealed that the drug-to-polymer ratio had the most influential effect on both the extent of interaction between the drug and the polymer and the rate of water uptake of the polymer matrix. On the other hand, the pH of the medium had the most significant effect on the rate of drug release. Interaction of the tertiary amine nitrogen of the drug with the anionic carboxyl group on the polymer, forming an insoluble complex, reduced the rate of drug release. This interaction also led to neutralization of the carboxyl group and suppression of the electrostatic repulsion between the anionic groups, which reduced the uncoiling and chain relaxation of the polymer and consequently decreased the swelling of the matrix. The application of the designed experiment allowed the quantification of the effect of each of the studied variables on the investigated responses through the calculation of their coefficient in the response surface equation and checking of their significance.     

Evaporation of suspensions to form an incompressible cake and to fill filter pores with solid particles

Equations of filtration of suspensions to form an incompressible cake of particles on the surface of the filter with simultaneous passage of a certain share of the particles from the cake to the filter’s pore space and next to the region of a filtered liquid are derived from the principles of the mechanics of multiphase media. The influence of the travel of the particles in the region of the cake and the filter on the dynamics of growth of the cake bed is investigated. An analysis of the derived dynamic filtration equations shows that allowance for the factors of travel and accumulation of particles in the cake and the filter causes their total filtration resistance, in particular the resistance in the inertial component of the filtration law, to decrease.     

Residual stress-strain state of the collector assembly of a steam generator in the process of press-fitting of heat-exchange pipes

The influence technological heredity connected with the manufacturing process on the strength and service life of the assembly of joints of the collector and heat exchange pipes of a steam generator proves to be one of the main causes of premature failures of steam generators of water-cooled reactors of nuclear power plants. We present the results of a numerical simulation of the process of press-fitting of heat-exchange pipes in the collector. We determine the residual stress-strain state of the collector assembly depending on the basic technological parameters of press-fitting (the initial gap between the pipe and the collector, the pressure of hydraulic press-fitting, and the boundaries of the region of application of pressure) and strength characteristics of the materials of the collector and pipes. We also estimate the influence of the additional mechanical flaring of pipes and redistribution of local stresses in the course of consecutive hydraulic press-fitting on the level of residual stresses in the collector assembly. Institute for Problems of Strength, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 2, pp. 66 – 86, March – April, 1998.     

基于敏感性分析的协方差随机子空间方法参数优化

在工作模态分析中,结构模态的准确识别在包括结构健康监测在内的许多应用中至关重要。该文基于敏感性分析,研究了模型系统阶数N和Toeplitz矩阵行块数i在协方差驱动随机子空间法(covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification,SSI-Cov)中对模态识别结果的影响规律。结合一经典数值算例及藏式古城墙现场实测数据对SSI-Cov算法的参数优化进行了分析。根据奇异熵增量理论对系统阶数进行识别;利用Toeplitz矩阵或系统矩阵的条件数及识别结果的变异系数对Toeplitz矩阵行块数的选择进行研究,并给出参数取值建议。研究结果表明:Toeplitz矩阵或系统矩阵的条件数越小计算结果精度越高;识别频率、阻尼比的变异系数越小,对应的模态稳定图质量越好。通过奇异熵增量理论可准确识别结构的系统阶数,奇异熵增量的一阶灵敏度降至0时对应的阶数即为系统阶数N。Toeplitz矩阵行块数i的建议取值范围为2β~4β(β为采样频率与结构基频的比值)。基于该文提出的参数优化方法,能有效识别藏式古城墙的动力特性,包括频率、振型和阻尼比。     

Calculating precision voltage dividers

Conclusions In adjustable voltage dividers the resistance of the jumpers and the insulation resistance between the contacts of the switches in the jumper circuits cause a positive systematic error of the division factor.The effect of the resistance of the jumpers increases as the resistance of the sections of the transformed portion of the voltage divider decreases, which is one of the causes which limit the reduction of the voltage-divider resistance. The effect of the insulation resistance between switch contacts in the jumper circuits increases as the resistance of the sections of the transformed part of the voltage divider increases. This latter factor is one of the causes limiting the increase in the resistance of the voltage divider.These conclusions apply equally to measurement of a ratio of resistances under conditions in which the method of series-parallel transformation is used.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 62–63, June, 1971.     

若干晶体结晶习性的形成机理

本文根据在热液条件下生长水晶和钛酸钠晶体的电泳实验，提出热液条件下，上述晶体的生长基元具有负离子配位多面体的结构形式。由于溶液过饱和度在变化，这些生长基元的维度也随之变化。不同维度的生长基元往晶体各族晶面上叠合速率的比例也发生相应改变。它直接反映在晶体结晶形貌上。本文根据不同维度生长基元在各族晶面上的叠合速率解释了水晶和钛酸钠的结晶习性形成机理。     

Manifestation of Hydrogen and Low-Temperature Brittleness in Near-Threshold Cyclic Crack Resistance of Materials

We experimentally show that the realization of conditions of plane deformation at the tip of a fatigue crack is not sufficient for guaranteeing the unique dependence of the crack growth rate on the range of the stress intensity factor, which is explained by the effect of crack closure. We describe advantages and disadvantages of the effective range of the stress intensity factor as a parameter that determines the mechanical conditions for the propagation of a fatigue crack. We analyze the phenomenon of positive influence of strengthening factors (a decrease in the temperature of testing and hydrogenation) on the cyclic crack resistance of materials in a low-amplitude range of loading determined with regard for the effect of crack closure. The decrease in the crack growth rate and the increase in fatigue thresholds are intensified as the level of loading decreases and the ductility of materials increases. Differences in the influence of strengthening factors in low- and high-amplitude ranges of loading are explained by different mechanisms of fracture controlled by the shearing strength and the tensile strength, respectively. We give several examples of the mechanical behavior of materials that show the inversion of the influence of hydrogen on the resistance to fracture: fatigue fracture of smooth steel specimens in gaseous hydrogen, high-temperature corrosion fatigue of preliminary hydrogenated titanium alloys, and the influence of hydrogenation on the wear resistance of structural steels in the process of friction and cavitation and on the parameters of cutting of a tool steel.     

钛膜表面阳极氧化层对吸附和解吸氘特性影响的研究

在金属氢化物热力学和动力学参数测试系统上分别对表面覆盖Pd膜的钛膜和表面有阳极氧化层的钛膜进行了吸附和解吸氘特性的研究,吸附氘气的研究包括恒温吸氘和变温吸氘。其研究结果表明：初始吸附氘气的速率随氧化层厚度的增加而变慢,吸附氘气达到平衡的时间越长;在相同的升温速率和相同的初始氘气压力下,明显吸附氘气的温度随氧化层厚度的增加而升高;阳极氧化层降低了热解吸反应的速率,提高了热解吸主峰位对应的温度;氧化层越厚的试样,其热解吸主峰位所对应的温度越高;钛膜和氘化钛膜表面阳极氧化层具有一定的阻氘性能,且阳极氧化层越厚,其阻氘性能越强。     

考虑压缩空气边界的爆炸箔起爆器飞片运动模型

为了研究爆炸箔起爆器中的飞片运动规律,对爆炸桥箔蒸气驱动飞片的过程机理进行了研究。在假设爆炸箔电爆炸后形成的蒸气均匀膨胀以及飞片进行一维刚体运动的基础上,考虑桥箔蒸气内部的压力梯度,引入了压缩空气边界条件,进行飞片运动速度的计算,得到特定发火电路中以桥箔长度、桥箔厚度、飞片厚度以及发火电压为自变量的飞片运动速度模型。根据实测飞片速度的PDV(光子多普勒测速仪)测试结果,引入能量利用率对飞片运动速度曲线进行修正,并且拟合得到了能量利用率关于上述4种自变量的经验公式。结果表明：电爆炸推动飞片运动过程中,能量利用率与桥箔厚度和飞片厚度正相关,而与桥箔长度和发火电压负相关;初期,桥箔蒸气内部具有明显的压力梯度,最大压力可达10 GPa数量级;压缩空气段长度随着时间由0逐渐增大;在桥箔长度与加速膛厚度之比为0.4¹.2、桥箔厚度与加速膛厚度之比为0.002⁰.010、飞片厚度与加速膛厚度之比为0.025⁰.160的范围内,减小桥箔长度、桥箔厚度以及飞片厚度对提高加速膛出口飞片速度、降低爆炸箔起爆器的发火能量具有积极的作用。     

Determination of errors in mechanisms with lower pairs

Summary The method developed by the author makes possible the construction of a single polygon of small displacements without drawing the transformed mechanisms. The polygon of small displacements provides the complete solution of the problem of determining the effect of all links upon the position error of the driven link (and also upon the position error of any of the links of the mechanism).Considering the displacement of the centers of curvature, and the changes in the radii of curvature of the profile, it is possible to extend the suggested method to cover mechanisms containing higher pairs.     

Efficiency of the method of spectral vibrodiagnostics for fatigue damage of structural elements. Part 1. Longitudinal vibrations, analytical solution

On the basis of an analysis of the asymptotics of higher approximations to solutions of a differential equation of longitudinal vibrations of a macroelastic body whose nonlinearity is explained by the hysteresis and “breathing” of the damaged material in the process of its cyclic deformation under conditions of tension-compression, we estimate the applicability of the spectral characteristics of strain cycles of the body under conditions of its natural or resonance vibrations to the diagnostics of fatigue damage of structural elements. It is shown that if nonlinearity is explained solely by the hysteresis of the material, then even the most representative first higher odd harmonics revealed in the vibration spectrum have very small amplitudes and the analysis of their variations is, in fact, similar to the analysis of the variations of the logarithmic decrement of vibrations (regarded as an integral characteristic of the dissipative properties of the material of the investigated element) but has lower resolution. At the same time, the discontinuities of the material appearing in the process of strain cycling are characterized by formation of numerous microcracks or a macrocrack and result in more clear detection of the representative constant component and even harmonics (mainly the second and fourth ones) in the spectrum of strain cycles of a vibration-insulated structural element in the process of its natural or resonance vibrations. These characteristics may serve as sensitive and efficient parameters for detection of fatigue damage to the material.     

The mechanism of increase of the thickness of the zone of thermal effect during pulse-periodic treatment of a target by an electron beam

Based on the results of numerical simulation of temperature fields, the reasons for the growth of the layer thickness of the zone of thermal effect in a target of 45 steel during pulse-periodic stimulation by a low-energy high-current electron beam in the mode of initial melting are analyzed. It is concluded that the growth of thickness of these layers is primarily caused by the spread of the beam energy density from pulse to pulse and by the presence of individual pulses with a higher-than-average value of energy density. It is shown that the variation of the thermal properties of steel, which occurs during irradiation due to the carbon saturation of the surface region of the target, results in the increase of the thickness of only those layers of the zone of thermal effect which are formed in the region of former melt. The dependence of the target temperature on the number of irradiation pulses is measured and calculated numerically. It is demonstrated that the increase of the target temperature has no noticeable effect on the growth of the thickness of the zone of thermal effect     

The Influence of the Imperfectness of Contact Conditions on the Critical Velocity of the Moving Load Acting in the Interior of the Cylinder Surrounded with Elastic Medium

The dynamics of the moving-with-constant-velocity internal pressure acting on the inner surface of the hollow circular cylinder surrounded by an infinite elastic medium is studied within the scope of the piecewise homogeneous body model by employing the exact field equations of the linear theory of elastodynamics. It is assumed that the internal pressure is point-located with respect to the cylinder axis and is axisymmetric in the circumferential direction. Moreover, it is assumed that shear-spring type imperfect contact conditions on the interface between the cylinder and surrounding elastic medium are satisfied. The focus is on the influence of the mentioned imperfectness on the critical velocity of the moving load and this is the main contribution and difference of the present paper the related other ones. The other difference of the present work from the related other ones is the study of the response of the interface stresses to the load moving velocity, distribution of these stresses with respect to the axial coordinates and to the time. At the same time, the present work contains detail analyses of the influence of problem parameters such as the ratio of modulus of elasticity, the ratio of the cylinder thickness to the cylinder radius, and the shear-spring type parameter which characterizes the degree of the contact imperfection on the values of the critical velocity and stress distribution. Corresponding numerical results are presented and discussed. In particular, it is established that the values of the critical velocity of the moving pressure decrease with the external radius of the cylinder under constant thickness of that.     

Quasiparticles and Polaronic Effects in Crystals,Fermi Gasses and Fermi Liquids

We study the effect of quantum and classical phase fluctuations on the phase transitions in the system of Josephson-junction arrays. We employed a variational method for calculating the Gaussian type fluctuation of the phase in the Josephson-junction array lattice systems without and with an external magnetic field. We investigate the spectrum of collective excitations and the effects of collective excitations on the transport properties of Josephson-junction arrays. We showed that the Hamiltonian for the lattice system of the Josephson junction is the same as the Hamiltonian for the classical or quantum two-dimensional interacting rotators. We also showed that the dynamics of fluctuations of the phase in the lattice system of Josephson junction is very similar to the lattice dynamics of the lattice in crystals. We also showed that in the lattice system of Josephson junctions there is the collective acoustic mode similar to the acoustic mode in the crystal lattice, and this mode may lead to the dissipation of the Josephson current in the superconducting array of Josephson junctions. The speed of sound of the collective acoustic mode of the phase fluctuation depends on the Josephson coupling energy and the Coulomb charging energy. The contribution of the collective acoustic mode to the low temperature specific heat is the same as the contribution of the acoustic phonons to the specific heat of crystals. We also discuss the future development of results and their application.     

重力铯热管等温性能研究

为了验证铯热管研制的关键技术,通过测量热管外壁温度,在定温条件下研究了重力铯热管的等温特性和启动性能;同时,分析了冷凝段长度对铯热管等温性能的影响。实验结果表明:当加热炉温度在330~630℃,铯热管均能正常启动;加热炉温度越高,启动越快;在该温区,铯热管具有优良的传热性能;然而,当冷凝段长度为300mm时,铯热管壁面温度出现锯齿状周期波动。从过热度的角度,分析了铯热管内部的沸腾相变传热机理;选择合适长度的冷凝段可避免周期性间歇沸腾的产生。实验结果同时也了证明铯热管在330~630℃温区可作为高效的传热元件,非常适合复现ITS-90国际温标锌凝固点。