凝胶燃烧法低温合成钇铝石榴石纳米粉体及其表征

以Y(NO3)3.6H2O、Al(NO3)3.9H2O和柠檬酸为原料,采用凝胶燃烧法合成单相钇铝石榴石(Y3Al5O12,YAG)纳米粉体。采用红外光谱、差热分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等测试手段对前躯体干凝胶和YAG粉体进行表征,探讨溶胶-凝胶的均质化转变以及YAG相的结晶温度等。结果表明:柠檬酸与Y3+和Al3+以单齿方式进行络合,实现了溶胶-凝胶的均质化转变;前躯体粉末于750℃低温下开始直接由无定形态转变为立方晶系YAG相,没有YAlO3和Y4Al2O9等杂相存在;900℃煅烧2 h得到颗粒呈类球形状,粒径为50 nm左右的YAG粉体。     

微波均相沉淀法制备Nd:YAG纳米粉体及其表征

以Al(NO3)3,Y(NO3)3为母盐,尿素为沉淀剂,添加占母盐质量为8%的(NH4)2SO4,以不同浓度的Nd3+取代Y3+,采用微波均相沉淀法制备了具有良好分散性和可烧结性、平均粒径为71nm的Nd:YAG纳米粉体。利用IR、DTA-TG、XRD、TEM、LD等技术对YAG前驱物及其煅烧粉体进行表征。结果表明:采用微波均相法,前驱体在1100℃下煅烧,可得到分散良好的纯YAG相,无YAP、YAM中间相出现,且YAG的单相程度不随Nd3+掺杂浓度的增加而变化。     

掺镱钇铝石榴石激光透明陶瓷超细粉体的研究

钇铝石榴石(YAG)透明陶瓷是制造大功率、发光效率高的小型激光器的良好材料.而制备掺镱钇铝石榴石(Yb:YAG)透明陶瓷的关键在于制备出粒度均匀、化学纯度高、分散性好的YAG超细粉体.本文以Y2O3、Yb2O3、Al2(NO3)3·9H2O为原料,以Yb:Y:Al=0.06:2.94:5的配比掺杂2%的Yb取代Y,配成硝酸盐溶液,用NH4HCO3作为沉淀剂,用碳酸盐共沉淀法制备Yb:YAG前驱超细粉体,并用TG-DTA、XRD、IR、SEM等测试方法对其粉体结构和形貌进行分析.结果表明:在1 100℃煅烧过程中,失重约为41%.所得到的Yb:YAG粉体结晶好,烧结性高、纯度较好、形状规则,粒径均匀,均在200～300 nm之间.     

机械合金化和放电等离子烧结制备Y3Al5O12陶瓷

采用机械合金化和放电等离子烧结制备YAG陶瓷,研究了球磨时间对原料颗粒大小和烧结合成YAG纯度的影响,并利用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对反应过程及产物形貌和物相进行了分析.研究结果表明,机械合金化Y2O3和Al2O3粉体,可明显细化氧化物颗粒,球磨20h后,Y2O3和Al2O3晶粒大小约为34nm和32nm.球磨处理的Y2O3和Al2O3粉体具有很高的活性,促进放电等离子烧结低温反应合成和获得致密的YAG.对球磨20h的粉体在不同温度进行放电等离子烧结,在1200℃即可获得纯YAG陶瓷,在1500℃烧结,可得到相对密度为99.5%的YAG陶瓷.1500℃烧结的块体在可见光范围内透过率为13.8%.     

改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备YAG纳米粉体

采用低成本的无机有机复合体系的溶胶凝胶法成功制备出了Y3Al5O12 (YAG)纳米粉体。实验中通过将Y(NO3)3 和Al(NO3)3 按摩尔比3:5 溶解于异丙醇中,再加入适量柠檬酸后生成溶胶,经过脱醇、干燥形成纳米胶球前驱体,将其在适当温度下焙烧后生成YAG纳米粉体。在此过程中,采用了独特的循环水真空泵负压脱醇技术,大大缩减了脱醇和干燥时间,由40h降为4h。分别采用XRD,TEM和TG/DTA分析了不同温度下焙烧所得粉体的物相、形貌以及前驱体热分解特性。结果表明,与其它有机和无机体系制备方法相比,得到的YAG粉体颗粒近似球形,细小均匀,平均尺寸为20~40nm,并具有很好的分散性。     

YAG:Ce荧光粉体的合成及其性能表征

以Al(NO3)3·9H2O,Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和Y2O3为原料,用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为分散剂,通过碳酸盐共沉淀法制备了铈掺杂钇铝石榴石(YAG:Ce)荧光粉体.采用TG/DTA,FT-IR,XRD,TEM等测试方法对所制备的粉体进行了表征,通过激发-发射光谱分析测定了其发光性能.结果表明:在分散剂存在的情况下,煅烧温度为900℃即可得到纯相YAG,而无中间相YAM,YAH,YAP的出现;所得荧光粉体分散性良好,颗粒平均尺寸约为30nm,在465nm处获得最大激发强度,相应的发射光谱是峰值为530nm的宽带发射.     

撞击流共沉淀法制备YAG:Ce荧光粉过程的研究

采用Al(NO3)3、Y(NO3)3和Ce(NO3)3为母盐,碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,利用撞击流共沉淀法制备YAG:Ce(Y3Al5O12:Ce)球形纳米粉体。利用XRD、FT-IR、SEM和荧光分光光度计对YAG前驱体及煅烧纳米粉体进行了表征,并分析了母盐溶液的浓度、溶液的滴加速度以及煅烧方法和温度对制备YAG纳米粉体的影响。结果表明母盐溶液的浓度、滴加速度及煅烧方法和温度对煅烧粉体的组成、分散性、形貌及发光性能有显著的影响。当初始原料浓度较低(c0=0.055mol/L)时,900℃可以获得纯YAG晶相,不形成任何中间相;初始浓度c0在1.0mol/L以上时,1000℃得到的YAG荧光粉中有YAM、YAP和CeO2杂质相存在;适当的提高加料速度,可以增加粉体的结晶度;采用Na2CO3-S-K2CO3助熔剂辅助煅烧,700℃时已完全转变为YAG相,与直接煅烧法相比,YAG相的完全转变温度降低了约300℃,荧光粉的发光强度比不加熔盐明显提高了。     

均相沉淀法制备掺钕钇铝石榴石(Nd∶YAG)纳米粉末

采用均相沉淀法,以Al(NO3)3.9H2O、Y2O3、Nd2O3、(NH4)2SO4和NH4HCO3为原料,正硅酸乙酯为添加剂,制备Nd∶YAG纳米粉末;并探讨了均相沉淀法制备Nd∶YAG纳米粉末的反应机理。研究结果表明,粉体在800℃时为无定型态,当温度达到900℃时析出大量YAlO3(YAP)和少量Y3Al5O12(YAG)晶体,当温度达到1000℃时就全部转化为YAG立方晶相;混合溶液生成沉淀物是由Al 3+的沉淀所决定的;Al 3+首先均相成核,随后Y3+和Nd3+以Al沉淀物为异相核发生异相成核,形成的沉淀物覆着于Al沉淀物表面,推测沉淀物结构可能为钇包覆铝的核壳结构。     

高能球磨Al-Y203粉体固相反应制备YAG陶瓷的研究

用高纯Al粉体和Y2O3粉体(Al-Y2O3粉体)为原料采用固相反应法制备了YAG陶瓷. Al-Y2O3粉体高能经过球磨,煅烧生成YAG粉体,再真空烧结制备高致密YAG陶瓷.采用DTA-TG对球磨Al-Y2O3粉体进行分析,采用XRD、SEM对球磨的Al-Y2O3粉体、YAG粉体及YAG陶瓷进行了表征.实验表明:Al-Y2O3粉体在～569℃时,Al粉强烈氧化,并与Y2O3粉反应,600℃煅烧出现YAM相,随煅烧温度升高出现YAP相,1200℃煅烧生成YAG粉体.成型YAG素坯在1750℃保温2h真空烧结出YAG相陶瓷,YAG陶瓷相对密度可达98.6%,晶粒生长均匀,晶粒尺寸为8～10μm.     

柠檬酸-凝胶燃烧法制备钇铝石榴石(Y3A15O12)纳米粉体的研究

透明YAG多晶陶瓷具有优良的光学、力学与化学性能,逐渐成为新一代固体激光基质材料.分散均匀、团聚轻的纳米粉体有利于制备出高度透明的激光陶瓷.以Y2O3、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和柠檬酸为原料,采用柠檬酸-凝胶燃烧法制备出黑色粉体,经1100℃烧结出尺寸小于50nm的YAG粉体.采用TG-DTA、XRD、FT-IR和TEM测试手段对YAG纳米粉体进行表征,采用谢莱公式计算出不同烧结温度下的晶粒尺寸.研究结果表明:YAG的析晶温度范围为850～900℃,烧结过程中出现赝YAG相物质,1050℃转变成纯YAG相,随着热处理温度的升高,晶粒呈线性增长,纳米粉体的TEM尺寸和采用谢莱公式计算的结果相一致.     

Solubility of plutonium nitrate in uranyl nitrate hexahydrate melt

At a weight fraction below 20%, Pu(IV) nitrate is isomorphically dissolved and homogeneously distributed in the uranyl nitrate hexahydrate phase, the solubility being independent of the HNO₃ concentration in the mixed U-Pu melt up to the acid concentration of 7 M. In dissolving solid Pu(IV) nitrate in 1–6 M HNO₃, Pu(IV) disproportionates to form Pu(III) and Pu(VI). With increasing HNO₃ concentration to above 10 M, Pu(IV) passes into solution as Pu(NO₃) ₆ ^2? , and no disproportionation is observed.     

Electrochemical determination of nitrate with nitrate reductase-immobilized electrodes under ambient air

Nitrate monitoring biosensors were prepared by immobilizing nitrate reductase derived from yeast on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE, d = 3 mm) or screen-printed carbon paste electrode (SPCE, d = 3 mm) using a polymer (poly(vinyl alcohol)) entrapment method. The sensor could directly determine the nitrate in an unpurged aqueous solution with the aid of an appropriate oxygen scavenger: the nitrate reduction reaction driven by the enzyme and an electron-transfer mediator, methyl viologen, at -0.85 V (GCE vs Ag/AgCl) or at -0.90 V (SPCE vs Ag/AgCl) exhibited no oxygen interference in a sulfite-added solution. The electroanalytical properties of optimized biosensors were measured: the sensitivity, linear response range, and detection limit of the sensors based on GCE were 7.3 nA/microM, 15-300 microM (r2 = 0.995), and 4.1 microM (S/N = 3), respectively, and those of SPCE were 5.5 nA/microM, 15-250 microM (r2 = 0.996), and 5.5 microM (S/N = 3), respectively. The disposable SPCE-based biosensor with a built-in well- or capillary-type sample cell provided high sensor-to-sensor reproducibility (RSD < 3.4% below 250 microM) and could be used more than one month in normal room-temperature storage condition. The utility of the proposed sensor system was demonstrated by determining nitrate in real samples.     

Electrospun cellulose nitrate nanofibers

Cellulose nitrate nonwoven mats of submicron-sized fibers (100-1200 nm in diameter) were obtained by electrospinning cellulose nitrate solutions. Two solvent systems were evaluated. A 70:30 (wt) ratio of ethanol to acetone and a 60:40 (wt) ratio of tetrahydrofuran (THF) to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were studied. The effects of the two solvent systems, and type two different collectors; void gap, and steel drum coated with polyvinylidene dichloride (PVDC), were investigated. The PVDC layer applied to the rotating drum aided in fiber harvesting. Electron microscopy (FESEM and ESEM) studies of as-spun fibers revealed that the morphology of cellulose nitrate fibers depended on the collector type and solution viscosity. When a rotating steel drum was employed a random morphology was observed, while the void gap collector produced aligned fiber mats. Increases in viscosity lead to larger diameter fibers.     

Thermal decomposition of monomethylamine nitrate

Experimental thermal analysis and mass spectrometric results indicate that, when heated, monomethylamine nitrate dissociates to form monomethylamine anMonomethylamine, one of the dissociation products, is a flammable gas. In dry air, at room temperature, its lower limit of flammability is 4.9%. Its auPreventing acid build-up and rust formation is important for the safe handling and transport of monomethylamine nitrate.     

Preparation of extrapure potassium nitrate

This paper examines isothermal potassium nitrate crystallization from aqueous solutions and the influence of metallic impurity concentration, percent crystallization, and washing of the crystals on the impurity distribution. We have obtained potassium nitrate with a content of each impurity in the range 5 × 10⁻⁷ to 1 × 10⁻⁵ wt %.